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The material authenticity of cultural heritage has been questioned by societies in which the modern paradigm of conservation has not developed from within the native culture. This paper examines the philosophical and practical traditions in Iran regarding the materiality and authenticity of past structures. By reviewing the emergence of the Western conservation paradigm in Iran, this paper highlights two key factors: the rapidness of this paradigm shift and the remarkable contradiction between the new and old paradigms. By borrowing the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of a ‘body without organs’ (BwO), this paper problematises the rapidness and radicality of the paradigm shift in Iran. It suggests exploring the under-investigated possibilities between the pre-modern and modern paradigms to address the gap between native circumstances and Western standards.
Mit der Zunahme von Häufigkeit und Intensität von Extremwetterereignissen werden die Folgen des Klimawandels auf lokaler Ebene sicht- und spürbar. Kommunen sind aufgefordert, Vorsorge zu betreiben und mit Anpassungsmaßnahmen den Folgen des Klimawandels zu begegnen. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind Anpassungsmaßnahmen dort, wo Schadenspotenzial und -risiko besonders hoch sind, so auch in historischen Altstädten. Gleichzeitig erfordert dieser Stadttypus besondere Sensibilität im Umgang mit der wertvollen Bausubstanz und einem oft einzigartigen Stadtbild. Einen konkreten Lösungsansatz im Umgang mit länger anhaltenden Trockenperioden auf der einen und Starkregenereignissen auf der anderen Seite bietet das Prinzip der Schwammstadt. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist es, zu untersuchen, welche Elemente des Schwammstadtprinzips in welcher Weise in der historischen Stadt sinnvoll, Stadttypus-gerecht und wirkungsvoll sind. Im Kontext von baukulturell wertvoller städtebaulicher Struktur und Bausubtanz lautet das Motto hinsichtlich baulicher Eingriffe: „So wenig wie möglich, so viel wie nötig.“ Gleichzeitig gilt, dass die Kleinstadt im Vergleich zur Großstadt zwar einen „geringeren Grad an Ausdifferenziertheit ihrer Subsysteme“ aufweist, sie aber – ebenfalls im Vergleich zur Großstadt – nicht als defizitär betrachtet werden sollten. Neben Fragen nach Herausforderungen und Potenzialen der historischen Kleinstadt in Bezug auf die Anpassung an Klimawandelfolgen wird vor allem auf Lösungsansätze fokussiert, die dabei helfen, Schwammstadtprinzipien und denkmalgerechte Entwicklung miteinander zu kombinieren. Untersuchungsgegenstand sind die Kleinstädte der beiden kommunalen Arbeitsgemeinschaften Städte mit historischen Stadtkernen des Landes Brandenburg und Historische Stadt- und Ortskerne im Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. In der ersten Phase des Projektes wurden Daten mittels einer Online-Umfrage erhoben, die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse durch die Untersuchung von Referenzstädten und Expert:innen-Interviews ergänzt, teilweise korrigiert bzw. klargestellt. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse dokumentiert und wiederum über Veranstaltungen in die Kleinstädte transferiert. Neben den klassischen wissenschaftlichen Methoden war ein Dialog mit und zwischen den Kleinstädten und der Austausch mit den Expert:innen zentrales Element des Forschungsvorhabens. Zu den zentralen Erkenntnissen zählt, dass für die meisten Kleinstädte die Anpassung ihrer historischen Altstadt an die Folgen des Klimawandels noch ein sehr neues Feld der Stadtentwicklungspraxis ist und sie dabei an personelle und finanzielle Grenzen stoßen. Zudem weist die historische Stadt- und Gebäudestruktur verschiedene hemmende Faktoren für die Umsetzung der Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen auf, die eine behutsame Prüfung der realisierbaren Maßnahmen und eine individuelle Umsetzungsstrategie notwendig machen. Gleichzeitig bietet die historische Kleinstadt eine Vielzahl an Potenzialen, die den klimaadaptiven Umbau begünstigen und zum Teil relativieren.
The rebuilding of war-damaged historic cities has a significant impact on the way the affected societies can heal and recover in the post-conflict situation. If carried out without taking into consideration the inseparable relationship between the built structures and the formation of people’s identity, the reconstruction processes could cause more damage than the one endured due to the conflict. In this context, the rebuilding of cities and their historic centres in particular play a significant role in restoring the collective memory of the shared setting.
