@phdthesis{Abang2016, author = {Abang, Roger Atini}, title = {Thermodynamic modeling and experimental investigations of high temperature corrosion and oxidation due to increased power plant cycling}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-40032}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {With the rapid growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power generation mix in accordance with the German energy transition policy ('Energiewende'), fewer baseload coal power plants will be required. Future power generation will be supplied through decentralized power utilities such as off-shore wind parks and also through high operational flexibility of existing conventional coal power units. High operational flexibility means conventional power plants have to increase cyclic operations to cope with feed-ins from variable-RES such as wind and solar. Unlike medium and peak load power plants that can react quickly to load changes and power ramps, baseload power plants are not suited for such operations. Important technical requirements for flexible operation include among others; frequent start-ups and shut-downs, a minimum downtime, shorter startup time and short operational periods. Baseload coal power plants however do not meet these requirements. This increased cyclic mode of operation can have severe impacts on vital power plant components such as superheater and reheater tubes resulting in high temperature cyclic oxidation/corrosion especially because these plants were not designed for frequent cyclic operations. To optimize plant operations, minimize material damage and reduce operational and maintenance cost, it is therefore important to understand the oxidation and corrosion risk to plants materials associated with this flexible mode of operation. In this context, thermochemical modeling in FactSage 6.4ᵀᴹ as well as experimental investigations were carried out. For the experimental investigations, five commercial coal boiler superheater and reheater materials, namely T91, VM12-SHC, TP347-HFG, DMV304 HCu and DMV310 N were exposed for 1000 hours under discontinuous isothermal oxidation conditions and 1000 hours thermo-cyclic oxidation conditions at a metal surface temperature of 650 °C. The synthetic corrosive flue gas consisted of a mixture of CO₂, O₂, SO₂, N₂ and H₂O. The test material samples were partly covered in fly ash to investigate the effect ash deposits on the corrosion and oxidation behavior of the test materials. After exposure metallographic analysis by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (LOM and SEM-EDS) were carried out to study the oxide morphology and micro-structural properties of the materials. The oxidation kinetics (weight change) results showed significant oxide growth rates (weight gain) under cyclic oxidation conditions especially in the martensitic alloys - T91, VM12-SHC. Furthermore, metallographic analysis revealed severe oxide spallation in the ash covered sections of these alloys. The austenitic materials (TP374-HFG, DMV310 N) with the exception of DMV304 HCu showed good oxidation behavior with minimal oxide growth both under isothermal and thermal cyclic conditions. However, severe grain boundary attack and internal sulphidation were found in these alloys. DMV310 N showed the best corrosion and oxidation performance. The thermochemical modeling calculations supported the experimental results.}, subject = {Thermo-chemical modeling; Oxidation; High temperature corrosion; Cycling; Flexible generation; Oxidation; Hochtemperaturkorrosion; Lastwechsel; Flexible Kraftwerke; Thermochemische Modellierung; Kraftwerk; Hochtemperaturkorrosion; Lastwechselverhalten; Oxidation; Thermodynamik; Modellierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Abdallat2016, author = {Abdallat, Ghaida}, title = {Optimization of nitrogen removal in various vertical flow constructed wetland designs and application of treated wastewater for reuse in irrigation in Jordan}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-37987}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In arid countries, reclaimed water in irrigation is a widespread practice. Therefore, robust treatment designs are prerequisite to obtain effluent quality that conforms to the legal requirements for reuse and health standards. Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) are attractive decentralized treatment plants in many countries and communities. VFCWs are capable of providing adequate treatment for organic and solids removal, even though there are limitations on nutrient and pathogen removal. Within this study, various VFCW systems were investigated, in Germany and Jordan, to optimize nitrogen removal using sustainable and low cost options to guarantee the safe reuse in Jordan. In Germany at Langenreichenbach research facility, two-stage VFCWs planted (Phragmites australis) and unplanted were evaluated and modified to compare the role of plants over two years. Generally, there was no significant role of plants on the treatment performance. Both systems showed high removal efficiency for TOC, BOD5, and TSS over the study period. During