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This analysis aims at the investigation of the techno-economic RES potentials and to minimize GHG emissions in the ENTSO-E. The ENTSO-E represents one of the world’s largest economic regions with a GDP of 19,835 billion US dollar (23%) and a primary energy consumption of 29,705 TWh (18%). ENTSO-E is coined with high degrees of fossil energy dependencies (49.9%) from third-party countries and contributes 3,517 Mt CO2eq (9%) to global GHG emissions. The Primary Sources onshore wind, offshore wind, utility-scale PV, and CSP techno-economic potentials are assessed via GIS-based georeferenced spatial analysis. Solar rooftop potentials are calculated based on a per capita approach. The Secondary Sources bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal, and hydrokinetic energy potentials are approximated based on meta-analysis. Primary and Secondary Sources potentials are input into the IES linear optimization model to simulate an energy system with high shares of RES and PTX. It is found that RES-based primary energy production potentials account for 13,492 TWh and energy dependency could be reduced by 6,482 TWh to 20.5%. Compared to the base year 1990, the direct GHG emission reduction amounts to 3,246 Mt CO2eq (70.7%). This reduction does not correspond with the EU reduction target of 80–95%. Hence, RES-based fuel imports, such as synthetic fuels and hydrogen, from third-party countries become necessary, to substitute fossil fuels and reduce domestic emissions. Additional GHG reduction potentials are suspected in the indirect emission sectors agriculture and waste management. In reference to the Sankey methodology, the analysis entails comprehensive energy flow balances for the ENTSO-E 2016 and 2050 energy systems. The ENTSO-E member countries exhibit heterogeneous properties regarding RES potentials, GHG emissions, and energy dependencies, and, hence, must be assessed individually. Integrated energy systems with high shares of RES and PTX represent a promising means to decrease direct energy use and non-energy use emissions as well as energy dependencies significantly.
The modern world is currently facing the energy revolution due to the decarbonisation challenges, promoted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The well-established fossil fuel energy sources are being pushed from their leading market positions by renewable energy. European governments are some of the first to take decisive action towards decarbonisation and have already started reforming their economic sectors. New questions arising from such changes are influencing the role of Russia in supplying energy to the European market. The development of a market for renewable gas, especially renewable hydrogen in Europe, could potentially, in a long-term scenario up to 2050, be an option for Russia to help maintain demand and remain in the role as a main exporter.
The focus of this master thesis is put on the assessment of the current state of readiness of Russian and European energy systems for integration of Power-to-Gas (PtG) systems and for development of a carbon-free hydrogen market. German internal green hydrogen production capacity cannot meet the approximate demand in 2030 and 2050. However, the presence of the unutilised power capacity from Russian nuclear and hydro power plants opens a new opportunity to generate economically attractive hydrogen in large volumes via electrolysis with low electricity costs and zero carbon dioxide footprint.
In this thesis different supply chains for hydrogen export (Russia-Germany) are constructed and, as a result, the levelised costs of hydrogen (LCOH) are calculated and analysed. Hydrogen produced in Russia and transported to Germany via maritime shipment shows that it can already be competitive to the domestically produced green hydrogen in Germany. The main compartment of the LCOH is the electricity expenditure, which the current Russian industrial tariffs can reach up to 90% of the total costs. Further reductions of the electricity price for PtG systems are recommended in order to achieve lower results for the LCOH.
The outcome of this master thesis provides an overview on the current readiness of Russian and German hydrogen infrastructure and further recommendations on how it should be adapted. Finally a 2050 roadmap for the implementation of a hydrogen market in Russia and Germany is developed.
This dissertation examines how migration and development narratives are (re)produced in transnational digital migrant media using an example of Kenyan migration to Europe. It also raises questions about existing gaps in the literature on the role of the media specifically, transnational digital migrant media in constructing influential discourses. It achieves this quest by submitting to an objective to examine the contribution of migrant media discourses to development in migration-sending countries (De Haas, 2007). Using postcolonial-discourse theoretic approach, the thesis analyses the criteria for selection of texts on migration and development, and how the texts inform the discourse. The theoretical concepts of development in this thesis follow Arturo Escobar’s (1995) deconstruction of conventional development theory. It includes an appreciation of multi-faceted theoretic dynamics, especially historical effects on development and creation of hegemonic disparities causing migration of Kenyans to Europe. The dissertation explores the relation of liberal development narratives to Postcolonial perspectives of Edward Said (1977), Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1986) and Homi Bhabha (1983), whose writings expose stereotypes like those found in development constructs. The study highlights similar aspects of representations of migration and development in the media. It does not only expose migrant’s contribution to development but accentuates the discourse forming function of migrant media in the production of heterogeneous narratives on migration and development. This reflection is an attempt to look at possibilities of alternative development trajectories in migrant media and Postcolonial texts, that resist neo-colonial economic narratives forced on people of African descent. The findings for this thesis show that migrant media provides hegemonic ideas on development, as well as alternative counter-hegemonic views. Even though poverty and political instability of Africa characterize narratives in the mainstream media, migrant media utilizes new media platforms for “subalterns” to be heard. Migrants’ inputs on development (re)produced in migrant media, inform a discourse that champions initiatives aimed at improving livelihoods in migration-sending countries. To answer the main sociological question on (re)production of narratives this dissertation learns from Norman Fairclough’s (1995, 2012) guidelines to discourse analysis, as informed from Michel Foucault’s (1980) theoretic approach. As a qualitative research strategy, the dissertation explores Texts from transnational digital migrant media for Kenyans in Europe (Germany and UK) and expert interviews with Kenyan media producers in Germany and in Britain. On this basis, the thesis argues that not only are media expert’s contributors to development but also important creators of a discourse that qualifies migration as a reality in Kenya’s development.
In diesem Band sind drei Beiträge versammelt, die im Zusammenhang mit einer Tagung an der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg zum Thema „Das Recht auf Perspektive – Regionalentwicklung bei indigenen Völkern, europäischen Minderheiten und den Sorben/Wenden“ im Dezember 2014 entstanden sind. Aus dieser Tagung ist ein weiterer Beitrag zum Thema des Guten Lebens hervorgegangen, der gesondert als einzelnes Heft in dieser Schriftenreihe erscheint (Waldmüller 2015).
Diese Tagung schließt an eine Vorgängerveranstaltung an, deren Beiträge ebenfalls in dieser Schriftenreihe erschienen sind (Häfner/Laschewski 2013), in der das Verhältnis von (Minderheiten-)Kultur und Verfügungsmöglichkeiten an natürlichen Ressourcen thematisiert wurde. Als spezifischen Ausgangspunkt wurde damals die internationale Konvention der ILO 169 über die rechte indigener Völker gewählt. In dieser Tagung wurde deutlich, dass die Frage „nach der Selbst-Bestimmung von regionaler Entwicklung und Entwicklung der Kultur (...) komplex und kompliziert [wird], wenn eine Minderheiten-Kultur auch nicht exklusiv und eineindeutig einem bestimmten Territorium zugeordnet werden kann, wenn also Minderheiten auch in ihrem ‚angestammten Gebiet‘ selbst Minderheiten (geworden) sind. Und dies ist ja bei den Sorben/Wenden der Fall“ (Laschewski/Häfner 2013, 2). Die Beiträge in diesem Band schließen auf unterschiedliche Weise an diese Fragestellung an und thematisieren den europäischen und nationalen Kontext mit Blick auf die Frage des Verhältnisses zwischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft und Minderheiten.