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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen von Fremdkörperschädigungen und Blending Reparaturen auf das aeroelastische Systemverhalten einer modernen Hochdruckverdichter Blisk. Mittels einer vollautomatisierten Prozesskette zur Untersuchung parametrisch definierter Schadensfälle erfolgt eine detaillierte Analyse der Korrelationsbeziehungen zwischen den Schädigungsparametern und deren Einfluss auf die hochzyklische Ermüdungsfestigkeit der Komponente. Die hierbei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse fließen in ein Regressionsmodell zur Erstellung von Sensitivitätsplots ein, um eine schnelle Beurteilung der Kritikalität von Schadensfällen im Flottenbetrieb zu ermöglichen. Im Rahmen der aeroelastischen Analysen sind vor allem die Auswirkungen von Blending Reparaturen auf typische Kenngrößen wie die aerodynamische Dämpfung und Anregung von Interesse. Am Beispiel einer im Betrieb hoch ausgelasteten Schwingform wird eine potentielle Überlagerung mehrerer, für die Betriebssicherheit der Komponente kritischer, Effekte dargestellt. Um die Rechenzeiten für derartige Vorhersagen künftig zu verringern, werden zudem unterschiedliche Ansätze zur Reduktion der Simulationsaufwände verglichen.
This study explores the interplay between the UNESCO status and climate governance in World Heritage cities. With climate change posing significant threats to living urban landscapes, local governments and public actors strive to implement sustainable and resilient strategies. However, complications arise when cities attain the World Heritage status, complicating climate governance practices. Qualitative research, involving interviews with key stakeholders from the Climate and Monument Protection Departments in Lübeck, Regensburg, and Bamberg, reveals a negative impact of cultural heritage on climate governance. The study contends that, when harnessed effectively, cultural heritage can contribute to the sustainability and resilience of cities in addressing climate change. It emphasises the necessity for flexibility, collaboration, and a human-centric approach, advocating for a common understanding and prioritisation of human life within climate governance. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of viewing heritage as a dynamic component integrated into cities' climate governance strategies.
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt für eine breite Klasse zweidimensionaler Variationsprobleme eine Existenz- und Regularitätstheorie, die der Lösung von Randwertproblemen partieller Differentialgleichungssysteme dient. Dabei werden bekannte Ergebnisse gründlich untersucht und umfassend aufgearbeitet. Teilweise wird eine geeignete Anpassung der Voraussetzungen einiger Resultate vorgenommen. Speziell wird die Theorie auf das Plateausche Problem für Flächen vorgeschriebener mittlerer Krümmung im R3 angewendet. Eingangs wird das Konzept der direkten Methoden der Variationsrechnung erläutert. Über einen fundamentalen Satz zur schwachen Unterhalbstetigkeit von Funktionalen wird die Existenz eines Minimierers für eine breite Klasse von Variationsproblemen nachgewiesen. Da die Existenztheorie in Sobolev-Räumen agiert, sind Untersuchungen zur Regularität eines Minimierers notwendig. Im Rahmen der Regularitätstheorie wird das Dirichletsche Wachstumstheorem von Morrey gezeigt, welches ein hinreichendes Kriterium für die Hölder-Stetigkeit einer Funktion X ∈ W1,2(G) liefert. Zum Nachweis der Anwendbarkeit des Dirichletschen Wachstumstheorems auf einen Minimierer wird ein Wachstumslemma verwendet. Dabei werden eine Verknüpfung des Dirichlet-Integrals mit Fourierreihen sowie das Dirichlet- Integral der harmonischen Ersetzung einer Funktion mit L2-Randwerten genutzt. Infolgedessen ergibt sich die Hölder-Stetigkeit im Inneren für einen Minimierer. Zudem wird die Stetigkeit des Minimierers bis zum Rand gezeigt, sodass die Existenz eines stetigen Minimierers für eine breite Klasse von Variationsproblemen gesichert ist. Anschließend erfolgt die Berechnung der ersten Variation sowie die damit verbundene Herleitung der schwachen Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung, welche eine Beziehung zur Lösungstheorie von Differentialgleichungen im Sinne des Dirichletschen Prinzips herstellt.
