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Das Schweißen führt zu einer lokalen, ungleichmäßigen Erwärmung der Fügestelle. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen lokalen plastischen Verformungen und metallurgischen Werkstoffveränderungen bewirken nach der Abkühlung bleibenden Verzug und Eigenspannungen. Diese beeinflussen die reibungslose Durchführung des Fertigungsprozesses und die Qualität der geschweißten Konstruktion und schließlich stellen letztlich deren Einsatz in Frage. Somit steht für die meisten Industrieanwendungen die gesicherte Minimierung bzw. Beherrschung des Schweißverzuges und der Schweißeigenspannungen, insbesondere bei großen Konstruktionen im Vordergrund.
Mittels der Vorkenntnis über den zu erwartenden Verzug und die Entwicklung der Eigenspannungen während und nach dem Schweißen können zum einen geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen, wie beispielsweise Einspannszenarien, Vorverformungen oder Schweißreihenfolgen sowie eine gezielte Vor-, Zwischen- oder Nachwärmebehandlung zweckmäßig gewählt werden. Zum anderen ist es möglich, die darauffolgenden notwendigen Nachbehandlungen, wie z.B. das thermische Richten, schon in einem sehr frühen Stadium des Produktentwicklungsprozesses vorauszuplanen. Demzufolge besteht seitens der Forschung ein sehr großes Interesse an der Entwicklung verlässlicher Modelle und Methoden zur Schweißverzugs- und Eigenspannungsberechnung.
Die vorliegende Habilitationsschrift befasst sich mit den theoretischen Grundlagen und den simulationstechnischen Aspekten der Schweißverzug- und Eigenspannungsberechnung von großen komplexen Schweißkonstruktionen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die analytisch-numerische Hybridmodelle. Diese bestehen aus einem analytischen Teil für die lokale thermomechanische Berechnung und einen numerischen Teil für die globale strukturmechanische Berechnung. Die beiden Teilaufgaben sind stark gekoppelt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt in der Weiteentwicklung und in den Umsatzmöglichkeiten des analytischen Ansatzes. Darüber hinaus wird die Anwendung der Hybriden Modellierung zur Berechnung von Verzug und Eigenspannungen in praxisrelevanten Schweißkonstruktionen an zahlreichen Beispielen demonstriert. Die Aspekte der Einbringung der Simulation in die Fertigungs- oder Produktkette werden ebenso thematisiert.
The Lateral-Photovoltage-Scanning-Method (LPS) operates well for Si, Ge and Si_{1–x}–Ge_x for an analysis in defect regions below one part per million, where Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) or X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) signals fall below its detection limit. Although LPS is well established since 1999, it is still poorly investigated. We used a computational simulation finite volume (FVM) approach, solving the van-Roosbroeck equations in three dimensions using a MUltifrontal Massively Parallel sparse direct Solver MUMPS. The signal transport is simulated by solving the Maxwell equations in two dimension for different sample geometries.
It could be shown that a typical LPS-measurement is distorted due to the samples geometry (except cuboid). This distortion can be simulated, understood and recalculated, as discussed for trapezoidal or cylindrical samples. Also using the signal generation simulation of this measurement technique it can be shown, that the measurement signal is convoluted depending on the inherent minority charge carrier life time reducing the local resolution. An investigation of the local resolution were made using a Gaussian function as the convolution function of this method. A comparison of simulations to real measurements was discussed on silicon samples with boron implantation pattern.
In 1955 Tauc already stated that the bulk photovoltaic effect, causative for the LPS measurement set-up, could be used detecting any quantity, which affects the band structure of a semiconductor.As strain is coupled to the conduction and valence band profiles by the deformation potential theory by van-de-Walle, we investigated the possibility to detect strain variations using LPS simulations. For an n-type Si sample with an on-top stressor stripe (silicon-nitride) the strain distribution in Si got calculated by finite elemente simulation (FEM) using solid mechanics module. By directly converting the strain profile to a single conduction and valence band, FVM LPS simulations were performed. It could be shown, that the LPS voltage can be connected to hole traps caused by the conduction and valence band profile. Therefore we can finally conclude, that the LPS measurement set-up is suitable measuring conduction and valence band variations caused by strain.
This thesis focuses on computer modelling issues such as i) uncertainty, including uncertainty in parameters, data input and model structure, ii) model complexity and how it affects uncertainty, iii) scale, as it pertains to scaling calibrated and validated models up or down to different spatial and temporal resolutions, and iv) transferability of a model to a site of the same scale. The discussion of these issues is well established in the fields of hydrology and hydrogeology but has found less application in river water quality modelling. This thesis contributes to transferring these ideas to river modelling and to discuss their utilization when simulating river water quality.
