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Institute
- FG Systeme (41) (remove)
This Dissertation is a contribution to the design of the Synchronization and Channel Estimation algorithms in Wireless OFDM systems, paying special attention to their implementation. After investigation of the main impairments affecting OFDM in a wireless transmission, the Dissertation obtains solutions for all the blocks forming the so-called Inner Receiver. The IEEE 802.11a standard is taken in this work as a reference, since this is the first standard proposal in which OFDM is applied for wireless LAN with transmission rates of up to 54 Mbps. The low-power feature of our proposals has been demonstrated by designing an Integrated Circuit fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11a specifications. Results show that the power figures expected for our design are very competitive in comparison with the results reported by other research groups and companies working in this field.
In this thesis a novel Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) technique applicable to wireless communication systems and generally to datapath architectures is presented. The proposed concept is intended for point-to-point communication with very intensive but bursty data transfer. This concept is based on a request-driven operation of locally synchronous modules. The key idea is that a module can use the input request signal as its clock while receiving a burst of data. The developed GALS technique is applied to the design of an IEEE 802.11a compliant baseband processor with the aim to alleviate the problems of system integration, power consumption and electro-magnetic interference. The GALS design was compared with a synchronous version of the baseband processor. In our experimental setup we have measured a 1% reduction in dynamic power consumption, 30% reduction in instantaneous supply voltage variations, and 5 dB reduction in spectral noise.
Key management is a fundamental security service to enable secure wireless ad hoc networks (WAHN). To date existing key management solutions based on either public key infrastructures (PKI) or key pre‑distribution scheme (KPS) exhibit limitations for WAHNs. We firstly develop the Hybrid Key Management Infrastructure (HKMI) for WAHNs composed of moderate‑resource devices. The HKMI complements PKI with trust and cooperation protocols to construct an performance efficient security solution. We secondly develop the Deterministic Pairwise Key Pre-Distribution Scheme (DPKPS) for large‑scale dynamic WAHNs composed of low‑resource devices. The DPKPS applies a combinatorial design for the pre-distribution of multiple bivariate polynomial shares to WAHN nodes. Future work comprises further improving the resiliency of the DPKPS, completing a key management infrastructure on the basis of the DPKPS, the design of DPKPS‑based access control mechanisms, and the integration of the HKMI with the DPKPS in a unified key management architecture.
During the last decades the research and implementation of integrated circuits in W-band (Frequencies from 75 GHz to 111 GHz) or frequencies beyond were mainly dominated by GaAs technologies due to their high-performance devices. However, the low-cost requirement of commercial consumer products limits the application of GaAs technologies. Recently, the advents of 200 GHz fT SiGe:C technologies pave the way for realizing the millimeter-wave circuits with their lower cost and excellent performance. This work is focused on the design and implementation of circuits in IHP's low-cost SiGe:C technology at W-band and frequencies beyond. Different types of high-speed frequency dividers as benchmarking circuits are designed and measured to show the speed and power performance of the SiGe technology in this work. Furthermore, this work includes the design and implementation of 77 GHz/79 GHz automotive radar front-end circuits. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art to demonstrate the performance of the circuit and technology. The aim is to show the design techniques and the possibility of adopting IHP's low-cost SiGe:C technology to realize high performance circuits for high-speed applications such as future automotive radar system.
This thesis describes the complete design of a low cost 60 GHz front end in SiGe BiCMOS technology. It covers the topics of a system plan, designs of building blocks, designs of application boards and real environment tests. Different LNA and mixer topologies have been investigated and fabricated. Good agreements between measurements and simulations have been achieved by using the self-developed component models. A transceiver front end system is built based on these blocks. A heterodyne architecture with a 5 GHz IF is adopted because it is compatible with the standard IEEE 802.11a, which allows the reuse of some existing building blocks of the 5 GHz transceiver. The transceiver chips are assembled onto application boards and connected by bond-wires. Bond-wire inductances have been minimized by using a cavity and compensated by an on board structure. The front end has been tested by both QPSK and OFDM signals in an indoor environment. Clear constellations have been measured. This was the first silicon based 60 GHz demonstrator in Europe and the second in the world.
