TY - JOUR A1 - Konda, Karunakar Reddy A1 - Franzki, Jonas A1 - Sharma, Dikshant A1 - König, Paul A1 - Mathiazhagan, Akilan A1 - Henke, Markus A1 - Höschler, Klaus T1 - Quantitative assessment of cooling methods for electrical machines in aircraft drives JF - IEEE Access N2 - Transformation of the aviation sector towards climate-neutral solutions such as electrification is urgent. Aviation electrification requires reasoned selection of suitable technologies which has to meet strict requirements and standards. Cooling of electrical components plays a vital role in the sizing and overall performance of the electrical drive system and must achieve high effectiveness and reliability at low weight. Three cooling methods – air cooling, direct slot cooling and cooling jacket – are sized for a 300 kW commuter aircraft (CS23) all-electric propulsion system. They are further evaluated quantitatively for weight, drag, reliability and effectiveness in a conservative assessment. A lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) approach is utilized to assess and evaluate the thermal performance of the cooling systems. The LPTN model served as the basis to determine the temperature limits and capabilities of the cooling system which are then utilized to size the auxiliary components. Reliability is assessed via fault tree analysis, drag via scoop inlet characteristics and effectiveness via the heat load dissipated per weight of the system and the required cooling power per mechanical power. Cooling jacket achieves the highest effectiveness closely followed by slot cooling. Air cooling proves to be most reliable and lightest. KW - Cooling systems KW - Electric aircrafts KW - Motor drives KW - Sizing KW - Thermal management Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3517319 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 12 SP - 192768 EP - 192785 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, Paul A1 - Sharma, Dikshant A1 - Konda, Karunakar Reddy A1 - Xie, Tianxiao A1 - Höschler, Klaus T1 - Comprehensive review on cooling of permanent magnet synchronous motors and their qualitative assessment for aerospace applications T1 - Umfassender Überblick über die Kühlung von Permanentmagnet-Synchronmotoren und ihre qualitative Bewertung für Luft- und Raumfahrtanwendungen N2 - The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) can be a suitable candidate for electrified propulsion in aviation. Despite the very high efficiency, heat dissipation during operation leads to performance limitations. Elevated temperatures in the electrical insulations and the magnets pose a potential safety risk that must be reduced by selective cooling. A comprehensive review is conducted to capture current research interests in cooling methods in PMSM. Cooling methods are described according to their heat transfer mechanism, grouped, and assigned to the components within the motor. Key findings of the literature reviewed are described in the context of PMSM cooling. Information on cooling media and potential combinations of cooling methods in components is gathered. Assessment parameters such as safety, weight, effectiveness, integrability, complexity and cost are defined to enable a subsequent qualitative analysis for six selected cooling methods. A point-weighted evaluation approach, according to VDI 2225, was applied to identify the most promising cooling approach for successful implementation in aviation. N2 - Der Permanentmagnet-Synchronmotor (PMSM) ist ein geeigneter Kandidat für elektrifizierte Antriebe in der Luftfahrt. Trotz des sehr hohen Wirkungsgrades führt die Abwärme während des Betriebs zu Leistungseinschränkungen. Erhöhte Temperaturen in den elektrischen Isolierungen und den Permanentmagneten stellen ein potenzielles Sicherheitsrisiko dar, das durch gezielte Kühlung reduziert werden muss. Ein umfassender Überblick über die aktuellen Forschungsaktivitäten im Bereich der Kühlungsmethoden für PMSM wird vorgestellt. Die Kühlungsmethoden werden nach ihrem Wärmeübertragungsmechanismus beschrieben, gruppiert und den Komponenten innerhalb des Motors zugeordnet. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der gesichteten Literatur werden im Zusammenhang mit der PMSM-Kühlung beschrieben. Es werden Informationen über Kühlmedien und mögliche Kombinationen von Kühlmethoden in Komponenten gesammelt. Bewertungsparameter wie Sicherheit, Gewicht, Effektivität, Integrierbarkeit, Komplexität und Kosten werden definiert, um anschließend eine qualitative Analyse für sechs ausgewählte Kühlmethoden zu ermöglichen. Ein punktgewichteter Bewertungsansatz nach VDI 2225 wurde verwendet, um den vielversprechendsten Kühlungsansatz für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung in der Luftfahrt zu identifizieren. KW - Electrical machines KW - Electric aviation KW - Motor cooling KW - PMSM KW - Thermal management KW - Elektrische Luftfahrt KW - Elektrische Maschinen KW - Motorkühlung KW - Wärmemanagement KW - Luftfahrt KW - Raumfahrt KW - Elektroantrieb KW - Dauermagneterregter Synchronmotor KW - Kühlung Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227524 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sharma, Dikshant A1 - Radomsky, Lukas A1 - Mathiazhagan, Akilan A1 - Asli, Majid A1 - Höschler, Klaus A1 - Mallwitz, Regine T1 - Thermal analysis of metal foam integrated heatsink for electrified aircraft applications JF - International Journal of Thermofluids N2 - Metal foams facilitate large heat dissipation in high-power dense systems such as power electronics for electrified propulsion application. This work addresses the cooling of a power semiconductor device with aluminium and copper metal foam integrated hybrid heatsink and its comparative analysis to a conventional finned heatsink using 0D and 3D modelling approach. Two-equation foam model in Fluent is utilized and the numerical approach is validated against experimental dataset. Inlet air velocity is varied such that the Darcy to turbulent regimes of the open-cellular foams are covered. Foam porosities from ∼ 0.85−0.95 with 10–20 PPI are investigated and the thermal performance of the heatsink is found to be independent of the foam material. High porosity (> 0.9), 20 PPI foams are found to aid forced-convection by improving the thermal resistance by more than 10% against the 10 PPI counterparts. The hybrid heatsink outperforms the foam-based and conventional heatsink by 40% and 15% respectively when considering the reduction in junction temperatures, while the hydraulic resistance increases 10 times when compared to the conventional one. The 0D thermal resistance model is robust in predicting the junction temperatures for metal foam heatsinks with only a 5%–6% discrepancy for both the 50 W and 100 W heat load scenarios. The key and novel contribution of this study is the integration of detailed 3D simulations of a power electronics cooling environment with the development of a corresponding 0D thermal model. This approach not only eases the physical representation of the system but also enables the model to be extended to diverse heat load conditions. KW - Electric propulsion KW - Electronics thermal management KW - Metal foam heatsink KW - Porous media KW - Forced convection Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101465 SN - 2666-2027 VL - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -