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Die Konstruktionsplanung von neuen Transitrouten oder Energieleitungen auf einem topografischen Gelände wird von Ingenieuren in der Regel manuell vorgenommen, ohne dass eine Optimalität garantiert werden kann. Wir stellen einen neuen Ansatz zur Berechnung von Trajektorien für die Entwicklung neuer optimaler Transitrouten und Energieleitungen zwischen zwei Standorten auf einer Untermannigfaltigkeit U von IR³ vor. Diese Untermannigfaltigkeit repräsentiert die Topographie eines Geländes. U wird näherungsweise durch ein spezielles gewichtetes Gitternetz modelliert. Auf diesem Gitternetz werden die kürzesten Wege für den Bau neuer Routen bestimmt, wobei wir drei Optimierungskriterien betrachten werden: Routen mit minimaler Länge, Routen mit geringsten Baukosten und Routen mit minimalen absoluten Höhenvariationen oder minimalen absoluten Steigungen. Anschließend wird eine Kombination dieser Kriterien gebildet, um dieses Problem zu einem multikriteriellen Optimierungsproblem zu erweitern. Ein Algorithmus für den kürzesten Weg, wie der Dijkstra-Algorithmus, wird verwendet, um optimale Kompromisse für die Konstruktion neuer Routen zu berechnen.
Reduction of energy consumption has increasingly come into sharp focus in the chemical process industry. This is of great value not only for existing plant but also for the development of new processes. Therefore, the challenge for process design engineers to develop an integrated chemical process that simultaneously satisfies economic and environmental objectives has increased considerably. Particularly, multi-objective optimization in the chemical industry has become increasingly popular during the last decade. The main problem lies, in selecting the alternative best design during decision making with multiple and often conflicting objectives. This thesis work presents a methodology for the multi-objective optimization of process design alternatives under economic and environmental objectives and also to establish the linkage between exergy and the environment. Four distillation units design alternatives with increasing level of heat integration were considered. Each design is analysed from exergy, potential environmental impact (PEI) and economic point of view. A non-dominated solution known as the “Pareto optimal solution” is generated for decision making. The thermodynamic efficiency indicates where exergy losses occur. The demand for industrial process heat by means of solar energy has generated much interest because it offers an innovative way to reduce operating cost and improve clean renewable electric power. Concentrated Solar Thermal Power (CSP) can provide solution to global energy problems within a relatively short time and is capable of contributing to carbon dioxide reduction, which is an important step towards zero emissions in the process industries. This work provides an overview of a simulation model to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of two case studies of solar thermal power plants. A methodology is presented to integrate solar thermal power plant into industrial processes and this is then compared with an existing hydrocarbon recovery (HCR) plant that depends on coal as its energy source. The two process design alternatives where simulated using the process simulator Aspen PlusTM. This thesis work also evaluates two types of power plants based on coal. The plants considered provide utility systems such as steam and electrical energy to the process plants. Exergy analysis was performed for each type of plant. The standard PEI calculation procedure has been modified for consideration of specific energy resources or power plants.