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This study investigates the applicability of remote sensing in general and imaging spectrometry in particular, for contaminated site detection and investigation with a focus on fuel hydrocarbon soil contaminations. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the reflectance spectra of typical contaminants, contaminants at typical concentrations in soils, related materials and detection limits in a range of wavelengths from 0.38 µm to 2.5 µm. Characteristic absorption features of different organic chemicals, natural and man-made materials are described. Detection limits for fuel hydrocarbon contaminants in soils are defined, and the separability of hydrocarbon soil contaminations from other hydrocarbon-bearing materials is described. Data interpretation experiments using an imaging spectrometry dataset were conducted to assess the applicability of established data interpretation algorithms and to develop a method of detecting and separating different classes of hydrocarbons in imaging spectrometry datasets.