It is predicted that, in the next years, wireless sensor networks could be massively deployed in a wide variety of application areas, such as agriculture, logistics, automation, or infrastructure monitoring. An extremely low power consumption, high dependability, and low cost are common requirements for sensor nodes in all these applications. This can be achieved only by tiny, power-efficient microcontrollers and communication systems integrated on a single chip. Formal description techniques, such as SDL (Specification and Description Language), are suitable to formally prove properties of models designed in these languages. Code generators facilitate the automatic transformation of SDL models into software implementations, while preserving the properties of the model and, thus, achieving high system dependability. The implementations consist of the translated state machine behavior and, additionally, require a run-time environment for model execution. The objective of this work was to investigate an integrated design flow for embedded systems, which should allow the development of efficient and dependable system implementations from abstract SDL specifications. In this thesis, concepts for minimal SDL run-time environment have been devised and realized by an example implementation. Not only pure software implementations should be considered, but starting from these also the hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning of the system should be supported. For this purpose, a cosimulation framework that allows the coupling of an instruction set simulator (ISS) with a functional SDL simulation has been investigated and prototypically implemented within the scope of this thesis. By shifting functionality to dedicated hardware components it is possible to take computational load from the microcontroller and to decrease the overall energy consumption by reducing the clock frequency and lowering the supply voltage. Due to the use of SDL, the design flow lends itself particularly to the implementation of communication protocols, and is limited to applications with soft real-time requirements. For an SDL-based design flow targeted to resource-constrained embedded systems, concepts and real implementations of minimal SDL run-time environments were lacking. Available software tools, indeed, enable the transformation of SDL models into C code, however for an efficient implementation, an integration into existing real-time operating systems (RTOS) for small microcontrollers is essential. A prototypical implementation of a run-time library for the Reflex RTOS has been created to validate our general concepts. It is about 30 % faster and consumes less than half of the program memory compared to the operating system independent run-time environment of the tool vendor Telelogic. For simple SDL models, the application requires in total less than 8 kbytes program memory and 1 kbyte RAM. For the evaluation of design alternatives that realize different hardware/software partitionings, instruction set simulators are particularly suitable. They facilitate the identification of performance bottlenecks of the HW/SW system. Test stimuli are required in order to measure the performance and response time of systems under design. The development of an environment that generates such test signals can be a laborious task. Thus, it is reasonable, especially in the design of protocols, to use an SDL simulation of a communication network to generate these test stimuli. Such an SDL model already exists and is the basis for the implementation. The protocol implementation simulated by the ISS then becomes part of the network simulation. An efficient coupling of SDL simulations with instruction set simulators had to be investigated, and a solution is presented in this thesis. Based on the general concepts, a cosimulation framework for the ISS TSIM for the LEON2 processor was realized by the author. The joint SDL and instruction set simulation is very fast, which could be demonstrated by connecting a software implementation of the complex IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) protocol with an SDL simulation of a network consisting of four devices. The real execution time for 10 seconds of simulation time amounted to just 50 seconds. The overall design flow was validated by means of a HW/SW implementation of the IEEE 802.15.3 wireless MAC protocol. The author designed a complete SDL model of the protocol and integrated it into Reflex. By using our cosimulation environment for the TSIM simulator, the model was partitioned into hardware and software. For the hardware part, a dedicated protocol accelerator was designed by the author. This hardware component was integrated on a single chip with the LEON2 processor and, finally, manufactured. It could be shown that the presented methodology enables the design and implementation of efficient HW/SW systems. Consequently, it can be applied to the development of dependable and energy-efficient wireless sensor nodes and other embedded systems.
Definition and configuration of reliable event detection for application in wireless sensor networks
(2010)
Ubiquitous systems based on wireless sensor networks will amazingly increase our quality of life. These systems are to be deployed in large areas with high density where hundreds or thousands of nodes are used. Certainly that demands to use low cost devices with limited resources, which in turn are prone to faulty behaviour. This work introduces a novel concept for wireless sensor network configuration considering fault tolerance, energy efficiency and convenience as primary goals while being tailored to user needs. It allows to ignore low-level details like node resources, network structures, node availability etc. and enables the programmer to work on a high abstraction level, namely the event itself including event related constraints. The definition of events characterising real world phenomena is of prominent use in sensor networks. The presented concept autonomously configures and monitors events, even if it requires to organise collaboration between nodes to deliver the results. The contribution of this work is threefold. An intuitive XML-based ESL simplifies event configuration to a level that is even suitable for non-professionals. It features hardware independent description elements to define complex phenomena and enhances these by tailor-made voting schemes and application constraints. Based on that, a novel, fully decentralised mechanism to autonomously set up distributed event detection called EDT and a cost efficient means to maintain such EDT, are presented. EDTs can be efficiently constructed on every device by using a tiny generating finite state machine requiring eight states only. It enables every node to self-divide event queries according to its own resources and self-adapt to the tasks assigned. Simultaneously, the EDT provides the interface for efficient collaboration using a lease-based publish/subscribe approach. The simulations clearly show that this concept works well and the applied collaboration scheme outperforms even idealised acknowledgement-based approaches. On top of the EDT, a means is developed that enhances the reliability of detection beyond the scope of Boolean event decision. It examines behavioural trends in sensor readings to indicate the significance of actual measurements in relation to the configured event. Measured data is investigated in detail to finally attach a significance indicator "is" to each event. This automatically generated indicator shall support users or overlaying systems in decision-making. In the example scenario based on data of real test cases, the "is" indicates a flaming fire 88 seconds and a smouldering fire 48 seconds before the threshold-based method triggers the alarm.