Ausgehend von der schwachen Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung wird die Hölder-Stetigkeit
der ersten Ableitungen eines Minimierers bewiesen. Für die Lösung von Randwertproblemen mit partiellen Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung mithilfe der Variationsrechnung ist der Nachweis stetiger zweiter Ableitungen des Minimierers notwendig. Dabei wird der Fokus auf sogenannte Minimierer vom Poissonschen Typ gelegt. Eine C2,σ-Rekonstruktion, die auf der Schaudertheorie basiert, liefert in diesem Fall die gewünschte Regularität. In Anwendung dessen werden das Randwertproblem harmonischer Abbildungen in Riemannschen Räumen sowie das Dirichletproblem des H-Flächen-Systems behandelt, indem jeweils ein geeignetes Variationsproblem aufgestellt wird. Als Erweiterung des Dirichletproblems des H-Flächen-Systems wird das allgemeine
Plateausche Problem für Flächen vorgeschriebener mittlerer Krümmung mit den erarbeiteten Methoden der Variationsrechnung untersucht. Zudem wird das Plateausche Problem für Flächen vorgeschriebener mittlerer Krümmung in Kugeln, in Zylindern sowie insbesondere im Einheitskegel gelöst. Insgesamt wird eine ausführliche, in sich geschlossene und gut verständliche Existenzund Regularitätstheorie der zweidimensionalen Variationsrechnung zur Behandlung von Randwertproblemen partieller Differentialgleichungssysteme dargestellt, welche sich in besonderer Weise bei der Lösung des Plateauschen Problems für Flächen vorgeschriebener mittlerer Krümmung entfaltet.
This study describes the seasonal course of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria in a dimictic mesotrophic lake (Lake Scharmützelsee, Brandenburg, Germany) within a three-year period from 2011 to 2013. The bacterial cell numbers were quantified by the fluorescence microscopy, most probable number (MPN) and PCR-dependent quantification of the chromosomal 16S rDNA and of the nirS and nirK gene copy number. The highest seasonal differences (up to three orders of magnitudes) have been measured usingMPNin the epilimnion. This variation was not reflected by PCR-dependent approaches or direct microscopical enumeration. At adverse conditions (low temperature and/or low nitrate concentrations), the differences between MPN and gene copy numbers increased by up to five orders of magnitudes and decreased to one magnitude at favourable environmental conditions. These results can be explained best by an increasing ratio of viable but not cultivable (VBNC) cells or dead cells at impairing conditions. In the hypolimnion, the courses of MPN and nir gene copy numbers were similar. This can be explained by a higher feeding pressure and therefore smaller amounts of dormant cells. In the pelagial in general, the total cell numbers enumerated by either microscopical or molecular approaches were similar. In the sediment, more than 99% of the DNA was obviously not related to viable bacteria but was rather DNA in dead cells or adsorbed to particle surfaces.
Salvaging Buildings : reclaiming a livelihood from the excesses of Istanbul's mass urbanization
(2023)
Turkey’s demolition waste management is, to a great extent, dependent on çıkmacıs (reclaimers) who salvage condemned buildings for raw materials and architectural elements. Its urbanization history is full of key moments marked by building demolitions, which became a necessary material resource for informal urbanization. As early as the 1970s, the çıkmacıs helped the gecekondus [squatter houses] by supplying second-hand building materials and construction loans. They managed to turn a lack of infrastructure into an advantage and remain very adaptable to the ever-changing conditions of neo-liberalized urbanization. They depend on solidarity networks and other informal resources. Assemblage thinking helps to redefine the concept of informality, understand the relational dynamics between various actors, and focus on the agency of materials. The empirical data gained from ‘follow the thing’ ethnographic research in Turkey and Georgia reveals the double lives of çıkmacıs who move between village and city. Additionally, by following the example of a reclaimed window frame’s journey from Istanbul to Tbilisi, we can more clearly see the second-hand trade network in the context of urbanization and incremental architecture. In the context of waste’s materiality, the empirical part of the research shows the symbiotic relationship between çıkmacıs and the discarded demolition materials.
