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The requirement for wireless communication with a speed beyond 100 Gbps is growing. There are mainly two possible approaches to achieve 100 Gbps system. One approach is to target lower transmission bandwidth and very high spectral efficiency. This method requires advanced digital signal processing operations, which are power-hungry. Another possible path is to go for a high-transmission bandwidth and a moderate spectral efficiency. We decided for this direction to implement a 100 Gbps system. We have chosen parallel sequence spread spectrum (PSSS) as an analog-friendly mixed-signal modulation where most of the baseband processing is in the analog domain, and only a small part is in the digital domain. For the channel equalization, we consider an “effective channel” that takes into account the wireless channel and the effects of the transmitter and receiver hardware impairments. The influence of the nonlinear channel response was analyzed for a PSSS modulated signal by employing the RAPP model for the power amplifier. For the first time, we performed a Hardware-In-The-loop experiment using PSSS modulation in the terahertz band. A PSSS modulated signal at a chip rate of 20 Gcps with spectral efficiency of 4 bit/s/Hz is transmitted using a 230 GHz RF-frontend operating in the linear range to achieve a data rate of 80 Gbps. One more important property is that the channel estimation and equalization are performed in the analog domain. A high-speed channel equalization algorithm was developed and implemented on FPGA/ASIC, which operates at(1/10)th of PSSS symbol rate. A parallel PSSS encoder transmitter architecture was designed to work at a high chip rate, and it was implemented on FPGA /ASIC and had an energy efficiency of 0.21 pJ bit−1 on 28nm ASIC.
In this Thesis, we put forward a case for the analog-friendly modulation scheme called PSSS. This scheme does not only modulates the signal but rather builds up an eco-system (such as channel estimation, equalization, and synchronization), which is responsible for the baseband operation.
Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die Eignung von Ultra-Breitband-Pulsfunk (IR-UWB) für die drahtlose Kommunikation in der Sensor/Aktor-Ebene der Fertigungsautomatisierung zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein drahtloses Kommunikationssystem auf Basis standardisierter Protokolle entworfen und untersucht. Diese Anwendung erfordert die Erfüllung harter Echtzeitfähigkeit im Bereich weniger Millisekunden in industriellen Umgebungen. Ein solches Umfeld stellt aufgrund eines hohen Rauschpegels und vieler metallischer Oberflächen, die Multipfad-Effekte verursachen, sehr hohe Ansprüche an das Latenzverhalten und die Robustheit. Deshalb waren die Hauptziele die Reduzierung von Latenz und gleichzeitige Erhöhung der Robustheit für den existierenden, auf IR-UWB basierenden Standard IEEE 802.15.4a. Dieser Standard ist unter anderem deshalb vielversprechend, da er sich mit sehr preisgünstigen, nicht-kohärenten Empfängern von geringer Komplexität umsetzen lässt, die trotzdem relativ robust gegenüber Multipfad-Effekten sind. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich auch mit diesen günstigen Geräten durch Optimierung des Standards eine hohe übertragungssicherheit bei geringer Latenz realisieren lässt. Es wurden Modifikationen zur Optimierung der Robustheit und Latenz des bisher üblichen Designs von nicht-kohärenten IR-UWB-Empfängern vorgestellt. Durch Ergänzungen zu der im Standard beschriebenen Modulation und Kodierung konnte die Verlässlichkeit zusätzlich gesteigert werden. Um diese optimierte PHY-Schicht effizient einsetzen zu können, wurde eine spezialisierte MAC-Schicht für die Automatisierung, die in einem Entwurf für den kommenden Standard IEEE 802.15.4e beschrieben wird, eingesetzt. Da bei dieser MAC-Schicht die Kommunikationsmuster im Voraus bekannt sind, war weitere schichtübergreifende, applikations-spezifische Optimierung möglich, die eine weitere Reduzierung der Latenz sowie eine Erhöhung der Robustheit erbrachte. Im Zuge der Arbeit wurde ein flexibel konfigurierbarer Simulator für IR-UWB auf Basis von industriell akzeptierten Kanalmodellen erstellt. Dieser Simulator wurde auch zur Evaluation und Verifikation der Forschungsergebnisse benutzt. Das entworfene Gesamtsystem ist über mehrere Parameter konfigurierbar und dadurch an weitere Anwendungen in der Automatisierung anpassbar. Eine dieser Konfigurationen wurde durch Simulation evaluiert. Sie zeigt mindestens die gleiche und zum Teil bessere Performance als bisherige drahtlose oder drahtgebundene Lösungen für die Sensor/Aktor-Ebene der Fertigungsautomatisierung, wie z.B. AS-Interface, Bluetooth I/O oder WISA. Für den repräsentativen Fall von 32 Teilnehmern mit jeweils einem Byte Prozessdaten erreicht sie eine Zykluszeit von 1,88 ms. Damit kann eine eine mittlere Reaktionszeit von 985 µs erreicht werden und eine harte Echtzeitschranke von 15 ms mit einer Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit unter 10^-9 eingehalten werden. Das Kommunikationssystem wurde auch in Hardware auf FPGA-Basis implementiert. Da das benutzte analoge Front-End, ein früher Prototyp eines IEEE 802.15.4a-kompatiblen Front-Ends, noch keine repräsentativen Messungen zuließ, wurde die Funktion durch eine Basisbandverbindung über Kabel verifiziert.