the first year of the study, effluent TN concentrations ranged from 60 - 61 mg/L in both systems as a result of high effluent NO3--N concentrations (50 - 52 mg/L). In the second year, the systems were modified, adopting a saturated layer in the 1st stage to enhance denitrification. Average effluent TN concentrations were reduced to 45 mg/L in both systems. In addition, during modifications, the E.coli removal was enhanced in both systems achieving 4 log reduction instead of 2 log reduction during the first year of the study. In Jordan at the Fuhais research facility, two VFCW systems were studied considering category-A (TN: 45 mg/L and NO3-N: 30 mg/L) in the Jordanian Standards for reuse in irrigation (JS 893/2006). Recirculating (ECO-1) and Multi-stage (ECO-2) VFCW designs have shown high removal efficiency of COD, TSS, and BOD5 over three years of monitoring. ECO-1 system combines simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by recycling portion of nitrified effluent into the recirculation tank. However, effluent TN and NO3--N concentrations were 55 and 44 mg/L, respectively, that the system conformed to the JS category-B (TN: 70 mg/L and NO3-N: 45 mg/L) during monitoring phase. Therefore, ECO-1 was modified by installing plastic media in the recirculation tank that attached growth increases the abundance and activity of microorganisms. TN concentration was reduced effectively of 40 mg/L, conforming to the JS category-A, whereas, NO3--N concentration was reduced to 37 mg/L, conforming to the JS category-B. However, over the study period, E.coli concentrations were conformed to the JS category-C (more than 1000 MPN/100 mL). ECO-2 consists of two unsaturated VFCWs in series; single-pass unplanted filter followed by planted filter (Phragmites australis). E.coli removal was relatively high before modification that the effluent conformed to the JS (category-B: 1000 MPN/100 mL), achieving 4.4 log reduction. The effluent TN and NO3--N concentrations did not conform to the JS of 77 and 76 mg/L, respectively, due to insufficiency of carbon source to promote denitrification (high BOD5 removal) during monitoring phase of the study. Thus, ECO-2 was modified adopting raw wastewater step-feeding strategy that a specific volume of raw wastewater was mixed with 1st stage effluent in the mixing tank. TN and NO3--N concentrations were reduced to 52 and 50 mg/L, respectively; conforming to the JS category-B. Whereas, E.coli removal was influenced by E.coli ingress from raw step-feeding, achieving 3.5 log reduction, conforming to the JS category-C. The short-term impact of irrigation with different water quality and quantity was investigated at the Fuhais site. Soil physicochemical and biological properties in three parallel experimental reuse plots were investigated. The plots were cultivated with lemon trees and were irrigated via a subsurface irrigation system. Moreover, each plot was divided into two subparts (A and B) whereby one part received 11 mm/day of irrigation water and the other received 6 mm/day. Using treated effluent and tap water showed the same trend of increased soli salinity (ECs). Significant difference in ECs, SAR, Mg+2, Ca+2, and Na+ were observed at 0-20 cm as a result of high evaporation and capillary rise that increased salts accumulation in the topsoil. However, using more water reduced the salts accumulation in sub soil layers due to continuous leaching. Whereas, results showed no significant variation in soil texture, structure, moisture, and infiltration rate among reuse plots and subparts. Additionally, results revealed an absence of total coliform, fecal coliform, and E.coli in the irrigated soils, indicating the effectiveness of using subsurface irrigation as a disinfection step for reuse.}, subject = {Constructed wetland; Nitrogen; Nitrification; Denitrification; Pflanzenkl{\"a}ranlage; Stickstoff; Nitrifikation; Denitrifikation; Jordanien; Pflanzenkl{\"a}ranlage; Abwasserreinigung; Denitrifikation; Wiederverwendung; Bew{\"a}sserung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AbduDanja2010, author = {Abdu Danja, Bertha}, title = {Analysis of analytical methods in environmental pollution control: a case study of some Nigerian environmental laboratories}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-19618}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Scientific data and results have to be accurate, precise and reliable and are subject to ever increasing scrutiny by regulators in industry, the environment and medicine, in validation and also in research and development. Given our numerous environmental problems, the need for accurate, precise and reliable results can not be overemphasized in environmental pollution control. In the light of this analytical environmentalists believe that there is need for a hierarchical scheme of methods to be used in environmental assessment studies. In this research the state and role of analytical instruments in environmental pollution control in Nigeria were studied with a focus on the state of the Nigerian environmental pollution control laboratories. A theoretical background of this work