This dissertation researches the disturbing effects and trauma resulting from the deliberate destruction of heritage assets during armed conflicts, concerning both inhabitants and ancient urban structures. It discusses the discourse on the issue of post-conflict reconstruction that includes the arguments and recommendations made by several international experts and organizations which stipulates with both theoretical and practical outcome. The work of many theorists, authors, architects, philosophers, and professionals working in the field of heritage management, is examined thoroughly to provide a deep understanding of the issues discussed throughout this research.
The most recent illustration within this context is the war in Syria, which has caused excessive damage to the country’s cultural heritage. Noting that the military clashes have come to an end in several areas within the country and the physical damage has stopped, reconstruction projects have begun to materialize, and the urgent need for an overall consistent framework for rebuilding Syria is more crucial than ever.
Syria’s cultural heritage is facing a high threat of a second destruction, which will most likely follow if the involved governmental representatives, stakeholders, society or ‘societies’ did not realize the fundamental necessity for a value-based reconstruction approach which guarantees that the assessment of values is carried out and achieved in a balanced manner. Otherwise, mistakes will occur, and consequently, the collective memory and identity of the Syrians might never be recovered.
The rebuilding of post-war Syria is complex and challenging; it embraces more than a physical transformation of urban structures, and poses new threats to achieve psychological healing and recovering. The urban integrity of the Syrian cities is threatened, especially in the old city of Aleppo where the damage goes beyond the physical fabric and extends to endanger the city’s historical identity. Therefore, the main focus of the work is to develop a strategic framework which goes hand in hand with the traditional rebuilding approaches, and merges several practical and theoretical contexts deduced from previous case studies. The essence of the research revolves around understanding the significance of the city’s heritage and historic fabric, which must be considered a priority when deciding for the reconstruction procedures.
Conservation work on cultural heritage occurs mostly ‘behind the scenes’, hidden away from the general public. Research has shown, however, that there is considerable interest from tourists and locals alike to gain insights into conservation practice. While this can be done through visits to conservation laboratories or heritage sites, an additional tool to complement these visits is to provide documentary films of ongoing conservation work.
In the summer of 2016, a group of international master’s students from different study programmes at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg visited Florence to study issues related to the preservation of cultural heritage. In particular, they examined conservation-related work being done at the Courtyard of Michelozzo in the Palazzo Vecchio, where Giorgio Vasari originally decorated the upper wall sections and ceiling with frescoes in 1565. Due to daily wear and tear, which has been exacerbated by a high number of visitors as well as climatic conditions, conservation work became necessary to address soiled painted surfaces, disintegrating plaster and missing sections of the plaster and paint layers.
This collection of papers addresses a variety of topics relating to the wall paintings by Vasari, as well as threats and tools to protect and conserve them and other cultural heritage sites that are faced with growing tourism. This student project was carried out in collaboration with the UNESCO Office of the Municipality of Florence (Carlo Francini and Chiara Bocchio), the Fine Arts Department of the Municipality of Florence (Giorgio Caselli), the director of the conservation work (Fabio Sforzi), wall painting conservators of the Vasari frescoes (Cristina Conti and Alessandra Popple), the Department of Architectural Conservation at Università di Firenze (Giuseppe Centauri and Daniela Chiesi) and the BTU Media Centre (Ralf Schuster).
Owing to its unique strategic position on the northern coast of the Black Sea, Crimea has, since Antiquity, been a highly diverse, multi-ethnic, multi-religious location. Throughout history, the peninsula’s landscapes were shaped and transformed under the influence of its ever-changing populations. In this process, religion played a crucial role. Nowadays, Crimea abounds in sacred sites in the same way as it abounds in culturally and religiously diverse inhabitants.
Rebirth in the 1990s of the religious and cultural life that had been repressed for over seventy years of the Soviet rule gave a powerful impetus to the revival of Crimea’s sacred landscapes and enabled the different ethno-religious groups residing in the peninsula to re-establish the bond with the home of their ancestors. The notion of landscape as a memoryscape became central in this context, since it is the landscape that records, as well as reflects, the events in history. The sites communally regarded as sacred unite the people as much as common memories transmitted from one generation to the other do.
