@phdthesis{Helbron2008, author = {Helbron, Hendrike}, title = {Strategic environmental assessment in regional land use planning : indicator system for the assessment of degradation of natural resources and land uses with environmental potential for adaption to global climate change (LUCCA)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-5848}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Strategic Environmental Assessment in regional land use planning (here: SEA-REP) is a systematic process in Germany, which aims at an optimisation of the integration of environmental policies into decision-making at regional scale. It therefore plays an essential role for the comparison of site alternatives, and the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures of negative effects of both regional development and climate change. Significant findings and personal experiences gained in an INTERREG project (‛transSEA') created a fundamental basis for this doctoral research. The main objective was to develop the ‛LUCCA' indicator system, which is a result of an analysis of land use types, that are increasingly important for effects of global climate change, and should therefore adapt to future conditions with regional land use planning. This system was developed from current German practice of the methodological application of SEA-REP in the core assessment of site-specific impacts on the affected area and impact zone. Main objectives were to integrate spatial effects of climate change into SEA-REP, and to develop a method to make particularly the tendency of physical degradation of natural resources in a region transparent. The research was based on a comprehensive analysis of best practice of SEA and assessment methods applied in German case studies of regional land use planning. Proposed was a a two-tiered environmental baseline- and objective-led approach of impact assessment. Its first tier is a site-specific assessment of significant impacts of regional plan designations and their alternatives. An environmental conflict analysis has the aim to apply assessment thresholds of conflict intensity for each impact factor affecting the importance of assessed components of LUCCA. Results are three classes of conflict intensity, which were determined and can be measured with the help of state indicators, impact indicators and assessment thresholds. 12 LUCCA indicators were defined in connection to regional environmental orientation objectives, environmental components, land uses and further criteria for indicator selection. The second tier is represented by an overall strategic assessment of the regional plan and its designation criteria. This assessment additionally considers positive and cumulative impacts, as well as structural alternatives. The result of the research is a standard concept for environmental orientation objectives, guidance indicators and assessment ranges for the LUCCA indicator system. Regional environmental orientation objectives, which represent outcome values of the future state of environment, were derived from existent environmental quality objectives and environmental quality standards. For each LUCCA indicator mitigation and adaptation measures of regional planning and requirements for tiering to SEA of lower land use planning were proposed. Recommendations for vital and critical action are addressed to competent national and regional authorities of spatial and sector planning. These involve the direct integration of concerns of climate change into SEA-REP, the regional operationalisation of environmental objectives for adaptation to climate change, an improved cooperation between spatial and sector planners concerned with the future use of land and resources, and, last but not least, an involvement of the public in the setting of regional objectives for the future state of a region's environment. Recommendations for the competent national and federal ministries are the integration of substantial standards into legislation, the setting of binding standards for a stricter reduction of land consumption, the determination of clear responsibilities and activities at all planning levels, and the release of guidance for effective regional land use planning practice that enhances adaptation to climate change. The main recommendations for European regional planning bodies are to establish regional environmental objective concepts for SEA-REP, update regional environmental data profiles, apply the SEA-REP+LUCCA indicator system, develop a tiered decision-support system, challenge conventional regional planning, improve cooperation with sector planning and involve the public in the development of adaptation strategies. A recommended adaptation task at regional planning level is the designation of strictly safeguarded priority areas with specific functions of land uses for the mitigation of negative effects of climate change. Such priority areas, which should be area-specifically defined in a regional land use map, should be linked to the implementation of binding adaptation measures in lower land use planning and at project level. An operationalisation of proposed assessment steps will be necessary for the regional-specific geographic and bio-physical conditions of the EU regions. The thesis concludes with future research needs and an outlook on the potential future role of SEA-REP. A clear responsibility of the future tasks of SEA-REP and LUCCA was recognised as a formal driving force for adaptation of land use to effects of climate change. Improved knowledge on spatial effects of climate change and vulnerability assessments will be required for an effective revision and application of SEA-REP and LUCCA. SEA should gain further importance in a transparent and participative decision-making. Environmental concerns and the protection of LUCCA will have to gain more weight, if the significance of danger and harm, caused by effects of climate change and anthropogenic land degradation, shall be mitigated now and in the future.