The license-free 60 GHz band enables a new breed of wireless networks offering data rates in the range of one to a few Gigabit per second over short distances. This thesis investigates the performance of a 60 GHz system using coded OFDM modulation and directive antennas for the transmitter and receiver. The study includes the impact of the 60 GHz propagation channel, impairments of a frontend in Si-Ge technology and considerations with respect to an efficient implementation. A major part of the work consists in the specification of a physical layer, which is optimized for the given wireless link and enables an implementation with programmable logic devices at moderate clock speed. For the selection of a channel code, the performance of two coding schemes is compared for the 60 GHz channel. The first scheme consists of a standard convolutional code and an outer Reed-Solomon code, whereas the second scheme is made up of an LDPC code with similar complexity. The interleaving scheme for the convolutional code is optimized to yield best performance. Furthermore, algorithms are developed and simulated for all essential system components of the OFDM receiver. The implementation of these components is also considered. A new synchronization scheme is introduced, which offers a high degree of robustness at low complexity. In this scheme, the fine timing synchronization shares the same hardware resources as the channel estimator. This approach results in a significant reduction of chip area. A new tracking algorithm is developed, which adequately compensates for the fluctuations of carrier phase, timing and channel impulse response. Finally, the implementation of the FFT and Viterbi decoder is discussed. The system architecture of the receiver requires a high degree of parallel processing and uses a deep processing pipeline to keep the clock frequency low. It is shown how to combine the system components into an efficient system under these conditions. The performance of the complete system is investigated for the static and time-variant channel. It is shown that despite the low complexity and high latency, the system achieves good performance. The baseband processor has been realized as a narrowband version with 400 MHz channels and broadband version with 2 GHz channels and improved algorithms. This has been done on an FPGA platform.
This work demonstrates the design and implementation of a multi-band multi-standard WLAN system consisting of a 5 - 6 GHz receiver and a 24 GHz down-converter. The main challenges are high frequency, broadband, and adaptive operation, power consumption and high integration level. This thesis introduces a multi-standard adaptive receiver concept to fulfill those requirements. The receivers are implemented in a standard 0.13 µm CMOS technology. A direct-conversion architecture for the 5 - 6 GHz band and a heterodyne architecture for a multi-band system are proposed. The most common receiver architectures are analyzed and the wave propagation effects are discussed. Then the most important receiver parameters are derived. Active and passive integrated components are investigated because understanding the device characteristic is a key requirement for a successful high frequency design. Finally, the multi-standard adaptive receiver concept is introduced. The choice of architecture, design and implementation of each of the receiver building blocks are discussed. The functionality of the 5 - 6 GHz receiver and the 24 GHz down-converter is demonstrated by the performance measurements. The main achievements of this work include: Firstly, a 5-6 GHz LNA integrated in 0.13 µm CMOS technology. The amplifier exhibits a gain of 16.5 dB, noise figure of 2.9 dB and 1 dB input compression point of -6.5dBm at power consumption of 7.5mW. The circuit features robust built-in input ESD protection. Secondly, a 5-6 GHz zero-IF receiver with analog pre-processing features a noise figure of 3.8 dB at the conversion gain of 43.4 dB. The channel select filter corner frequency is tunable to 6.5, 10, 20 and 50 MHz. The implemented analog pre-processing loop allows to adopt the linearity of the receiver to the input signal level. Thirdly, a 23-24 GHz tuned down-converter achieved the gain of 21.8 dB, noise figure of 6.8 dB and 1 dB input compression point of -16.7dBm at power consumption of 58.5mW.
This Dissertation is a contribution to the design of the Synchronization and Channel Estimation algorithms in Wireless OFDM systems, paying special attention to their implementation. After investigation of the main impairments affecting OFDM in a wireless transmission, the Dissertation obtains solutions for all the blocks forming the so-called Inner Receiver. The IEEE 802.11a standard is taken in this work as a reference, since this is the first standard proposal in which OFDM is applied for wireless LAN with transmission rates of up to 54 Mbps. The low-power feature of our proposals has been demonstrated by designing an Integrated Circuit fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11a specifications. Results show that the power figures expected for our design are very competitive in comparison with the results reported by other research groups and companies working in this field.