The objectives of the theoretical part of this thesis are twofold. On the one hand, it aims to grasp the connection between religion, landscape and memory, whereby sacred sites are seen as landscapes of memory and anchors of people’s cultural and religious identity. On the other hand, it seeks to explore the specific issues pertinent to the Crimean socio-cultural context, such as the peninsula’s history and the evolving ethno-religious relationships among the diverse local population, which have impacted the development and protection of Crimea’s sacred sites overtime. Method employed is the comparative literature review, whereby for each chapter a selection of authors was made, whose contributions towards the discussion of the aforementioned issues have been particularly relevant.
Based on the theoretical background described above, the empirical section of the research targets two main groups of actors: the state on the one side, and the organizations representing local religious groups on the other. In relation to the state, the objective is to explore how the religious revival of the post-Soviet period correlates with Ukraine’s current policies towards the safeguarding of Crimea’s sacred landscapes, namely, to what extent they are being protected under the existing legislation, and which of the aspects are given most attention in the process. In relation to the organizations representing local religious groups, the task is to investigate to what degree the sacred sites under study remain relevant for various groups, and to establish how the knowledge about the local sacred places and their importance is being disseminated both within these groups and beyond.
In order to fulfill these tasks, the set of indicators has been developed, which takes into consideration the specific Crimean socio-cultural context, and a selection of case studies has been made, which in their totality reflect the viewpoints of Crimea’s prominent religious groups. The case studies are: (1) the Assumption Monastery, (2) the cave town of Chufut Kale with Balta Tiymez Karaite cemetery, and (3) the old town of Bakhchisaray with Salachiq historic district and Gazy Mansur cemetery. All of the three case studies are located on the territory of Bakhchisaray Historical and Cultural Preserve (BHCP).
The evaluation of the Ukrainian state’s policies with regards to safeguarding of the selected sacred sites revealed that while many of their elements are recognized as cultural heritage of high significance, protection activities are impeded by substantial obstacles of administrative nature, as well as by the lack general planning. Moreover, conservation and day-to-day management is carried out with little consideration for the opinions of the local people and with the insufficient involvement of the latter.
The indicator-based assessment of relevance of the selected sacred locations for various local religious groups and the ways, in which the knowledge about these sites is being spread exposed a number of clear tendencies, as well as highlighted the existing challenges and deficiencies which need to be urgently addressed, so as to ensure the safeguarding of the studied sites for the future generations.
„Das ist ja wie im Museum!“ ist eine Aussage, der wir bei der Beschreibung von denkmalgeschützten Orten begegnen. Doch wie lässt sich Musealität für den städtischen Kontext definieren und messen? Welche Gründe gibt es für Musealität und wie kann sie gelenkt werden? Ausgangspunkt und Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Beschreibung „wie im Museum“ wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen und eine Grundlage dafür zu liefern, dass Veränderungsprozesse, die zu Musealität führen, in Planungsprozessen berücksichtigt werden können. Der Begriff Musealität und der Prozess der Musealisierung werden durch die Arbeit für den städtischen Zusammenhang von denkmalgeschützten, touristisch genutzten Zonen definiert. Dafür werden Musealitätsmerkmale benannt und Funktionsveränderungen, Kontextveränderungen und Veränderungen in der Aneignung öffentlicher Räume analysiert. Es wird dargestellt, welche Musealisierungshandlungen zu welchen Veränderungen führen und welche Rollen dem Denkmalschutz und dem Fremdenverkehr in Welterbeortschaften zukommen. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungsmethoden mit der Musealität dokumentiert und ihrer Gründe analysiert werden können. Drei Feldstudien in spanisch-kolonialen Welterbestädten (Trinidad auf Kuba, Guanajuato in Mexiko und Vigan auf den Philippinen) veranschaulichen die Anwendung der Methoden. Aus den im Feld gewonnenen Dokumentationsergebnissen wird ein System von räumlichen und zeitlichen Musealitätsmustern abgeleitet. Es wird ein Spektrum an Abhängigkeiten aufgezeigt, die den Veränderungsprozess Musealisierung prägen. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick darauf gegeben, wie Veränderungsprozesse, die zu Musealität führen, in Planungsprozesse einbezogen werden können. Der Ausblick zeigt Möglichkeiten für die Lenkung der Veränderungsprozesse und stellt die Rolle der entwickelten Untersuchungsmethoden für Planungsprozesse dar.