}, subject = {Umweltvertr{\"a}glichkeitspr{\"u}fung; Raumordnung; Klima{\"a}nderung; Risikoanalyse; Bewertungssystem; Strategische Umweltpr{\"u}fung; Raumplanung; Klimawandel; Risikoanalyse; Bewertungsmethoden; Strategic environmental assessment; Land use planning; Climate change; Risk analysis; Assessment methods}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Techoro2013, author = {Techoro, Prosper Somah}, title = {Climatic change impacts on subsistence agriculture in the Sudano-Sahel Zone of Cameroon - constraints and opportunities for adaptation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-28441}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Unlike many areas of the world where agricultural producers exhibit the physical, economic and social resources to moderate, or adapt, subsistence agriculture in the Sudano-Sahel region of Cameroon is seem to be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climatic variability. This is in part due to the fact that the majority of the population depends on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihood. Adapting to climate change in the subsistence agricultural sector is therefore very imperative in providing food security and concomitantly protecting the livelihood of rural communities. This study examined the patterns of current climatic variables on some selected subsistence staple crops namely; millet and sorghum in the Cameroon´s Sudano-Sahel. It also valorized and documented the community based adaptation strategies used by local farmers to cope with current climate change, explored the constraints and opportunities in adaptation and mitigation that could facilely be integrated and incorporated into policies and programs. The guiding premises were that climatic change impacts subsistence crop yields as the lower the rainfall, the higher the vulnerability of the yields of staple crops. It also hypothesized that the present community-based strategies used by the local farmers are relevant and crucial to the present day quest for climate change adaptation strategies. Analyses of agricultural droughts using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), spatio-temporal land use and land cover dynamics via remote sensing were utilized as well as the application of statistical tools for the investigation of pressure and state indicators. A participatory research approach was used in exploring adaptation patterns perceived by the ruralites in the face of variable climatic condition via administered questionnaires. The results suggested critical impact asymmetries due to climatic and socio-economic factors affected subsistence crops in the Sudano-Sahel of Cameroon. Furthermore, SPI results indicated incidences of droughts; with the Multilinear Regression (MLR) models showing temperature and rainfall to an extent determined agricultural crop productivity in the Sudano-Sahel. However, other factors such as population growth have undoubtedly caused enormous impacts on the agricultural system as seen in remote sensing analyses. Questionnaire survey findings also connoted that subsistence farming communities have a rich repertoire of strategies ranging from changing of planting dates, changing of crop varieties, switching from crops to livestock, use of local indicators, movement from rural to urban areas, increment in cultivated lands, irrigation soil conservation practices among many others as they perceive varying climatic conditions. Additionally, some of these indigenous strategies are inherent in ecological agricultural practices that offer a win-win scenario for the simultaneously tackling of climate change adaptation and mitigation and hence meeting the development goals. The results further highlighted the lack of money, poor access to climate information, the encroachment of desert and shortage of man power as some of the factors hindering subsistence farmers' ability to adapt. The study concluded that adaptation measures in subsistence agriculture were highly significant for poverty reduction, thus improving on the well-being of the ruralites. The key to the ability of farmers to adapt would be access to relevant knowledge and information. Following the rich repertoire of strategies by local farmers, adaptation needed to be mainstreamed and institutional networks strengthened in order for effective community based adaptation.  }, subject = {Kamerun; Sahel; Subsistenzwirtschaft; Klima{\"a}nderung; Klimawandel; D{\"u}rre; Anpassung; Bev{\"o}lkerung; Armut; Climate Change; Drought; Adaptation; Rural Population; Poverty}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Downes2019, author = {Downes, Nigel Keith}, title = {Climate adaptation planning : an urban structure type approach for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of risks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-51185}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Urban adaptation is a critical issue for many of the developing countries of Southeast Asia. Vietnam is likely to be among the countries most adversely affected by climate change. Moreover, its largest city, Ho Chi Minh City is considered worldwide as one of most vulnerable to a multitude of climate-related hazards, including flooding, sea-level rise and extreme heat events. Similar to other rapidly developing megacities in Southeast Asia, Ho Chi Minh City has undergone enormous changes in recent decades and has rapidly developed into an emerging megacity shaped by global processes and local settlement patterns. Recently, the need to adapt to the multiple stressors of rapid urbanisation and climate change has become increasingly evident. Adaptation to climate change in urban areas