@phdthesis{Muhondwa2016, author = {Muhondwa, Jacob Paul}, title = {Hygienization of enteropathogens contaminated biowaste for safer biological treatments}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-39529}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In this study, the aims were to investigate the die-off levels of pathogens attainable under conventional biotreatments, introduce alternative hygienization options and study their performance at eliminating pathogens from biowaste. In addition, the study investigated feasibility of biotreatment of potato peels waste (PPW) as management option for the peels waste generated in Dar es Salaam city. Pathogens inactivation studies using simulated biowaste (moisture ˃77\%w/w) composed of PPW spiked with Escherichia coli and Salmonella senftenbergensis at laboratory-scale resulted into low temperature-time patterns of the aerobic In-vessel composting system and turned the process anaerobic thus demonstrated inefficiency at eliminating the spiked bacteria. Likewise, two-phase anaerobic digestion at continuous stirred tank reactor confirmed incapable at effecting complete inactivation of the bacteria unless substrate residence is prolonged above 72hrs. These distasteful confirmations inevitably advocate the importance of applying either pre- and/or post-biotreatment hygienization processes on biowaste for safer biotreatments. Existing hygienization options including acid/lime conditioning and batch pasteurization were applied, their hygienization efficacy investigated and the latter validated. Acetic acid treatment of biowaste at pH value 4 for 5days or lime treatment at pH value 11-12 for 1day brought complete die-off in E. coli and S. senftenbergensis. Temperature-time combination at 65°C for 30min was sufficient at effecting ˃1log cycle die-off of the spiked enteropathogens with z-Value of 11˚C for S. senftenbergensis hence validates the temperature-time regime of 70˚C for 30min and 70˚C for 60min set by U.S-EPA/625/R-92/013 and Regulations (EC) No. 208/2006 respectively. In addition, alternative hygienization options namely UV radiation and passive solar heating (PSH) were proposed, applied and evaluated. Modes of application and achievable bacteria die-off for all hygienization options are given in Chapter 2 to 6 of this document. Owing to its small investment capital (mostly do yourself construction), independence from fuel supplies and low running costs, the study highly recommend PSH as environmental friendly and economic viable pre- and post- biotreatment hygienization option especially for tropical climates and developing countries with adequate sunshine. In vessel co-composting of PPW with yard-waste at 6:1 ratio gave microbiologically safe and good quality compost. Endowed with higher CO2 removal, mesophilic/thermophilic two-phase anaerobic processing of PPW showed comparable results to biogasification from other biowaste. Biogas productivity from PPW was 2.3lNbiogas/l.day with an average CH4 yield of 0.13-0.35m3/kgoTS input having 58\% CH4. The digestion resulted into H2S removal from above LoQ to less than 230ppm with 81\% VS removal at substrate OLR of 2.4kgoTS/m3.day input without sign of inhibition. It is estimated that 1.0m3biogas with 5hrs burning potential and equivalent to 3.5kg firewood can be produced from 10.2kg of PPW anaerobic digested. The resulting biogas production would complement household energy need thus conserve forest resources which are subjected to high deforestation rate estimated at 4.1kilotons of wood per day as fuelwood. Digestate resulting from the anaerobic reactors would make valuable fertilizer to urban agriculture thus enhance soil fertility and productivity.}, subject = {Contaminated biowaste; Enteropathogens; Composting; Two-phase biogasification; Potato peels waste; Kompostierung; Hygenisierung; Enterophatogene Mikroorganismen; Kontaminierter organischer Abfall; Zwei-Phasen-Biogasproduktion; Organischer Abfall; Kontamination; Pathogener Mikroorganismus; Kompostierung; Hygienisierung; Biogasgewinnung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lu2017, author = {Lu, Yanjuan}, title = {Optimization of converting food waste to hydrogen and Biogas in double-stage-fermentation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-43209}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Aim of this study The aim of this research is to develop batch scale and continuous reactor systems to evaluate technical and practical feasibility of sequential hydrogen and methane from food waste by two step dark fermentation process. Methodology The effects of limiting factors, like pH, temperature, as well as inoculum sources and pretreatment methods on H₂ yields were studies in batch assays. In addition, the feasibility of sequencing producing H₂+CH₄ via two stage dark fermentation process was evaluated in lab-scale tests based on batch assay results. Three kinds of Acid producing reactor, like CSTR, semi-percolator, and ASBR had been tested for bioH₂ production and well inoculated ASBR methane was used for further degradation of volatile organic acids produced in these acid producing reactor which acts as by-products of bioH₂. Different limiting factors on fermentation process have been investigated in each reactor type for optimum energy recovery. Monodigestion of food waste for methane production was also studied and used as reference value for energy recovery from food waste. Main results and technical application from this study Hydrogen production results from food waste were shown to be possible with aerated inoculum in batch assays in thermophilic range, with highest H₂ yields of 19.72L/(kg oTS) from food waste. The inoculated HPB (Hydrogen producing bacterial) sludge taken from ASBR acid producing reactor was proved the optimum H₂ yields with the value of 61.41 L/(kg oTS) in this batch test. Inoculum to substrates ratio at 3 was found the best situ for H₂ yields in batch test. Even H₂ productivity at hyperthermophilic range has been confirmed with faster and higher performance, thermophilic fermentation process was taken in continuously lab-scale investigation due to too high process requirements in hyperthermophilic process. Two-stage sequencing producing H₂+CH₄ was shown the potential in H₂ yields in the first acid producing phase. Methane yields from monodigestion in ASBR methane reactor with OLR of 3.88 kg oTS/(m3.d) and average CH₄ yields at 312.71L/kg oTS were achieved and act as reference value for total energy recovery. In CSTR+ASBRMe system, the max. hydrogen yields of 69.15 L/(kg oTS) and CH₄ yields at 291.77. L/(kg oTS) were achieved; In semi-Percolator+ASBRMe system, the max. hydrogen yields of 77.34 L/kg oTS and average CH₄ yields at 293.87 L/(kg oTS) were achieved; In ASBR+ASBRMe system, the max. hydrogen yields of 196.85L/(kg oTS) and average CH₄ yields at 293.87 L/(kg oTS) were achieved. The max. H₂ concentration in hydrolysis gas was got in ASBR acid producing reactor at 54\%. The experimental results indicated that food wastes can be considered as suitable substrates for BioH₂ and CH₄ sequencing production. Moreover, the less production cost for H₂ due to higher OLR and shorting HRT.}, subject = {CSTR; Semi-percolator; ASBR; Methane; Two stage dark fermentation process; Biohydrogen; Food waste; Factor; OLR; Biogas; Biowasser; Methan; Speiseabf{\"a}lle; Verg{\"a}rungsprozess; Faktor; ASBR; CSTR; Perkulator; ORB; Biogas; Fermentation; G{\"a}rung; Lebensmittelabfall; Biogas}, language = {en} }