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With the increasing consciousness of the value of wetland ecological and environmental functions and its fast rate of decline in the size of this important and rich ecosystem globally, the Niger Delta ecosystem has been reported to be undergoing tremendous change, hence the need for this research, to identify the challenges and proffer solutions. This study focuses on ascertaining if a change has occurred in the Upper Orashi Forest Reserved wetland, to know and evaluate the policies used in managing the wetland in the region and Nigeria. To ascertain the wetland change, land cover change detection was carried out using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to produce paradigm or data to detect change occurrence in the wetland area. Supervised classification of land use and land cover change was carried out using LANDSAT data from 2002, 2008, and 2019. Thereafter, the land cover transition was mapped for the period 2002 to 2019 and this was computed for the net land cover change for the period of study. The site was classified into three different classes and each class was analyzed using the land use and land cover change model formula. The result from this part shows that there is a consistent decrease in the wetland area for the period under review and in the other two identified classes, some interchangeable compositions were observed for the period of study. To validate this result, the opinion of experts and the host community is needed. Two sets of questionnaires were designed for experts and local community dwellers to sample their opinion in relation to the wetland and its management. The information collected was analyzed using Microsoft excel and the result shows that changes have occurred in the wetland of Upper Orashi Forest (decrease in size and other challenging issues with respect to policies and regulations). This study has identified critical challenging issues facing wetlands in the region or driving factors of wetland loss in the study area. Thereafter making recommendations that will help address these issues to actualize environmental sustainability and sustainable wetland in the region and Nigeria at large.
Die Konstruktionsplanung von neuen Transitrouten oder Energieleitungen auf einem topografischen Gelände wird von Ingenieuren in der Regel manuell vorgenommen, ohne dass eine Optimalität garantiert werden kann. Wir stellen einen neuen Ansatz zur Berechnung von Trajektorien für die Entwicklung neuer optimaler Transitrouten und Energieleitungen zwischen zwei Standorten auf einer Untermannigfaltigkeit U von IR³ vor. Diese Untermannigfaltigkeit repräsentiert die Topographie eines Geländes. U wird näherungsweise durch ein spezielles gewichtetes Gitternetz modelliert. Auf diesem Gitternetz werden die kürzesten Wege für den Bau neuer Routen bestimmt, wobei wir drei Optimierungskriterien betrachten werden: Routen mit minimaler Länge, Routen mit geringsten Baukosten und Routen mit minimalen absoluten Höhenvariationen oder minimalen absoluten Steigungen. Anschließend wird eine Kombination dieser Kriterien gebildet, um dieses Problem zu einem multikriteriellen Optimierungsproblem zu erweitern. Ein Algorithmus für den kürzesten Weg, wie der Dijkstra-Algorithmus, wird verwendet, um optimale Kompromisse für die Konstruktion neuer Routen zu berechnen.