depends on decision-makers' understanding of the current and future impacts of climate change. Land-use planning as a place-based and problem-solving strategy has been recognised as a key tool in this respect, to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into urban development. Yet a key challenge is a lack of relevant information on exposed populations and assets at risk to planners and policymakers. The dissertation outlines the development of an integrated framework predominantly based on an urban structure type approach. This approach was used to manually interpret high resolution, remotely sensed imagery in order to portray and understand patterns of settlement and urban structure layout of the current and emerging landscapes of Ho Chi Minh City. The approach is able to capture the highly dynamic spatiotemporal, social and structural changes associated with rapid urbanisation. The overall findings show the applicability of the developed framework to produce important input indicators for risk adapted land-use planning. These are ultimately useful to determine hotspots for administrative interventions and to assist prioritising in spatial and urban planning decision-making.}, subject = {Climate change; Urban adaptation; Urban structure type; Land-use planning; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Stadtstrukturtypen; Landnutzungsplanung; Ho Chi Minh Stadt, Vietnam; Klimawandel; St{\"a}dtische Anpassung an den Klimawandel; Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt; Klima{\"a}nderung; Stadtstruktur; Stadtplanung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schinkel2014, author = {Schinkel, Ulrike}, title = {Enabling local climate change response - a conceptual approach for the governance and management of Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) with a special focus on Vietnam}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-35243}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) to climate change is a people-centred approach designed for the enablement of communities to collectively develop strategies to respond to local impacts that directly affect their lives and livelihoods. Nevertheless, CBA requires political support and the integration into larger-scale adaptation plans and policies; as the scope of local initiatives is rather small, they cannot substitute national or city-level adaptation efforts, but they may be a supplement as short- or medium-term response measures. Despite the success of single CBA pilot projects, the institutionalisation of CBA and its integration as a bottom-up approach into larger-scale adaptation plans and policies is definitely a challenge: firstly, the potential of CBA is still overlooked by decision-makers and planners; secondly, the decentralisation of decision-making is still underdeveloped in many countries and communities are not yet empowered and enabled to actively participate; and thirdly, there is lack of approaches to 'scale-out' and 'scale-up' successful CBA pilot projects. Consequently, this doctoral thesis aims at going beyond the work of theorists and focuses on the identification of ways to institutionalise CBA. In the theoretical section of this thesis, an academic concept of CBA is formulated; the scope of CBA is defined and challenges for taking CBA beyond the pilot stage are identified. In a further step, a governance and management concept for the integration of CBA as a bottom-up approach into top-down planning approaches is developed. In order to do that, suitable existing governance and management concepts are identified and transferable concept components are combined. The first result of this concept development step is an ideal-typical 'CBA Governance Management Model' (CBA-GMM), which combines concepts for a policy instrument and a pro-poor funding mechanism, for a governance approach, based on multi-level and network governance, as well as for a management approach that altogether may theoretically help to enable CBA activities. In a next step, the CBA-GMM is applied to the real case of Vietnam. After the assessment of the political and institutional framework, its strengths, constraints and challenges with regard to the institutionalisation of CBA, an 'Applied CBA Governance Management Model' for Vietnam (CBA-AGMM) is developed, which proposes a concept for the integration of CBA into the strongly hierarchical structure of the Vietnamese administrative and decision-making structure. This doctoral thesis shows that it is theoretically possible to integrate CBA as a bottom-up approach into larger-scale adaptation efforts, while it honestly reflects the constraints for putting it into practice.}, subject = {Community-Based Adaptation; Climate change adaptation; Climate governance; Urban development; Empowerment; Community-Based Adaptation (CBA); Klimawandelanpassung; Klimagovernance; Stadtentwicklung; Vietnam; Klima{\"a}nderung; Stadtentwicklung; Bev{\"o}lkerung; Anpassung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Le2014, author = {Le, Thanh Hoa}, title = {Measuring urban morphology for adaptation to climate change in Ho Chi Minh City}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-29596}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Urban morphology is used in many developed countries to classify and manage the dis-tribution of urban functions. In urban planning, it helps to identify the emerging prob-lems and solve the disorder of urban functions. The megacity Ho Chi Minh City has faced many problems with uncontrollable urbanization, urban management and plan-ning. It has received increasing tropical storms and cyclones which caused more heavy rains in recent decades. Rapid urbanization has caused the increase of built-up coverage with disordered typologies, incomplete infrastructure and urban-peripheral instability. In the