gives an overview of the state of the art of the environment globally and that of Nigeria. This work has established that, because mankind have put thousands of chemical substances to use in this century, there are many chemicals that have found their way into the natural environment in large quantities. Because of the nature of the environmental problems mankind is facing now, many researchers and manufacturers are dedicated to using and providing quality new and reliable instrumentation methods to ensure a healthy environment in our world. A brief study of Nigeria as the country of research is made to establish the background of possible problems. From the facts gathered in the literature Nigeria has the economic tools that it needs to put a good environmental management scheme in place, which includes good standards, laws, regulations and good analytical laboratories for compliance and monitoring. However the research has established that these economic tools are not effectively used in the management of environmental pollution control, especially monitoring of environmental pollutants. The research was undertaken by visiting four analytical laboratories involved in environmental pollution control in Nigeria, and three organizations that are the main environmental regulatory bodies in Nigeria. The analytical laboratories visited are those of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Kaduna, Ashaka cement factory, regional laboratory of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources Gombe, and the National Reference laboratory Lagos. In these laboratories and the organizations, results were collected in the laboratories, interviews were carried out and analytical instruments available were documented. It was discovered that, in these laboratories many standard analytical instruments needed for quality environmental pollution control and monitoring are lacking. Comparison of results generated in these laboratories with some from developed countries, revealed that many parameters measured in laboratories in developed countries are not measured in the research laboratories. The results obtained in these laboratories met Nigeria' maximum limits in some cases, but exceeded it in many cases. It is the position of this work that the gap between the environmental analytical instruments found in literature and developed countries, and that found in Nigeria is very large and calls for concern. The environmental regulatory bodies in Nigeria have many laws, rules, regulations and standards for environmental pollution control. These regulations, standards, laws and rules were compared with what is obtained in other countries of the world, especially developed countries and found to be lacking in many areas. The way and manner the analytical methods are stated in the Nigerian regulations and standards are way below the developed countries standard. This research concludes that the regulations and standards have big influence on the kind of environmental analytical instruments found in the environmental analytical laboratories in Nigeria. The final conclusion this study has reached is that analytical methods, equipments, and standards on ground in Nigeria are not sufficient for the purpose of good environmental pollution control and monitoring. The situations as regards analytical instruments, analytical methods, standards and guidelines used in environmental pollution control in Nigeria do not favourably compare to international situations. It is therefore recommended that the need for validity and reliability in data collection, analysis, guidelines, standards and use of data in environmental pollution control needs to be addressed by the Nigerian Government if monitoring of the Millennium Development Goals and environmental pollution control in general is to be effective.}, subject = {Nigeria; Industrie; Umweltverschmutzung; Analytische Methode; Umwelt; Analytisches Instrument; Nigerianische Industrie; Umweltverschmutzung; Standard; Environment; Analytical instrument; Nigerian industry; Pollution control; Standard}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AbuElQomboz2011, author = {Abu El-Qomboz, Yasser Darwish}, title = {Entwicklung integrativer L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r das Abfallmanagement in tempor{\"a}ren Fl{\"u}chtlingslagern am Beispiel des Fl{\"u}chtlingslagers Beach-Camp in Gaza (Pal{\"a}stina)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-20759}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Niemand flieht freiwillig, dass heißt, wenn sich Menschen zur Flucht entscheiden, so geschieht dies immer unter dem Druck einer Situation, die als aussichtslos und unertr{\"a}glich empfunden wird. Jahr f{\"u}r Jahr verlassen mehrere Millionen Menschen ihre Heimat in der Hoffnung auf ein besseres Leben in einem anderen Land. Die Globalisierung von Wirtschaft und Technologien sowie politische oder milit{\"a}rische Krisen zwingen sie dazu. Krieg, politische Repressionen oder Mangel an Lebensperspektiven im Herkunftsland machen eine R{\"u}ckkehr unm{\"o}glich. So sind die weltweit zunehmenden Migrationsstr{\"o}me