In order to provide a theoretical framework for the discussion of these topics several hypotheses have been adapted and extended. The basic principle is that model error decreases and sensitivity increases as a model becomes more complex. This behaviour is modified depending if the model is being upscaled or downscaled or is being transferred to a different application site.
A modelling exercise of the middle and lower Saale River in Germany provides a case study to test these hypotheses. The Saale is ideal since it has gained much attention as a test case for river basin management. It is heavily modified and regulated, has been overly polluted in the past and contains many contaminated sites. High demands are also placed on its water resources. To provide discussion of some important water management issues pertaining to the Saale River, modelling scenarios using the Saale models have been included to investigate the impact of a reduction in non-point nutrient loading and the removal and implementation of lock-and-weir systems on the river.
Sind poröse Strukturen, wie z. B. Wärmedämmung oder Gewebepackungen, mit organischem Material benetzt, kann eine Reaktion mit Sauerstoff zu einer Selbstentzündung führen. Regel-mäßig treten in der Industrie Vorfälle auf, die auf solche Selbstentzündungen zurückzuführen sind.
Für Stäube und Schüttungen sind Selbstentzündungsvorgänge bereits gut untersucht. Es existieren Standards und Normen zur Durchführung der Untersuchungen und zur Bewertung der Selbstentzündungstemperatur (SET). Für die Bewertung der SET benetzter poröser Strukturen gibt es demgegenüber noch keine Standards. Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag dazu, diese Lücke zu schließen.
Die vorgeschlagenen Bewertungsmethoden beinhalten Simulationsansätze und effektive Verfahren zur Ermittlung zentraler Simulationsparameter, welche unter Einsatz des zu bewertenden Systems und der für SET-Versuche bekannten experimentellen Infrastruktur bestimmt werden. Das Verfahren zur Bestimmung der wärmetechnischen Parameter beruht auf einem dynamischen Experiment. Das Verfahren zur Bestimmung der reaktionskinetischen Parameter basiert auf einem überadiabaten Versuch. Die Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen Bewertungsmethoden wird anhand der Systeme Steinwolle/Fettsäure Ti05 und Gewebepackungen (LEX, LDX)/Fettsäure Ti05 demonstriert.
Increasing biological knowledge requires more and more elaborate methods to translate the knowledge into executable model descriptions, and increasing computational power allows to actually execute these descriptions. Such a simulation helps to validate, extend and question the knowledge. For plant modelling, the well-established formal description language of Lindenmayer systems reaches its limits as a method to concisely represent current knowledge and to conveniently assist in current research. On one hand, it is well-suited to represent structural and geometric aspects of plant models - of which units is a plant composed, how are these connected, what is their location in 3D space -, but on the other hand, its usage to describe functional aspects - what internal processes take place in the plant structure, how does this interact with the structure - is not as convenient as desirable. This can be traced back to the underlying representation of structure as a linear chain of units, while the intrinsic nature of the structure is a tree or even a graph. Therefore, we propose to use graphs and graph grammars as a basis for plant modelling which combines structural and functional aspects. In the first part of this thesis, we develop the necessary theoretical framework. Starting with a presentation of the state of the art concerning Lindenmayer systems and graph grammars, we develop the formalism of relational growth grammars as a variant of graph grammars. We show that this formalism has a natural embedding of Lindenmayer systems which keeps all relevant properties, but represents branched structures directly as axial trees and not as linear chains with indirect encoding of branches. In the second part, we develop the main practical result, the XL programming language as an extension of the Java programming language by very general rule-based features. Short examples illustrate the application of the new language features. We describe the built-in pattern matching algorithm of the implemented run-time system for the XL programming language, and we sketch a possible implementation of an XL compiler. The third part is an application of relational growth grammars and the XL programming language. We show how the general XL interfaces can be customized for relational growth grammars. On top of this customization, several examples from a variety of disciplines demonstrate the usefulness of the developed formalism and language to describe plant growth, especially functional-structural plant models, but also artificial life, architecture or interactive games. Some examples operate on custom graphs like XML DOM trees or scene graphs of commercial 3D modellers, while the majority uses the 3D modelling platform GroIMP, a software developed in conjunction with this thesis. The appendix gives an overview of the GroIMP software. The practical usage of its plug-in for relational growth grammars is also illustrated.