@phdthesis{AbduDanja2010, author = {Abdu Danja, Bertha}, title = {Analysis of analytical methods in environmental pollution control: a case study of some Nigerian environmental laboratories}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-19618}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Scientific data and results have to be accurate, precise and reliable and are subject to ever increasing scrutiny by regulators in industry, the environment and medicine, in validation and also in research and development. Given our numerous environmental problems, the need for accurate, precise and reliable results can not be overemphasized in environmental pollution control. In the light of this analytical environmentalists believe that there is need for a hierarchical scheme of methods to be used in environmental assessment studies. In this research the state and role of analytical instruments in environmental pollution control in Nigeria were studied with a focus on the state of the Nigerian environmental pollution control laboratories. A theoretical background of this work gives an overview of the state of the art of the environment globally and that of Nigeria. This work has established that, because mankind have put thousands of chemical substances to use in this century, there are many chemicals that have found their way into the natural environment in large quantities. Because of the nature of the environmental problems mankind is facing now, many researchers and manufacturers are dedicated to using and providing quality new and reliable instrumentation methods to ensure a healthy environment in our world. A brief study of Nigeria as the country of research is made to establish the background of possible problems. From the facts gathered in the literature Nigeria has the economic tools that it needs to put a good environmental management scheme in place, which includes good standards, laws, regulations and good analytical laboratories for compliance and monitoring. However the research has established that these economic tools are not effectively used in the management of environmental pollution control, especially monitoring of environmental pollutants. The research was undertaken by visiting four analytical laboratories involved in environmental pollution control in Nigeria, and three organizations that are the main environmental regulatory bodies in Nigeria. The analytical laboratories visited are those of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Kaduna, Ashaka cement factory, regional laboratory of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources Gombe, and the National Reference laboratory Lagos. In these laboratories and the organizations, results were collected in the laboratories, interviews were carried out and analytical instruments available were documented. It was discovered that, in these laboratories many standard analytical instruments needed for quality environmental pollution control and monitoring are lacking. Comparison of results generated in these laboratories with some from developed countries, revealed that many parameters measured in laboratories in developed countries are not measured in the research laboratories. The results obtained in these laboratories met Nigeria' maximum limits in some cases, but exceeded it in many cases. It is the position of this work that the gap between the environmental analytical instruments found in literature and developed countries, and that found in Nigeria is very large and calls for concern. The environmental regulatory bodies in Nigeria have many laws, rules, regulations and standards for environmental pollution control. These regulations, standards, laws and rules were compared with what is obtained in other countries of the world, especially developed countries and found to be lacking in many areas. The way and manner the analytical methods are stated in the Nigerian regulations and standards are way below the developed countries standard. This research concludes that the regulations and standards have big influence on the kind of environmental analytical instruments found in the environmental analytical laboratories in Nigeria. The final conclusion this study has reached is that analytical methods, equipments, and standards on ground in Nigeria are not sufficient for the purpose of good environmental pollution control and monitoring. The situations as regards analytical instruments, analytical methods, standards and guidelines used in environmental pollution control in Nigeria do not favourably compare to international situations. It is therefore recommended that the need for validity and reliability in data collection, analysis, guidelines, standards and use of data in environmental pollution control needs to be addressed by the Nigerian Government if monitoring of the Millennium Development Goals and environmental pollution control in general is to be effective.}, subject = {Nigeria; Industrie; Umweltverschmutzung; Analytische Methode; Umwelt; Analytisches Instrument; Nigerianische Industrie; Umweltverschmutzung; Standard; Environment; Analytical instrument; Nigerian industry; Pollution control; Standard}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ackom2005, author = {Ackom, Emmanuel Kofi}, title = {Technical \& economic viability analysis of renewable energy technologies in Ghana}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-000000769}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Ghana is far from attaining energy security status. The energy mix in Ghana comprises; traditional biomass (66.7\%), crude oil/petroleum products (26.2\%), and electricity (7.1\%) mainly from large hydro plants. The existing energy insecurity dilemma, where demand for energy services is desperately needed for sustainable development leaves Ghana with no other option than to exploit its renewable energy resources. The study seeks to address three main research questions namely: (a) Are Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) technically and economically viable in Ghana?; (b) Can RE projects be self sustained in Ghana without continual external support?; (c) Can RETs be used as an engine for local development? Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in analyzing the issues raised. The four main RE resources identified in Ghana are biomass, solar, small hydro and wind energy. Detailed case study analysis for each resource was done for identification of technically and economically viable options. The study concludes with a strategy on the where, what, why and how to implement viable RE projects in Ghana and a 'best policy' recommendation for successful market diffusion of RETs. It proposes that RETs must be provided in forms that match the basic and economic self-reliance needs of the people and generated electricity should be tied directly to viable end-use activities.}, subject = {Ghana; Alternative Energiequelle; Renewable energy technology; Economic viability; Technical viability; Ghana}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alemagi2006, author = {Alemagi, Dieudonne}, title = {Towards a comprehensive strategy for the effective and efficient management of industrial pollution along the Atlantic Coast of Cameroon}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-324}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {This dissertation closely examines industrial pollution along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. In recent years, there has been the formulation of both governmental initiatives and corporate voluntary practices with the view of curbing industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon. However, a majority of studies have failed to ascertain the extent to which these initiates and practices have been successful in addressing industrial pollution, which is undoubtedly fundamental to policy makers in the decision making process. Therefore, this thesis attempts to bridge this major gap by examining both governmental and voluntary corporate practices vis-{\`a}-vis industrial pollution along the polluted coast of Cameroon. The thesis analysis efforts formulated by the government of Cameroon to mitigate industrial pollution. It identifies constraints to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice in Cameroon. Environmental management system (EMS) initiatives adopted by industries along the coast of Cameroon that has been hitherto ignored is unveiled as well in this thesis. Furthermore, a more compelling case is made by addressing the drivers, benefits and barriers stemming from EMS implementation by these industries. A robust reflexive methodological research strategy is developed and utilized both qualitative and quantitative data collected from unstructured interviews, questionnaire based surveys, personal observations, relevant literature, consultancy reports and documentation form governmental departments. Analysis of these data facilitates detailed discussion of both governmental initiatives and corporate environmental management systems.The thesis contends that there is an urgent need to complement governmental policy and regulations with corporate voluntary environmental management systems. It purports that efforts made by the government of Cameroon to address industrial pollution have had minimal impacts on industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon and submits that the EMS process in these industries is still at its infancy. Moreover, it is argued that a plethora of barriers still prevail that deter a rigorous implementation of EMS in these industries. On the basis of this, the thesis advances a comprehensive strategy for the effective and efficient management of industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon and emphasizes that a holistic or concerted approach from all stakeholders is absolutely mandatory for the successful implementation of the recommended strategies.}, subject = {Kamerun; Industrie; Umweltverschmutzung; Umweltbezogenes Management; Umweltmanagement; Umweltverschmutzung; Environmental management system; Environmental impact assessment; Environmental pollution}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Asong2010, author = {Asong, Fred Zisuh}, title = {Recycling and material recovery in Cameroon: Implications for poverty alleviation and ecological sustainability}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-18979}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Recycling and material recovery are gaining more grounds in applicability as viable options to sustainable solid waste management especially in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) schemes. In this dissertation a critical analyzes is made of the MSWM problem in Cameroon and an assessment of the role Small- and Medium-Size Enterprises have been playing in the area of recycling and material recovery. The main research methods applied in this research include: fieldwork, administration of questionnaires, interview and literature review. Using two case study localities (Limbe and Buea municipalities), the various practices in MSWM are elaborated, the constraints and challenges faced by management discussed and proposals for either expanding/upgrading existing schemes to be more sustainable as well as strategies to initiate new systems presented. Innovations within collection systems such as the introduction of household bins and specialized collection of specific waste could be quite beneficial to existing schemes. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) which constitute one of the fastest growing waste streams presents greater management challenges. Two case study localities (Buea and Kumba) are used to analyze the problem of WEEE in Cameroon. An overview of the handling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) at end-of-life (EoL) in Cameroon is made with special focus on households and repair units. At household level, WEEE is disposed of alongside other waste arisings in the available disposal facilities for given household. Repair units represent a very vital connection between dysfunctional EEE and EoL forms as all users of EEE tend to bring these devices to these units for repairs. An inventory of the various EEE at repair units for these two localities shows that above 40\% percent of such equipments are totally out of use. In Kumba, Classes 1 and 4 EEE (according to EU WEEE directive classification) dominate while class 3 is almost absent. In Buea, Class 3 and 4 are dominant. These results show that socio-cultural, economic and even climatic factors influence the choice of EEE that people in this area acquire. The intense level of repair activities and recovery of useful parts by repair units show that there exist adaptable options to handle WEEE in especially economically and environmentally beneficial ways. The recycling of aluminum for production of household utensils represents a very basic and adaptive industrial set-up, which can easily be operated and run at very cheap cost and with a little manpower. While this venture seems apparently successful in economic terms as an option to poverty alleviation through income generation, it is plagued by some problems which, if given due consideration will render it a prospective option for poverty alleviation (through small enterprise business development) and environmental sustainability (as an option to sustainable MSWM). In this dissertation, a model is thus presented, which can be utilized by stakeholders to improve on the sector. An assessment of efforts and constraints to implementing comprehensive recycling and recovery schemes in Cameroon was also carried out. Results show that there are existing practices on which comprehensive recycling and recovery can be built upon that would be beneficial to both councils and engaged schemes - mostly SMEs and NGOs. The challenges faced and likely to be faced and the way forward to implementing any broad scale recovery and recycling are presented. If municipal councils choose to operate existing MSWM schemes without significant changes, then collective collaboration will be highly required. Such collaboration will present benefits to both waste collection and disposal. On the other hand, if they wish to expand schemes or create new schemes, adaptive innovation would be highly recommended. Such adaptive innovation would have to incorporate local practices and approaches of MSWM as well as socio-economic considerations so as to ensure new or expanded schemes survive within local socio-economic context. A greater challenge in enhancing recycling and material recovery in particular and MSWM in general, in Cameroon is on the role the government takes on designing appropriate policies and legislative frameworks to cover such activities in economically and ecological beneficial ways. In the absence of these, SMEs, councils and NGOs (working in partnership with other specialized groups) concerned with activities related to recycling and material recovery may be left with the option of regulating activities within their sectors as such activities stand to alleviate poverty and also present ecological benefits.}, subject = {Kamerun; Armut; Recycling; Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Abfallwirtschaft; Recycling; Wiederverwertung; Armut; Nachhaltigkeit; Kamerun; Recycling; Recovery; Poverty; Sustainability; Cameroon}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{CruzRivera2008, author = {Cruz-Rivera, Reynaldo}, title = {Implementation of End-of-Life Vehicle's Recycling for Developing Countries: Case Study, Mexico}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-4547}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Currently, the Directive 2000/53/EC regulates the ELV management in 27 countries in Europe, and for the forthcoming years, more accession countries are foreseen. Since, the international nature of automotive industry, the Directive has affected industries beyond the EU. Hence, countries with important national-based automotive industry are moving towards the accomplishment of this legislation, in order to keep their competitiveness in European markets. The ELV chain in the EU is a complex system, which involves several commercial relationships between different sectors. The generation of ELV in the EU-15 was around 11.4 million units in 2005. The total number of ELV generated, considering the accessing countries, is still unknown. The number of treated ELV in the EU-15 was 7.7 million units. There are some obstacles to be overcome by ELV management already in implementation in the EU. The main difficulties are related to the reluctance of car-manufacture industry to implement Directive's provisions related to: ban of use of specific substances in automotive applications, and about recycling quotas. Another