Privacy issues are becoming more and more important, especially since the cyber and the real world are converging up to certain extent when using mobile devices. Means that really protect privacy are still missing. The problem is, as soon as a user provides data to a service provider the user looses control over her/his data. The simple solution is not to provide any data but then many useful services, e.g., navigation applications, cannot be used. The dissertation addresses two aspects of privacy protection. The first aspect regards not producing private information if possible. Such unnecessary information are traces of access controlled service uses. Hence, one approach in this dissertation enables k-anonymous authorization for services uses. It equips the users of the system with trusted pseudonymous certificates reflecting their respective authorizations. Analogous to anonymous e-cash, the certificates are issued by a trusted authority with knowledge of the actual authorizations of an identified user. The certificates can be verified by any service supported by the trusted authority but without knowledge of the user’s identity. Not even the issuing authority is able to reveal the users identity from the pseudonym of a certificate. Hence, service usage cannot be tracked, neither by the service nor by the authority. This protects the privacy of service usage behavior of users. The second aspect of privacy protection is to remain in control over private data released to others. Temporary release of private data is essential to context-sensitive services, which rely on these context data to provide or improve added value. Therefore, the dissertation designs a Privacy Guaranteeing Execution Container (PGEC), which enables applications to access private user data and guarantees that the user data is deleted as soon as the service or application is finished. Basically, the concept is that the application obtains access to the user data in a specially protected and certified environment, the PGEC. The PGEC also restricts the communication between the application and the service provider to what is explicitly allowed by the service user. In addition to those means, the PGEC also implements countermeasures against malicious attacks such as modified host systems and covert channel attacks, which might be misusing CPU load to signal data out of the PGEC. Thus, the PGEC guarantees a “one time use” of the provided private data.
The goal of this thesis is the analysis of the challenges and finding solutions for the design of mm-wave transceivers. The work presented here is focused on design of transmitter (TX) components, which are critical for the performance of the whole analog front-end. Phase-locked loop (PLL) phase noise is optimized, an image-rejection filter and a high 1 dB compression point (P1dB) power amplifier (PA) are designed. The PLL phase noise optimization is presented and different PLL topologies are compared. A new optimized recipe for calculating PLL parameters of a forth order PLL is presented. Using this approach the spurious sidebands can be reduced by up to 10 dB. The image-rejection filter chapter analyzes the challenges related to the design of the integrated image–rejection filter. The analysis presented here is the first on integrated filters for the 60 GHz band, because the previously published work dealt with on-board filters. The main problems related to the design of integrated filters arise from the low quality factor of the integrated resonators. The effects are high insertion loss and low selectivity. Two measures to reduce the insertion loss of the image–rejection filters were suggested. One is to design the filter as broadband. This measure deteriorates selectivity, so the minimum required image–rejection will limit the width of the passband. The second measure is to design the filter as broadband with non-equidistant transmission zeros (i.e. asynchronously tuned filter). This measure will improve both the insertion loss and the image–rejection. The challenges related to the design of mm-wave PAs with high P1dB are analyzed and the procedure of the PA design is presented. The difficulties related to the PA design and layout are discussed and optimum solutions presented. Limits of different power combining techniques for integrated PAs are discussed. Effects of poor on-chip ground connection are analyzed. Different causes for P1dB degradation are analyzed. The produced PA features a differential cascode topology. The layout is symmetrical and presents a virtual ground on the symmetry line for the differential signal. The optimized schematic and a symmetrically drawn layout resulted in a 17 dBm measured P1dB. It was the highest reported P1dB in 60 GHz SiGe PAs when it was published. The fully integrated TX was used for data transmission with data rate of 3.6 Gbit/s (with coding 4.8 Gbit/s) over 15 meters. This is the best result in the class of 60 GHz AFEs without beamforming.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are built of cheap, resource constraint devices, capable to collect process and communicate data. WSN applications depend on the data they collect. In other words, the applications require the data to be available, even if some WSN nodes fail. The challenge is that nodes are prone to fail and todays WSNs do not provide highly reliable data storage. Thus, the quality of the service provided by the system, regarding the data handling, is one of the most important factors. Data replication increases the availability of the data and thus, the robustness and quality of the data storage. But the existence of several copies of data items in the WSN induces the data consistency to become of high importance in order to ensure proper behavior of the application. This work investigates the feasibility of data consistency models used in distributed shared memory in WSNs to provide more powerful distributed systems with reliable data exchange. As a starting point WSNs and consistency approaches are introduced. Based on those basics, the mechanisms needed to allow for data consistency are discussed as a theoretical framework for the prototypical implementation of a data consistency providing middleware, which was implemented as part of this work. The middleware adapts the mechanisms known from original memory consistency approaches to be usable in the sensor network area and proposes own, low cost mechanisms, as well. The latter are at least partially based on the idea that within the shared memory of WSNs information is the major concern and that by that the replica update rates can be tailored to the application. In order to allow for ease of use of the middleware the replication schemes and consistency mechanisms can be defined by the application engineer as a policy. The latter is transformed and injected into the middleware code by a pre-compiler, so that the application engineer no longer needs to implement replication and consistency mechanisms herself. The most appropriate memory consistency models are implemented and evaluated using the framework proposed in this thesis.