High-resolution imaging of buried metal interconnect structures in advanced microelectronic products with full-field X-ray microscopy is demonstrated in the hard X-ray regime, i.e., at photon energies > 10 keV. The combination of two multilayer optics—a side-by-side Montel (or nested Kirkpatrick–Baez) condenser optic and a high aspect-ratio multilayer Laue lens—results in an asymmetric optical path in the transmission X-ray microscope. This optics arrangement allows the imaging of 3D nanostructures in opaque objects at a photon energy of 24.2 keV (In-Kα X-ray line). Using a Siemens star test pattern with a minimal feature size of 150 nm, it was proven that features < 150 nm can be resolved. In-Kα radiation is generated from a Ga-In alloy target using a laboratory X-ray source that employs the liquid-metal-jet technology. Since the penetration depth of X-rays into the samples is significantly larger compared to 8 keV photons used in state-of-the-art laboratory X-ray microscopes (Cu-Kα radiation), 3D-nanopattered materials and structures can be imaged nondestructively in mm to cm thick samples. This means that destructive de-processing, thinning or cross-sectioning of the samples are not needed for the visualization of interconnect structures in microelectronic products manufactured using advanced packaging technologies. The application of laboratory transmission X-ray microscopy in the hard X-ray regime is demonstrated for Cu/Cu6Sn5/Cu microbump interconnects fabricated using solid–liquid interdiffusion (SLID) bonding.
Comparing hybrid urbanisms in the global south : water delivery configurations in Peru and Ghana
(2023)
Urban development processes in the Global South (and North) are often described as characterized by formal and informal practices of different actors and their respective material realities. In critical urban studies, the disposition for this binary conception of formal and informal urbanisms has been discussed for many years. To a certain extent, these sometimes align rather problematically with contrasting notions of the “structural” versus the “everyday.” In this article, we explore an understanding of formal and informal urban practices (and respectively “structure” and “everyday”) as always interrelated, and we develop a methodology for a comparative examination of such hybrid urbanisms. In doing so, we address a missing link in the surging theoretical debate on comparative/southern urbanisms, which has rarely been substantiated by methodological explorations. The adapted concept of “delivery configurations” combines analyses of actor networks, material realities, rules and regulations, discourses, and heterogenous arrays of urban practices of negotiating these. However, bringing together local particularities and structural commonalities and exploring their interrelation only provides a basis for understanding case‐specific complexities. We argue that embedding the analysis in a multi‐scalar comparative framework can further its analytical rather than descriptive attributes and provide deeper insights into issues such as social inequality. To illustrate our methodological contribution, we provide first insights from a comparative research
project of water delivery in different neighbourhoods in the secondary cities of Sunyani (Ghana) and Arequipa (Peru). We highlight the practical challenges of comparing diverse urban contexts and examining the rather complex relationships between infrastructure delivery, urban development, and social inequality.
Biomass and bioenergy perspectives of a coal region : status quo, potential and scenarios in Lusatia
(2023)
Coal has been one of the main fuels used in Europe. Its decreasing role due to the ongoing transformation of the energy system will create significant socio-economic challenges. The switch into renewable energy systems could be an alternative to maintain jobs and economic activities within the affected regions. Biomass use and bioenergy can play an important role in the energy transition. Instead of energy crops, forest and agricultural residues should be used as biogenic energy sources in the future to avoid impacts on land use and food security. The main objective of this article is to investigate the biomass potential of a coal region and to provide scenarios for the future development of bioenergy production. Due to the changing framework conditions and, as a result, the different biomass focuses, previous bioenergy potential estimates must be reviewed. The methods for determining the potential of biomass for energy production was used for Lusatia (in German: Lausitz), the second largest coal region in Germany. These methods can also be applied in other regions. As a first step, the regional status quo assessment of cultivated areas and yields had decisive relevance for calculating biomass potential ranges. In a second step, the current bioenergy facilities in the region were identified, with a focus on power and heat production. The third step was the estimation of future regional bioenergy use. Therefore, the regional potential was gathered with the generally supra-regional framework conditions. For this purpose, national scenario studies were used, which contain the relevant target values and framework conditions. Two scenarios were developed for future bioenergy estimations: a conservative path based on the current policies and a progressive path, derived from the goal of climate neutrality by 2045. The results show a qualitative comparison among both scenarios and the previously determined potential ranges. Bioenergy can probably contribute to achieving climate neutrality with an increase in wood-fired systems, while agricultural bioenergy potential is likely to decline. In the discussion section, however, the uncertainty of these results is pointed out, as future use of bioenergy will be heavily influenced by the regulatory framework, competition with material use and the influences of climate change.