obstacle is the export of ELV from the EU, which represents a loss in input material for the system. The case of the USA, regarding the ELV management, has very different connotations than the implemented system in the EU. The current ELV management in the USA does not have specific regulations regarding the collection and recycling of ELV. The structure of the ELV chain in the USA is similar to its counterpart in the EU. The main difference lies in dismantling and post-shredder sectors. The 80\% of dismantling industry is composed of salvage/scrap yards performing no-standardized operations, and the remaining 20\% is represented by high value parts dismantlers. One special feature of the system is the classification of ASR as no-hazardous waste which generates almost no incentives for further treatment. The current system of ELV management in the USA works with relative efficiency. However, there are still items to be improved, e.g. poor dismantling practices in a big number of dismantling facilities (scrap yards), use of hazardous materials in car-manufacture, disposal of ASR as non-hazardous waste, scrap tyres, etc. The ELV problem has different connotation in developing countries like Mexico, than in industrialized countries. Problems, like illegal introduction of used cars from the USA to Mexico and poor practices in the management of ELV, affect the Mexican economy, environment and society. In Mexico, there exists no specific legislation to regulate the Management of ELV. This kind of product, at its End-of-Life stage and wastes generated by its treatment, has been ruled by general laws before the year 2004. More recently a semi-specific law has been addressed to solid wastes, the LGPGIR. The structure of ELV chain in Mexico is similar to its counterpart in the USA and the EU, except for an additional stage. The present work depicts the available information about the number of Mexican operators, at every stage of ELV management. The described evidence presents a deficient management of ELV in Mexico. The current management allows a maximum recycling rate of 75\%, which mainly corresponds to the ferrous fraction content in vehicles which enters to the management system. The present work develops a proposal for a suitable system to manage End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) in a developing country, case study Mexico. This, is divided in three main parts. As a first step, the proposal estimates the future numbers of ELV generated in Mexico, which are estimated in a current ELV generation of around 687,000 vehicles by 2007, and by 2020 in the range of 1.1 to 1.3 million units per year. The second step is to propose a structure for the ELV chain in Mexico. The proposed structure describes the recommended operations, equipment and facilities' configuration at every stage of the management. The third step of the proposal is the configuration of strategic facility network at every stage of ELV management in Mexico. The system is configured under assumption of three different scenarios, i.e. 100\%, 90\% and 75\% of covered demand for ELV management. The algorithm is identified for this specific problem as a Fixed Charge Facility Location Problem. The algorithm is solved through Facility Location Software SITATION©. The results show the optimal number of facilities at every stage of the management, to cover the demand for ELV management considered in the different scenarios. The fourth part is to propose a model to finance the ELV management in Mexico. The main features of this scheme are explained, as well as its advantages, disadvantages and incentives thought to be triggered into the Mexican ELV chain.}, subject = {Mexiko; Altauto; Recycling; Umweltbezogenes Management; Altautorecycling; Gesetzgebung; Szenario; System; Vorschlag; Autorecycling; Legislation; Scenario; System; Proposal}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dunmade2001, author = {Dunmade, Israel}, title = {Development of system models for industrial processes selection with regard to product lifecycle extention (PLETS models)}, isbn = {978-3-89722-744-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-1611}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {PLETS (Product Lifecycle Extension Technique/Process Selection) model is a computer supported decision making analysis method developed for the management of mechanical products at the utilisation and retirement stages. The core of the work involves the hybridisation of a number of classical MADM methods to suit decision making in the product life extension domain. The model provides a comprehensive view of the economic implications, technical requirements and environmental effects of using one of the five identified lifecycle-extension-processes (PLETs): repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, upgrading and cascading, to elongate the service life of a given hardware. The PLETS model is intended for the evaluation and screening of PLETs, and for the selection of the best option under a given scenario. The results obtained for the shelling machine used to illustrate the applicability, and to validate both the methodology and its companion demonstrative computer implementation prototype showed that repair is the best PLET under the given conditions. The compatibility of this result with what obtains in practice shows that the methodology is a suitable decision making aid for product life extension.