ein untr{\"u}gliches Zeichen f{\"u}r soziale Ungleichheit und Benachteilung in der Welt. Umweltfl{\"u}chtlinge sind nicht nur eine Folge der Umweltzerst{\"o}rung durch nat{\"u}rliche oder vom Menschen und seiner Industrie entstandene Umweltkatastrophen, sondern auch eine Folge des Bev{\"o}lkerungswachstums. Dadurch kommt es zu einer dramatischen {\"U}berbeanspruchung landwirtschaftlicher Fl{\"a}chen, die letztlich ebenfalls zu deren Zerst{\"o}rung f{\"u}hrt. Obwohl das Stichwort der Bev{\"o}lkerungsexplosion in aller Munde ist, scheint bisher weithin unerkannt zu bleiben, wie dramatisch diese Entwicklung in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten verlaufen ist. Und den Entwicklungsl{\"a}ndern fehlen jegliche Kapazit{\"a}ten, dieser Entwicklung {\"o}konomisch und {\"o}kologisch entgegenzuwirken. Die in der letzten Zeit erarbeiteten alternativen Strategien zu einer L{\"o}sung des Pal{\"a}stinakonfliktes sind vor folgendem Hintergrund zu sehen: Bis Anfang der 90er Jahre wurden seit 1967 besetzte Gebiete von Israel beansprucht. Unter dem ge{\"a}nderten Bewusstsein der Welt{\"o}ffentlichkeit werden die pal{\"a}stinensischen Territorien aber nun als von Israel strukturell eigenst{\"a}ndige Einheit betrachtet. Nach dem langj{\"a}hrigen Konflikt zwischen Pal{\"a}stinensern und Israelis r{\"u}ckte durch den Friedensprozess die Frage nach der Zukunft der im Jahr 1967 besetzten Gebiete wieder ins Bewusstsein der Welt{\"o}ffentlichkeit. Seither haben Bombardierungen und Abriegelungen vor allem des Gaza-Streifens jedoch zu einer weiteren Versch{\"a}rfung der Krise gef{\"u}hrt. Eine L{\"o}sung des Konfliktes muss dringend gefunden werden, weil nur dadurch auch eine Verbesserung des Lebensstandards der Menschen im Westjordanland und im Gaza-Streifen erreicht werden kann. Als Ergebnis des Oslo-Abkommens von 1994 entstand die pal{\"a}stinensische Selbstverwaltung (PNA), zu deren vorrangigen Zielen es geh{\"o}rt, die Lebensbedingungen in den Autonomiegebieten zu verbessern und die angeschlagene Wirtschaft zu f{\"o}rdern. Nach Erl{\"a}uterung dieser politischen Prozesse in der Region konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf eine Diskussion {\"u}ber die dringend ben{\"o}tigte Entwicklung in der Region Gaza-Streifen, die als Teilgebiet eines zuk{\"u}nftigen pal{\"a}stinensischen Staates bisher umfangreiche Probleme und eine wahrhaftig deutliche Unterentwicklung erfahren hat. Die Sicherung der {\"o}kologischen Zukunft des Menschen ist eine zentrale Aufgabe f{\"u}r dien{\"a}chsten Jahre. Zu unserem Wohl und vor allem auch zum Wohl der nachfolgenden Generationen darf sich Umweltpolitik nicht darauf beschr{\"a}nken, bereits eingetretene Umweltsch{\"a}den zu beseitigen. Vielmehr m{\"u}ssen die Aspekte Natur und {\"O}kosysteme zuk{\"u}nftig ganz selbstverst{\"a}ndlich in alle Planungen und Maßnahmen des Menschen einbezogen werden. Umweltschutz ist Daseinsvorsorge. Folglich darf sie nicht nur als Schadensbeseitigung angesehen werden, sondern muss offensiv auf die Verhinderung umweltbelastender Entwicklungen abzielen. In diesem Zuge ist auch die Abfallbeseitigung zu einem zentralen Anliegen des Umweltschutzes geworden. Ein verantwortungsbewusster Umgang mit der Natur und den Ressourcen ist prinzipiell nur m{\"o}glich, wenn Abfallstoffe, soweit sie nicht vermieden werden k{\"o}nnen, durch eine sinnvolle Verwertung m{\"o}glichst weitgehend in den nat{\"u}rlichen Stoffkreislauf zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Der wesentliche Bestandteil einer geordneten Entsorgungswirtschaft ist die Absicherung {\"o}konomisch und {\"o}kologisch vertretbarer Entsorgungswege. Eine hohe Entsorgungssicherheit bei vertretbaren Kosten ist einer der Faktoren, die die Qualit{\"a}t eines Wirtschaftsstandortes verbessern. F{\"u}r eine vern{\"u}nftige Abfallwirtschaftsplanung sind die zuk{\"u}nftig zu erwartenden Abfallmengen abzusch{\"a}tzen, die durch das Wirtschaftswachstum sowie die Bev{\"o}lkerungsentwicklung bestimmt werden. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen bestimmen die Zusammensetzung der Abf{\"a}lle und {\"u}ber die Regelungen der {\"U}berlassungspflicht letztendlich die zu beseitigenden Abfallmengen.}, subject = {Pal{\"a}stina; Fl{\"u}chtlingslager; Entsorgungswirtschaft; Pal{\"a}stina; Fl{\"u}chtling; Umwelt; Palestine; Refugee; Environment}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Abugiche2008, author = {Abugiche, Samuel Ajonina}, title = {Impact of hunting and bushmeat trade on biodiversity loss in Cameroon : a case study of the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-9550}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary is a multiple-use lowland tropical rainforest in South West of Cameroon. This area was designated by the government of Cameroon with a focus of protecting 11 species including the most endangered primates in Central and West Africa, the Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Local communities maintain user-rights of the forest and its natural resources as long as the conservation goals of the protected areas are not compromised. With many villages in and around the sanctuary and an