The Iberian Peninsula comprises one of the largest boundaries between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian vegetation, known as sub-Mediterranean zone. This ecotone hosts many unique plant species and communities and constitutes the low-latitude (warm) margin of numerous central European species which co-occur with Mediterranean vegetation. Two of the main species found in this region are the Eurosiberian European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and the Mediterranean Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). It remains unclear how the different physiological and adaptive strategies of these two species reflect their niche partitioning within a sub-Mediterranean community and to what extent phenotypic variation (intraspecific variability) is driving niche partitioning across Eurosiberian and Mediterranean species. We quantified functional niche partitioning, based on the n-dimensional hypervolume to nine traits related to resource acquisition strategies (leaf, stem and root) plus relative growth rate as an additional whole-plant trait, and the environmental niche similarity between Pyrenean oak and European beech. Further, we analyzed the degree of phenotypic variation of both target species and its relationship with relative growth rates (RGR) and environmental conditions. Plant recruitment was measured for both target species as a proxy for the average fitness. Species’ functional space was highly segregated (13.09% overlap), mainly due to differences in niche breadth (59.7%) rather than niche replacement (25.6%), and beech showed higher trait variability, i.e., had larger functional space. However, both species shared the environmental space, i.e., environmental niches were overlapped. Most plant traits were not related to abiotic variables or RGR, neither did RGR to plant traits. Both target species share similar environmental space, however, show notably different functional resource-use strategies, promoting a high complementarity that contributes to maintaining a high functionality in sub-Mediterranean ecosystems. Therefore, we propose that conservation efforts be oriented to preserve both species in these habitats to maximize ecosystem functionality and resilience.
Linking functional composition moments of the sub-mediterranean ecotone with environmental drivers
(2023)
Functional trait-based approaches are extensively applied to the study of mechanisms governing community assembly along environmental gradients. These approaches have been classically based on studying differences in mean values among species, but there is increasing recognition that alternative metrics of trait distributions should be considered to decipher the mechanisms determining community assembly and species coexistence. Under this framework, the main aim of this study is to unravel the effects of environmental conditions as drivers of plant community assembly in sub-Mediterranean ecotones.
We set 60 plots in six plant communities of a sub-Mediterranean forest in Central Spain, and measured key above- and belowground functional traits in 411 individuals belonging to 19 species, along with abiotic variables. We calculated community-weighted mean (CWM), skewness (CWS) and kurtosis (CWK) of three plant dimensions, and used maximum likelihood techniques to analyze how variation in these functional community traits was driven by abiotic factors. Additionally, we estimated the relative contribution of intraspecific trait variability and species turnover to variation in CWM. The first three axes of variation of the principal component analyses were related to three main plant ecological dimensions: Leaf Economics Spectrum, Root Economics Spectrum and plant hydraulic architecture, respectively. Type of community was the most important factor determining differences in the functional structure among communities, as compared to the role of abiotic variables. We found strong differences among communities in their CWMs in line with their biogeographic origin (Eurosiberian vs Mediterranean), while differences in CWS and CWK indicate different trends in the functional structure among communities and the coexistence of different functional strategies, respectively. Moreover, changes in functional composition were primarily due to intraspecific variability. We observed a high number of strategies in the forest with the different communities spreading along the acquisitive-conservative axis of resource-use, partly matching their Eurosiberian-Mediterranean nature, respectively. Intraspecific trait variability, rather than species turnover, stood as the most relevant factor when analyzing functional changes and assembly patterns among communities. Altogether, our data support the notion that ecotones are ecosystems where relatively minor environmental shifts may result in changes in plant and functional composition.