}, subject = {Produktlebenszyklus; Verl{\"a}ngerung; Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gawor2009, author = {Gawor, Marek}, title = {Application of Life Cycle Assessment in the context of classical Environmental Management System and with respect to the implementation of the EuP Directive}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-14350}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {This thesis presents the results of the research based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), with respect to the application of the Energy-using Products (EuP) Directive and the Environmental Management System (EMS). In part A, an introduction and hypotheses of the research are given. In general it will be investigated, whether the environmental techniques such as Environmental Management System and Life Cycle Assessment may be used by the company in Poland as a tool for increasing the competitiveness and creation of the green company's image. Furthermore, the applicability of these techniques and tools in the framework of the European directive on the Energy-using Products will be shown. In order to understand the requirements of the voluntary environmental tools and binding legal framework, a general description of the Environmental Management Systems (based on the ISO 14001 standards), Life Cycle Assessment (described by the ISO standards of 14040 family) as well as the Energy-using Products directive will be given in Part A. Part B will deal with the results of the LCA based on a case study of a gas-electro cooker produced by FagorMastercook S.A. The LCA evaluation was performed with the help of the SimaPro modelling program. The modelling was divided into two steps. In the first step, only the cooker's influence on the environment was considered, including the production processes. In the second stage, the use phase processes were added, as well as End-of-Life scenarios specific for the Polish market and situation were applied. The evaluation was based on different Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods. As the result, one could observe, that main impact on the environment was caused by the subassemblies and materials with the highest weight. Furthermore, the use of the metals (ferro and non-ferro) was responsible for the majority of the environmental damage. This damage occurred mainly in the categories relating to the natural resource consumption. As for the second modelling stage, cooking and baking processes were pointed out as the main cause of the environmental damage from the life cycle perspective. The cooker itself had a relatively small importance and contribution to the overall impact. These LCA results were be used as a part of the comprehensive assessment of the environmental performance of the entire company system with the help of Sensitivity Model Prof. Vester (SMPV) software in Part C. The sensitivity analysis was performed in two steps. In the first step, all variables that could influence the functioning of the company (such as financial results, authorities, customers, environment, inhabitants of the city) were taken into consideration. In the second modelling step, only the variables with the most visible influence on the system were taken into consideration (i.e. price, owner, quality, etc.). For both modelling steps, several policy scenarios were developed, taking into consideration various types of interactions between variables and time spans of 15 and 30 years. As the result one could see, that the implementation of the LCA and EMS in the company may help to achieve the strategic goals, such as improvement of the products' quality, creating the green image of the company, minimising costs and negative influence of the company on the environment. On the other hand, decision makers in the company should be aware of the implementation costs, which may cause the increase of the products' price and the decrease of the competitiveness on the internal (Polish) and external (European) market. Subsequently, summary and conclusions of the results are presented in Part D. Parts A to D are described in the Volume 1 of the thesis. Appendices are presented in the Volume 2.}, subject = {Elektroger{\"a}t; Gasger{\"a}t; Umweltaudit; Umweltbilanz; {\"O}kobilanzierung; Energiebetriebene Produkte; Sensitivit{\"a}tsmodellierung; Gas-Elektroherd; Umweltmanagementsystem; Life Cycle Assessment; Energy-using products; Sensitivity modelling; Gas-Electro cooker; Environmental Management System}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kehbila2010, author = {Kehbila, Anderson Gwanyebit}, title = {The development and policy analysis of low-carbon strategies for the sub-Saharan African automotive sector}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-18639}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {This dissertation examines the structure of current vehicle mitigation initiatives of leading domestic trade policy proposals (emission reduction actions) of four major countries along the Gulf of Guinea after lead gasoline phase out in sub-Sahara Africa. The dissertation assesses these proposals based on establishing criteria for assessing domestic trade policy performance in curbing used vehicle emissions simultaneously with core sustainable development priorities. The dissertation argues that a more pronounced dilemma of synergies exist between vehicle emissions reduction and core development concerns as the major players target emissions too narrowly. The dissertation seeks to bridge this major gap by proposing a stakeholder-assisted representation and a policy design framework for sustainable road transport in sub-Sahara Africa. This was achieved by extracting individual stakeholders' underlying concerns, interests, values, local