flooding context, these problems have increased more seriously with flooding impacts and caused uncontrollable planning and management in the city. This study applies the urban morphology method to measure flood impacts on urban functions and develop the adaptive solutions for flooding adaptation for Ho Chi Minh City. The methods in this study are based on applying fractal geometry, GIS and Remote Sensing on large-scale maps for measuring the urban morphology. The land-use map and the building footprints map of 2010 were founded to analyze the distribution of urban areas by high resolution of satellite images and large scale GIS data. The fractal geometry was a setting based on Avenue program of Arcview GIS to measure the urban morphology. This formed a key input for the multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method that investigated the cause of flood impacts and suggested the solution for flooding adapta-tion. In addition, alterations of lakes, ponds and watercourse from 1995 to 2009 were explored. The study showed HCMC had problems on irrational development in residential densi-ties areas and urban functions, and the uneven development of population and residen-tial density between the urban areas: too much in the urban districts (about 300 to 500 persons per hectare per block and coverage ratio 0.7 - 0.9). This pushed the increasing demand on built-up area and filled-up rivers and canals (About 80 percent of original ponds and lakes in inner-center were filled-up in the past; and 63 percent of ponds and lakes have been filled-up in Sub-Districts and new-urban-development areas). It made the imbalance between the permeability of land surface and the run-off water flows; then leads the inundation to increase. This is the main reason for reducing the water-storage capacity in rainy season. Flooding in urban residential area was more im-pacted than in rural residential area, higher level and longer flood time; while flooding in the rainy season due to high tides, heavy rains or both was the emerging and uncon-trollable problems. For flooding adaptation, urban morphology analysis helped to figure out the potential areas in the city could be used for reducing flooding impacts in urban areas. There are many low-density residential areas in above 1.5 meter AMSL areas in the North, Northwest and Northeast areas of the city which could be developed with complete infrastructure and urban services to attract people from high-density residential areas impacted deeply by floods in the center. These potential areas could be the long-term strategic solution to flooding adaptation for HCMC. The results also suggested that some current flooded areas would be re-planned or returned to be the water-storage and permeable areas (such as green parks, ponds and lakes). This re-planning would improve the city landscape and increase the permeable surface, green spaces and open spaces to HCMC. More green spaces, lakes and ponds will also help to reduce the temperature of urban center in the dry season. This adaptation solution would reduce at least 25 percent of current flooded areas in urban center. The protection and constructed restriction of current agricultural areas in peri-urban Districts would maintain the infil-tration and green-tree areas. Furthermore, the complete drainage system would help to reduce better flood for these areas. Finally, fully dredging river and canal system of the city would reduce about 25 to 30 percent of current flooded areas.}, subject = {Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt; Stadtplanung; Hochwasser; Klima{\"a}nderung; Geoinformationssystem; Stadtmorphologie; Klimawandel; Hochwasser; Fraktale Geometrie; Stadtgebiet; Urban morphology; Climate change; Flooding; Fractal geometry; Urban area}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nguyen2014, author = {Nguyen, Thi Phuong Chau}, title = {The Socioeconomic impact assessment of climate change in Ho Chi Minh City}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-29580}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Historically as a city situated in a low-lying area a Ho Chi Minh City has been exposed to floods. Ho Chi Minh City is a megacity with uncontrollable urbanization and dynam-ic economies. In recent years, flood has become a serious problem with a multitude of follow-on impacts. It received more heavy rains affected by tropical storms and cy-clones. Further urbanization and future changes in climate are likely to increase flood risks. People have faced the flood impacts on the socioeconomic aspects in recent dec-ades. This study researched on 450 households in different spaces of the inner center (old districts), developed center (urban districts) and new-developing areas (peri-districts) and in different geographical elevations to identify the impacts of flooding in various space and time; and various problems on households' socioeconomic aspects in flood residential areas. The multi-criteria analyses in GIS and with of the combination SPSS analysis, the sur-veyed households were identified by their location on the topographic map to clarify the flooding reasons and the types of flood in the areas. The 450 households were chosen in flood residential areas and selected in three categories of characteristics: (1) 150 poor households in flood housing areas; (2) 150 poor households in non-flood housing areas; and (3) 150 higher-income households in non-flood housing areas. This disparity was to analyze the different flood impacts on socioeconomic aspects and on household capitals amongst them. The linear regression in SPSS analysis was used to clarify the relation-ships between flood types with space factor (geographical elevation) and time factors (flood months in year, and flood years in residential areas). This test gave the supports to the reliability of the