The material authenticity of cultural heritage has been questioned by societies in which the modern paradigm of conservation has not developed from within the native culture. This paper examines the philosophical and practical traditions in Iran regarding the materiality and authenticity of past structures. By reviewing the emergence of the Western conservation paradigm in Iran, this paper highlights two key factors: the rapidness of this paradigm shift and the remarkable contradiction between the new and old paradigms. By borrowing the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of a ‘body without organs’ (BwO), this paper problematises the rapidness and radicality of the paradigm shift in Iran. It suggests exploring the under-investigated possibilities between the pre-modern and modern paradigms to address the gap between native circumstances and Western standards.
Urban heritage planning in Tehran and beyond : sequences of disrupted spatial-discursive assemblages
(2023)
Despite the impact of ideological rigidity, the primary challenge of heritage planning in Tehran and beyond lies not in the dominance of an inflexible Authorized Heritage Discourse, but rather in the absence of stable spatial-discursive and administrative structures. Solmaz Yadollahi maps the historical trajectory of conservation and urban heritage planning in Iran, depicting a discursive-spatial assemblage that tends to knock down its accumulated resources. This is in line with Katouzian's portrayal of Iran as a pick-axe society. Residing within this society, the studied assemblage strives to deconstruct the prevailing structures and usher in a fresh one, paradoxically perpetuating the very cycle it seeks to escape.
Morphological and optical properties of a multilayer film (CAZO/CZAO/ZACO) prepared by spin-coating method and deposited on a glass substrate were evaluated. The study was initially carried out for each layer, individually and then as a multilayer subsequently. Structural properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectra (IR) and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of three phases of zinc, copper and silver oxides at different levels. The CZAO sample observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed an excellent porous surface with a large deformation in the multilayer configuration. Doping with zinc and copper in the silver crystal lattice improved the crystal structure and reduced the optical energy gap, thus increasing the optical absorbance and refractive index. The dielectric constants and showed an increase in the optical polarization values for lower photonic energies. The maximum degradation rate for photocatalysts of methylene blue was 89 % for a 5-h exposure period with CAZO/CZAO/ZACO while it reached 71 % for the CZAO sample during the same time period. The sensitivity of samples to light proved that the presence of ultraviolet radiation increases the number of holes trapped by oxygen ions and causes more free electrons and contribute to a better production of photocurrent than in darkness.
1. Zweite Änderungssatzung zur fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Bachelor-Studiengang Biotechnologie (B. Sc.) vom 15. März 2024
2. Lesefassung: Fachspezifische Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Bachelor-Studiengang Biotechnologie (B. Sc.) vom 30. Juli 2018 (AMbl. 15/2018) i. d. F. der Zweiten Änderungssatzung zur fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Bachelor-Studiengang Biotechnologie (B. Sc.) vom 15. März 2024
1. Erste Änderungssatzung zur fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für
den Bachelor-Studiengang Medizintechnik vom 15. März 2024
2. Lesefassung: Fachspezifische Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Bachelor-Studiengang Medizintechnik vom 04. Oktober 2022 i. d. F. der ersten Änderungssatzung zur Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Bachelor-Studiengang Medizintechnik vom 15. März 2024
A contribution to the online monitoring of partial discharges in high-voltage grid components
(2024)
Increasing utilization of HV power cable lines, and particularly the advent of long HVDC underground links, results in the need to sensitively monitor their condition, such as by tracking the emergence and development of partial discharges. This study demonstrates that existing solutions are poorly suited to the case of HVDC lines, and that a new, more sophisticated monitoring system needs to address a wide array of diverse problems. First of all, the overview of the task and main functional blocks of the monitoring system is given. Following this, selected blocks are subject to detailed examination in subsequent chapters.
The first of these blocks, a high-frequency current transformer (HFCT), is responsible for capturing the signal in the power line and transferring it to the electronics. This component receives in-depth coverage: general design considerations, computation of leakage inductance, operation in presence of a power current, resonant behavior, balanced design. Particular attention is given to the application of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in relation to the HFCT, however, the demonstrated techniques can also be applied to other magnetic devices. Last section of the chapter presents various stages of development, experimental setups, prototypes, and the final device which has been put into series production.