knowledge and technical expertise through publicly available documentation and interviews and then constructing a conceptual systems model based on the inputs and best available science. In order to cope with the uncertain developments in road transport energy system and climate in sub-Sahara Africa, the dissertation employs a scenario approach by constructing sets of desirable and undesirable characteristics to explore possible future developments of road transport in sub-Sahara Africa with technological change, policies, attitudes and preferences playing a pivotal role. Next, the dissertation analyses and compares the levels of voluntary environmental management initiatives within the South African automotive Industry. It provides an insight into the behavioural patterns - drivers, barriers and benefits - of Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and larger South African automotive companies in their quests to engage in environmental change and determine if these patterns are similar to previous studies, as given in the literature, or if they differ, in what ways. Moreover, the dissertation assesses how external South African environmental auditors interpret and apply the central requirements of ISO 14001 and their views about the efforts of certified organisations and the different models that could be used to ease EMS implementation and certification. Finally, low-carbon strategies resulting from impact modelling have been provided within this dissertation but, in addition, the acceptance of recommended strategies is crucial towards a real added value for a stabilisation target.}, subject = {Schwarzafrika; S{\"u}dafrika ; Klimaschutz; Kraftwagen; Umweltbezogenes Management; Sub-Sahara Afrika; Klima Strategien; S{\"u}dafrika; Umweltmanagement; Automobil Sektor; Sub-Sahara Africa; Climate strategies; South Africa; Automotive sector}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kroban2007, author = {Kroban, Małgorzata}, title = {{\"O}kologische Bewertung von Lichtsystemen im Hinblick auf Anforderungen der EuP-Richtlinie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-4118}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine vergleichende {\"O}kobilanz in der Produktgruppe „Beleuchtung". Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung ist eine Modellierung des gesamten Produkt-Lebenszykluses aller Komponenten zweier unterschiedlicher Lichtsysteme, bestehend aus Leuchtstofflampe, Vorschaltger{\"a}t und Leuchte, vorgenommen worden. Um die {\"o}kologischen Auswirkungen aller Komponenten des Lichtsystems zu ermitteln, wurden alle Umweltauswirkungen w{\"a}hrend der gesamten Herstellungs- und Nutzungsphase erfasst und bewertet. Die Darstellung der Umweltauswirkungen {\"u}ber alle Lebenszyklusphasen ist mithilfe der Wirkungskategorien realisiert. Bei der Auswertung zeigte sich, dass im Produktlebenszyklus der {\"o}kologische Einfluss der Nutzungsphasen mit {\"u}ber 99\% dominierend ist. Dieses Ergebnis hat zu der Aussage gef{\"u}hrt, dass die k{\"u}nftigen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen in der Beleuchtungsbranche vor allem verst{\"a}rkt mit dem f{\"u}r die Nutzungsphase relevanten Produktdesign verbunden werden m{\"u}ssen. Das wichtigste Kriterium dabei ist die Energieeffizienz. In einem weiteren Schritt der Arbeit wurde Aufgrund der {\"O}kobilanzierungsergebnisse eine Reihe von Kriterien entwickelt, die f{\"u}r die Beurteilung von Lichtsystemen von Bedeutung sind. Da aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Studie die Gebrauchsphase f{\"u}r die Umweltrelevanz der Lichtsysteme die wichtigste Rolle spielt, spiegeln die Bewertungsparameter diese Phase im Produktlebenszyklus wieder. Gleichzeitig erfolgte die Erstellung der Bewertungsmethode unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Anforderungen der Richtlinie „Eco-design requirements for Energy using Products". Die vorgestellte Bewertungsmethode dient damit als Werkzeug f{\"u}r die Erstellung der Produktumweltinformation und bietet gleichzeitig Entscheidungshilfen bei der Auswahl der Systemkomponenten. Mithilfe dieser Bewertungsmethodik ist es gelungen einen eindeutigen Weg bei der Auswahl von energieeffizienten Komponenten des Lichtsystems zu schaffen. Die modulare Bewertung, die in dieser Arbeit entwickelt und erprobt worden ist, unterst{\"u}tzt positiv einen bisher vernachl{\"a}ssigten Aspekt - die Kundenentscheidung bei der Energieeffizienzproblematik. Durch den modularen Aufbau kann der Kunde sein Lichtsystem gestalten und auf einfache Weise bewerten. Ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit war die Erstellung der Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r das {\"O}ko-Profil im Hinblick auf die EuP-Richtlinie. Da die zentrale Anforderung dieser Richtlinie die Verringerung des Energieverbrauches ist, sollte ein Werkzeug vorgestellt werden, das erm{\"o}glicht, Umweltbelastungen deutlich zu machen und Minimierungspotentiale aufzuzeigen. Durch die in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagene Bewertungsmethode kann der Kunde auf einfache Weise unterscheiden, welche Produkte eine geringere Energieeffizienz und daraus resultierend schlechte Systemausbeute besitzen sowie welche die „best in class" sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus ist der Weg f{\"u}r die Produktumweltdeklaration geschaffen, die ein unersetzliches Werkzeug bei Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bildet.