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The central theme of this thesis revolves around the impacts of historic charcoal burning on todays soils and soil landscapes in Connecticut, USA. The first chapter gives an overview of the state-of-research regarding the spatial distribution, morphology and chemical- as well as physical soil composition of so called relict charcoal hearth (RCH) landforms. RCHs can be described as unique soil microhabitats in the context of flora and fauna growth. The central research aim of the thesis is led by the question: How and to what extend does the historical charcoal industry control the distribution, development and properties of present day soils in Connecticut, USA? This thesis presents results from two field-campaigns in 2017 and 2018 where 52 RCH sites were surveyed and sampled in Litchfield County, Connecticut. The resulting dataset comprises of more than 1245 soil samples from 154 soil profiles and detailed stratigraphic and morphometrical information for all RCH sites. RCH landforms result in three distinct soils: charcoal rich horizons (Auh horizons), mineral soil horizons dividing multiple Auh horizons horizontally (Cu horizons) and buried former topsoil’s (Ahb horizons) or buried mineral soil horizons (Bwb horizons). Sites on flat terrain (< 4° slope) have mostly one Auh horizon, while sites on steeper terrain (> 4° slope) have mostly two, sometimes up to three Auh horizons. The total volume of sites on slopes is positively correlated to the local slope, i.e. it increases with larger steepness of the terrain. Compared to reference soils, RCH soils are enriched in total soil organic carbon and especially in pyrogenic carbon. Vertical gradients of organic carbon concentrations in Auh and Cu horizons suggest an enrichment of non-pyrogenic organic matter in the topsoil and a vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon compounds into intermediate and buried soil horizons. Furthermore, Auh horizons have a lower bulk density, a higher crystallinity ratio (Fed/Fet) of pedogenic iron oxides and are enriched in exchangeable elements (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) as well as oxalate extractable manganese-oxides compared to reference soils. A deep-learning based automated mapping workflow called ARCHMAGE (Automated Relict Charcoal Hearth Mapping and Geospatial Exploration) was created to gain a continuous, state wide database of RCH sites locations and other relevant geospatial information. This database, in combination with calculation of site specifics RCH volumes and soil carbon stocks, showed that in regions with high RCH site densities, significant additions to local soil organic and especially pyrogenic carbon stocks are present. This effect is scale dependent, with a larger effect size on county scale and below (≤ 1:650,000).
Dieser Band umfasst die Vorträge eines Workshops, der im Rahmen des DBU-Projekts „Bewahrung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten in Brandenburg – Ein Beitrag zur modellhaften Sicherung und nachhaltigen Nutzung einer durch anth-ropogene Umwelteinflüsse gefährdeten historischen Kulturlandschaft“ am 19. Februar 2019 an der BTU in Cottbus durchgeführt wurde. Ziel des DBU-Projekts ist es, vorindustrielle Meilerstandorte im Land Brandenburg möglichst flächenhaft zu erfassen und deren Denkmalwert zu ermitteln, um einen Beitrag zum Schutz dieser bisher kaum beachteten Bestandteile der historischen Kulturlandschaft zu leisten. In der Modellregion Niederlausitz wird ein auf GIS-Methoden basiertes Verfahren entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe Strategien und Konzepte erarbeitet werden, die auch in anderen Regionen die Bewahrung historischer HKM-Landschaften und anderer vorindustrieller Kulturlandschaftsrelikte erlaubt. Wesentliches Element des Verfahrens ist eine Musteranalyse, mit der das Mosaik an HKM-Standorten und die Bezüge ganzer HKM-Gruppen zu weiteren Kulturrelikten und v. a. auch Hinterlassenschaften der historischen Landnutzung dargestellt werden. So lassen sich Kategorien für die Schutzwürdigkeit einzelner Standorte oder ganzer HKM-Areale ableiten, auf deren Grundlage die Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten erfolgen kann. Aufgrund der Zusammenarbeit von Behörden und einer Universität sowie durch die Einbindung lokaler und regionaler Akteure der unterschiedlichen Fachdisziplinen können hier Nutzungs- und Interessenkonflikte im Schnittbereich von Denkmal-, Natur- und Umweltschutz praxisnah vermieden werden. Die Beiträge in diesem Tagungsband reichen von aktuellen Ergebnissen der Meilerforschung bis hin zu denkmalpflegerischen Aspekten und bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für die Diskus-sion in dem o.g. DBU-Projekt.
Objective of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (CRC/TR) 38 was the study of structures and processes of the initial ecosystem development. It was assumed that the initial phase is characterized by less structured and therefore less heterogeneous ecosystems. Thus, analysis of young ecosystems in their initial stages should provide better insights into ecosystem functioning. Following this basic concept, the idea of the CRC/TR 38 was to analyze the establishment of new structures and processes which lead to a growing structuring and in consequence to a growing complexity and heterogeneity in an artificially created watershed. Further, with the help of this step-by-step development of the ecosystem it was aimed to learn from occurring feedbacks, which appear between old and newly emerging structures and patterns in order to better understand also the behavior of more mature systems. Special emphasis was placed on the spatial and temporal dynamics of both evolving structures and related processes and their interactions. In summary, the CRC/TR 38 was able to identify a number of structures and processes that are considered to be relevant and specific for young systems.