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In-stream microbial carbon transformation under opposing stresses - drought and sediment transport
(2018)
The mineralization of organic matter (OM) is an important ecosystem service that has come under pressure because of increased frequency of droughts and higher sediment loads in running waters. In particular, lowland streams in temperate regions may experience reinforced sediment transport through migratory ripples and changes of naturally sorted sand and gravel in streambeds towards sand-dominated, homogenized streambed structure. The impact on microbial carbon (C)-transformation from these changes was the main focus of my doctoral thesis, in particular the impact of (i) periodic mechanical disturbance associated with ripple migration (ii) streambed structure homogenization, and (iii) drought in streambeds with sorted or homogenized sediment structure.
In a set of microcosms, the significance of periodic mechanical disturbances for microbial C-transformation was tested. Thereby, the quantity and quality of the OM in the sandy sediments were varied by the addition of leaves and fish feces to the OM-poor sands. The results revealed that periodic mechanical disturbances resulted in significant decrease in microbial respiration to a low and similar level regardless of OM quality contained in sand.
The importance of the streambed structure (sorted vs homogenized) for C-transformation was tested using set of experimental streams. The focus was on the interaction between benthic and hyporheic microbial processes in C-transformation to better understand the consequences of streambed homogenization on microbial function. The results showed that sediment structure determines connectivity between the benthic and hyporheic zones. The lower water exchange in homogenized streambeds and thereby reduced supply of freshly produced bioavailable OM from the benthic to the hyporheic zone, curtailed microbial respiration in the latter affecting the water quality.
The influence of a drought and rewetting was tested on C-transformation in streambeds with a sorted or homogenized sediment structure using experimental streams where one half of the streams were strongly shaded and the other half moderately shaded. The results showed that streambeds affected by droughts, either with sorted or homogenized sediment structure have a similar microbial activity at the first place controlled by shading, whereas microbial composition during drought and its recovery after rewetting was additionally affected by sediment structure.
Overall, this doctoral thesis showed that in sediment transport– and drought-impacted streambeds (i) ripple migration results in decreased C-transformation regardless of the available quality of OM, (ii) homogenization of sorted sediment structure leads to a decrease in microbial C-transformation in the hyporheic zone, and (iii) interaction between sediment structure and shading alters microbial community composition especially critical for resistance and resilience of C-transformation during drought and rewetting.
The main goal of this dissertation was to explore the interactions between the hydrogeomorphology of the streambed in sandy lowland low-order streams and the microbial community inhabiting it. In particular, (i) the influence of the vertical water exchange across the streambed and (ii) of the sediment transport on the function and structure of the streambed microbial community, (iii) and the potential of the microbial community to influence these physical factors were explored. The influences were studied with a model system approach (micro- and mesocosms).
Firstly, I examined the significance of vertical water exchange across the streambed for the microbial community. I determined the differences in the microbial community structure and function associated with sediments of differing grain sizes. The grain sizes differed in surface-to-volume ratio and hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed vertical water exchange as the major factor for the structure and function of the microbial community.
Secondly, I studied the ability of the microbial community to influence the vertical water exchange across two sandy streambeds: leveled and rippled. My results showed that the microbial community can reduce and even block the vertical water exchange by reducing pore space with gas bubbles formed due to high primary production.
Thirdly, I determined the effect of short-term sediment transport events on the function of the microbial community and on the influence of the microbial community on vertical water exchange. The results show that the mechanical stress associated with short-term sediment transport events does not influence the microbial community function. However, a single short-term sediment transport event increased vertical water exchange by (i) releasing the gas bubbles produced by the microbial community and (ii) creating irregularities in the flume bed.
Lastly, I ascertained the potential of benthic algal mats to transport sediment by means of buoyancy-mediated detachment from the bed. The results revealed the detachment of algal mats as a novel mechanism of sediment transport during low-flow periods. Overall, the interactions studied show that in sandy streambeds (i) the pattern of vertical water exchange is the primary physical template for the microbial community, and (ii) the activity of the microbial community and sediment transport are stochastic sources of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in vertical water exchange. These results contribute to the understanding and prediction of stream ecosystem functions in sandy streams, which is of special significance in light of the increase in fine sediment load in streams worldwide.