}, subject = {Leuchtstofflampe; Leuchte; Umweltbilanz; Europ{\"a}ische Union / Richtlinie; {\"O}kobilanz; EuP-Richtlinie; Lichtsysteme; Life cycle assessment; EuP Directive; Lighting systems}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Mensah2010, author = {Mensah, Sabina Anokye}, title = {Jatropha oil production as biofuel for Shea butter processing machine in Ghana: quality characteristics and storability of the derived Shea butter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-17597}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The ever-increasing price of fossil diesel oil, its availability and affordability has prompted the search for cheaper sources of diesel fuel especially in rural Ghana where it could be used by small to medium scale processors. The aims of this project were to provide a readily available and renewable fuel that will serve as a diesel substitute: to power diesel engines running equipment in a shea butter extraction unit at Gbimsi, to provide a readily available fuel to serve as a kerosene substitute for lighting local lanterns, to evaluate the economic viability of the use of the bio-fuel as both diesel and kerosene substitutes. in Ghana. A pilot Jatropha plantation was established for the Gbimsi women's group. A pilot processing unit was also established. The women were taken through series of training which included the extraction and utilization of Jatropha biofuel and soap making using the Jatropha oil. The Jatropha biofuel extracted by the women mixed with various amounts of mineral diesel oil was tested on lister-type diesel engines and in lanterns to ascertain its performance. A combination of 30\% mineral diesel oil: 70\% Jatropha bio-fuel was found to be appropriate for running the diesel engines. Local lanterns were found to give smokeless light and were found to last four times longer than kerosene when the Jatropha oil was used. In conclusion, the Jatropha biofuel helps in achieving energy security in communities that are otherwise inaccessible and constantly in search of regular supply of mineral fuels like diesel and kerosene. The press cake obtained after the oil extraction could be used as an organic fertilizer for improving soil fertility. Questionnaires were administered to ninety (90) shea butter producers and ten (10) exporters selected at random from the Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Greater Accra regions of Ghana in order to gather information from the producers/users as well as exporters on the Knowledge, Attitude, Beliefs and Practices (KABP) of shea butter production, consumption and export. The outcome of the study suggested that shea butter export has increased tremendously over the past decade as a result of very high demand for the product from both the local and international markets. The existing and potential export maket for shea butter were identified to be Japan, United Kingdom, Netherlands and United States of America. In addition, the shea butter produced were evaluated for the quality characteristics as well as their storability in different storage (packaging) materials. These were conducted using standard analytical methods. The minimum quality requirement of shea butter for export are : Moisture (0.01-1.0\%), Free fatty acid (3.5-4.0), acid value (1.0-10.0) and the product should not be dark in colour. The best packaging material used for the export of the product are metal drums and card boxes and the only constraint faced by the exporters is the cost of the packaging materials which is considered to be expensive. The producers in the studied communities treated shea butter as their main farming activity. In an attempt to investigate the changes in chemical and physical properties of shea butter during storage, various chemical and physical quality indices were monitored. A 3 x 4 x 4 factorial experimental design with storage condition [open air (28-34°C), tropical ambient (26-31°C) and refrigeration (4-7°C) conditions], packaging material (metal cans, polyethylene bags, plastic containers and calabash), storage time (0,1,2 and 3 months) as variables was performed. Changes in the chemical and physical properties of the butter were observed during storage of the product under the different storage conditions and packaging materials. Storage caused slight increases in moisture content (0.01-0.07\%), free fatty acid (3.29-4.38\%), acid value 6.55-8.20\%), iodine value (59.86-60.06) and peroxide value (8.24-10.64 mEq/kg) within the three months storage period. Products stored under open air (28-34°C) conditions generally significantly (p<0.05) affected the chemical properties of the butter during storage whilst those stored under ambient (26-31°C) and refrigeration (4-7°C) conditions did not have significant (p<0.05) effect on the chemical properties. No wide variations in physical properties were noted for the products during storage under the different storage conditions and packaging materials. Shea butter can be stored using all the four different packaging materials studied. However, it is highly recommended that the products are kept under tropical ambient (26-31°C) and refrigeration conditions (4-7°C) during storage. The best condition for the storage of shea butter is refrigeration which maintains the quality of the product during prolonged stored periods. Storage of the shea butter under open air (28-34°C) conditions allows for oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity rendering the products unsuitable for consumption after long storage periods.}, subject = {Ghana; Jatropha; Biodiesel; Karit{\´e}-Pflanze; Butterherstellung; Jatropha curcus; Sheabutter; Biokraftstoff; Pilotplantage; Ghana; Jatropha; Shea butter; Biofuel; Agro-processing; Women}, language = {en} }