The next block addresses extraction of signals from noise. A literature analysis is conducted concerning noise suppression in partial discharge recordings, and the application of the signal separation approach based on Linear Predictive Coding is shown.
In the section on localization, examples illustrating problems encountered during the development of a partial discharge localization algorithm are presented.
In the chapter devoted to laboratory tests, various auxiliary experiments conducted during the system's development are compiled, where some of them are: Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) TDR-based line characterization, estimation of monitoring sensitivity, measurement of the cable attenuation and reflection coefficients of the accessories.
In the final chapter – field tests – the installation of the system on a 110 kV line and the measured transfer function are demonstrated.
Kleinstädte stehen vor der Herausforderung, die Lebensqualität und die Lebenszufriedenheit ihrer Bewohner:innen zu verbessern. Dabei sind subjektive Wahrnehmungen oft wichtiger als objektive Maßstäbe. Im Rahmen dieser Studie werden deshalb die Attraktivitätsfaktoren von Kleinstädten untersucht, die dazu beitragen, die Lebensqualität der Bürger:innen zu fördern. Um ein realistisches Bild auf die Anforderungen der Bewohner:innen zu erhalten, ist es wesentlich, die tatsächlichen Aktivitätsräume der Kleinstadt-Bewohner:innen zu betrachten. Mit Blick auf die individuelle Beurteilungs- und Einstellungsebene der Bürger:innen wird deshalb eine erweiterte geografisch-räumliche Perspektive eingenommen. Für Bürger:innen ist im Rahmen ihres Well-Beings der Raum entscheidend, in dem sie sich normalerweise bewegen. Ihr Radius überschreitet dabei typischerweise die Grenzen der eigenen Kleinstadt und bezieht das nähere regionale Umfeld mit ein. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in dem Projekt die Frage adressiert, wie die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Kleinstädten sowie ihr regionales Umfeld die Lebensqualität und Zufriedenheit ihrer Bewohner:innen im Vergleich zu Großstadtbewohner:innen beeinflussen. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurde eine Kombination aus qualitativer und quantitativer Forschung angewendet. Im ersten Schritt wurden zwei Fokusgruppendiskussionen in einer dezentral gelegenen Kleinstadt bzw. einer zentral gelegenen Kleinstadt durchgeführt. Im zweiten Schritt erfolgte eine quantitativ orientierte Fragebogenstudie in diesen beiden Kleinstädten und in einer Vergleichs-Großstadt, bei der insgesamt 1.144 Personen befragt wurden. Dabei wurden Daten zur Attraktivität der Städte, ihres regionalen Umfelds und zur Lebensqualität und Zufriedenheit der Bewohner:innen von Kleinstädten im Vergleich zu Großstädten erhoben und analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Bürger:innen sowohl lokale als auch regionale Angebote nutzen und sich v.a. im Hinblick auf Bedürfnisse des Alltags und der (Grund-) Versorgung Angebote in der Nähe ihres Wohnorts wünschen. Die untersuchten Kleinstädte weisen dabei in Bezug auf Qualitätsfaktoren wie z.B. die Umwelt- und Wohnqualität eine höhere Attraktivität aus Sicht der eigenen Bewohner:innen auf als die betrachtete Großstadt. Die Studie hat gezeigt, dass Kleinstädte durch die Nutzung regionaler Ressourcen und die Integration digitaler Möglichkeiten eine hohe Lebensqualität bieten können, obwohl sie selbst nicht immer alle benötigten Angebote vorhalten können und dass die Lebenszufriedenheit in den Kleinstädten zum Teil höher ist als in der betrachteten Vergleichs-Großstadt. Gerade zentral gelegene Kleinstädte können dabei von der Nähe zu größeren Städten und den damit verbundenen Vorteilen profitieren. Langfristig spielt auch die Digitalisierung eine Rolle, indem sie den Zugang zu entfernten Dienstleistungen und Produkten erleichtert und bestehende Nachteile von Kleinstädten mit Blick auf ihre Ausstattung abmildern kann.