study results. By geographical elevation analysis, flood impacted on the areas in three main types: (1) flood by rain; (2) flood by tide; and (3) flood by both rain and tide. The tidal flood oc-cupied the low-elevation areas; flood by rain invaded the widespread higher-elevation areas; and the mix type of flood occupied the transition areas between flood areas by rain and by tide. Lower land had the deeper flood level, however; many of high-land areas were flooded in this city. Flood in residential areas had caused flood problems on streets, sidewalks (housing pavements), residential drainage system, water supply and electric power. In the poor households of Group One, flood in residential areas impacted their housing areas. To protect housing from flooding, many households had to invest their income for house rising or rebuilding or pavement rising, etc. They also privately invested for repairing or new buying their housing facilities, furniture and other appli-ances. Their income was lost and deficit. To the household capitals analysis, households were impacted more on physical, financial, natural and human capitals. The poor households in Group One had the most vulnerabilities amongst three groups, whilst there was no support from social organizations and government at levels. The household strategies developed in this study are to support people in flood and flood-prone areas conserving their capabilities to achieve the strategic outcome for sustainable develop-ment.}, subject = {Verst{\"a}dterung; Sozio{\"o}konomischer Wandel; Klima{\"a}nderung; Hochwasser; Geoinformationssystem; Hochwasser; Klimawandel; Urbanisierung; Sozio-{\"o}konomische Auswirkungen; Kapital-Vulnerabilit{\"a}t; Flood impacts; Climatic change; Rapid urbanization; Socioeconomic impacts; Households' capital vulnerability}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Tran2014, author = {Tran, Thong Nhat}, title = {Improvement of flood risk assessment under climate change in Ho Chi Minh City with GIS applications}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-30783}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Ho Chi Minh City is the largest city in VN. The city is the most important center of economy, society and culture in the southern region of Vietnam. However, due to characteristics of natural conditions with low topography and borders touch the sea so that since the late 20th century with the rapid economic and urban development there are environmental problems have arisen. One of the problems is flooding issue caused by high tide. With these natural conditions and sea level rise of climate change in the future, Ho Chi Minh City is considered as one of the most affected and damaged cities in the world. Therefore, many policies have been set out from the national to local levels in Vietnam to prepare for adaptability of impacts and risks of the sea level rise and the climate change. And this has also been considered in Ho Chi Minh City as the development policies of the city authorities have to consider in the context of the sea level rise and the climate change. A number of researches have been conducted to assess the impact of climate change to Ho Chi Minh City in the future. However, these researches are still need to be enhanced further. The flooding problem is a major issue of the sea level rise in Ho Chi Minh City. And to make a good result, the flood model needs a lot of requirements that ensure fine quality of input data, suitable model and a relied procedure. In the available research, the input data is not really the highest quality in the available context in Ho Chi Minh City. As the flood model is implemented, one of the input data requirements of the model is information detail of elevation in the flooded area. And this is more necessary than in geophysical urban areas such as Ho Chi Minh City. And to assess fully flood risk issues for flooding caused by tidal phenomenon in Ho Chi Minh City, the determination of many characteristics of flood model is very useful for users who need to apply the results of the model for the planning development in Ho Chi Minh City in the future. Besides adopting a uniform environment as GIS for managing all the data of flooding problem and making conditions for the development of decision support systems is very necessary for flood management in the future. The research has been carried out and its results have been generated on the flood risk assessment associated context of the sea level rise due to climate change with high emissions scenario A1FI in 2030 for the current houses, the population and the land use types. The results have shown a lot of the areas where are inundated in the future with the increasing flooding duration, depth and frequency even though they are not flooded at the current because there are some protective structures. This will be helpful for suggesting a forecast of the development direction to decision makers in Ho Chi Minh City for next time period. And the last part is the proposal for decision and policy makers, authorities and planners as well. Moreover, the results of this research can be used as the references and the foundations for further researches and so that the problems that Ho Chi Minh City may be encountered due to flood risk caused by climate change to the economic and social aspects of the development in Ho Chi Minh City will encounter. And the problem of adaptation to climate change will be more completed and more thoroughly so that it is to minimize the damage of climate change for the city.}, subject = {GIS; Sea Level Rise; Climate Change; Flood Risk; Ho Chi Minh City; Anstieg des Meeresspiegels; Hochwasserrisiko; Klimawandel; Ho Chi Minh Stadt; Vietnam; Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt; Klima{\"a}nderung; {\"U}berschwemmungsgefahr; Geoinformationssystem}, language = {en} }