ever-increasing population, most villagers rely on bushmeat to meet both dietary requirements and as a source of income. The purpose of the six-month study was to assess the current impact of hunting pressure on wildlife biodiversity loss with hope to recommend managed sustainable hunting system to the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Carcasses of animals brought in daily by the eighty-four hunters who participated in the study were weighed, sexed and aged and socio-economic data collected by recording weapon type, use, price of each animal killed and its destination by 14 research assistants in 14 study villages. Hunters were interviewed in an attempt to understand hunters' perception of hunted game and their capacity to implement a managed hunting system. Study results indicated that 44 animal species were harvested with a total of 3,176 individual animals killed, giving an estimated total biomass of 22,397 kg in both the Banyang and Mbo areas. The Banyang ethnic group registered more harvest in terms of both off-take 1,888 animals and biomass 13,476 kg (13.5 tons) while the Mbo ethnic group extracted 1,288 animals with a biomass of 8,921.02 kg (9.00 tons) over the six-month study period. When placed into taxonomic groups, duikers constituting (34\%), rodents (22\%), other protected species (15\%) and monkeys (11\%) of the total animals extracted were most affected by hunting within the whole of BMWS. Larger-bodied animals like primates and duikers were most vulnerable to gun hunting while smaller carnivores and rodents were more vulnerable to wire snaring and trapping. Poisoned baits were used in some villages to trap Cane rats and Monkeys. Hunting peaks were attained during the raining season especially during the months of July and August. However, some small peaks occurred during the dry season especially in the months of November and January. More males (47\%) were killed than females (43\%) for all species over the six-month study period. Unknown sex constituted (10\%) of the total extracted animals registered. Adults comprised (69\%) of the total catch for all species registered, juveniles and infants constituted (23\%) and (8\%) respectively. Generally the Banyang ethnic group either consumed or sold locally (83\%) of their total harvested bushmeat and sold only (11\%) to outside traders. The Mbo ethnic group consumed or sold locally (47\%) of the total bushmeat killed and sold (39\%) to outside bushmeat dealers. Economic gains in terms of financial income from sale of bushmeat at the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary do not seem to be profitable as one hunter earned on average 22.629F CFA (US \$47) per month over the study period compared to 125.000F CFA (US \$258) earned by an average civil servant in Cameroon. One kilogramme of the most expensive bushmeat such as Pangolin (Manis gigantea) and Brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) was on the average about 4.7 times less expensive than the price of one kg of domesticated animals such as fresh cow beef or goat meat. The Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are at high risk of local extinction in this area. Meanwhile species like the Leopard (Panthera pardus), Buffalo (Syncerus nanus), the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Giant pangolin (Manis gigantea) were not recorded killed in any of the 14 study villages and are feared to be locally extinct. There was a steady decline in off-take and biomass of large-bodied species like duikers and primates in the total harvest of both ethnic groups over time during the study period. This suggests that hunting of larger-bodied animals may not be sustainable within the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. The future of Blue duikers seems bleak if hunting continues unchecked. Poverty, population increase, unemployment and the weak enforcement of existing wildlife laws are the driving forces behind the unsustainable harvest of wildlife resources at the Banyang-Mbo wildlife Sanctuary.}, subject = {Kamerun; Jagd; Fleischhandel; Biodiversit{\"a}t; Einfluß; Jagd; Buschfleischhandel; Biodiversit{\"a}tsr{\"u}ckgang; Banyang-Mbo Wild Schongebiet; Impact; Hunting; Bushmeat trade; Biodiversity loss; Banyang-Mbo wildlife santuary}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ackom2005, author = {Ackom, Emmanuel Kofi}, title = {Technical \& economic viability analysis of renewable energy technologies in Ghana}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-000000769}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Ghana is far from attaining energy security status. The energy mix in Ghana comprises; traditional biomass (66.7\%), crude oil/petroleum products (26.2\%), and electricity (7.1\%) mainly from large hydro plants. The existing energy insecurity dilemma, where demand for energy services is desperately needed for sustainable development leaves Ghana with no other option than to exploit its renewable energy resources. The study seeks to address three main research questions namely: (a) Are Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) technically and economically viable in Ghana?; (b) Can RE projects be self sustained in Ghana without continual external support?; (c) Can RETs be used as an engine for local development? Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in analyzing the issues raised. The four main RE resources identified in Ghana are biomass, solar, small hydro and wind energy. Detailed case study analysis for each resource was done for identification of technically and economically viable options. The study concludes with a strategy on the where, what, why and how to implement viable RE projects in Ghana and a 'best policy' recommendation for successful market diffusion of RETs. It proposes that RETs must be provided in forms that match the basic and economic self-reliance needs of the people and generated electricity should be tied directly to viable end-use activities.}, subject = {Ghana; Alternative Energiequelle; Renewable energy technology; Economic viability; Technical viability; Ghana}, language = {en} } @misc{Acquah2014, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Acquah, Michael}, title = {Decentralized Rural Electrification in Ghana-Evaluation of Technical and Socio-Economic Aspects for Sustainable Solutions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-29999}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Rural electrification has been one of the challenges faced by the government of Ghana due to extremely high cost of electricity extension to the rural areas. In order to meet up this challenge, the government of Ghana has been keen with the introduction of renewable energy programs as a solution for rural electrification. However, most of programs are also faced with the problem of being sustainable. After government and sponsors hand-over completed project to local users, they usually last only few years of their life span and are abandoned. This challenge has inspired this study to identify the potential barriers to the sustainability of rural electrification programs through technical and socio-economic evaluation of a solar PV rural electrification project in Ghana. The approach of this study selected an on-going solar PV project (community solar system-CSS), that has been introduced on a pilot base across the whole of Ghana, which is to be adopted as a standard system for electrification solutions in rural areas in Ghana. This project was subjected to both technical and socio-economic evaluations covering 13 rural communities across the southern part of the country. Stakeholder interviews and review of literature were additional methodologies employed to gather information pertinent to the theme of the study. The results of the study show that technically, the CSS project has simple design and operational technologies, which gives it high integration potential. However, the project faces the problem of technology misuse by the rural users and frequent failure of its components. The socio-economic barriers identified are: (1) ineffective management of the project due to a long chain of bureaucratic administrative management system, inadequate monitoring and supervision, and inconsistency in standardizing the cash flow of the project, and (2) low electricity capacity of the CSS project and other similar small scale renewable projects to meet the electricity requirements of the rural populates. These problems lead to gradual decline of users' interest for such small scale renewable energy projects and subsequently result in project abandonment. It was concluded that small scale renewable energy programs lack the capacity to fully meet the energy requirement of rural populates; however, they are crucial as intervening solutions and play key role in rural development.}, subject = {Ghana; Ghana; L{\"a}ndliche Elektrifizierung; Bewertung; Nachhaltigkeit; Rural Electrification; Evaluation; Sustainability}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Adesipo2021, author = {Adesipo, Adegbite Adeleke}, title = {Practical approach to reclamation of post-mining sites}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5871}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-58719}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to integrate necessary interdisciplinary complexity, sustainability, defined targets and endpoints for reclamation progress, the objective of this research is to advance reclamation knowledge on (i) international scale and (ii) national scale, taking Nigeria as an example. On the international scale (i), a systematic reclamation threshold scale for assessing, evaluating, documenting, and monitoring reclamation progress was developed. The threshold stages begin from the initial state I0 down to degraded state D0 (depending on the type of mining). Reclamation starts with soil reconstruction R-2 up to revegetation R-1 (red zones) to reach minimum threshold R0 (amber zone). Beyond R0 are the green zones R1, R2, and R3 representing soil/abiotic condition, biological and improved threshold respectively. Adaptation of the threshold model to degraded ecosystems in national and international laws is recommended. On the national scale with Nigeria (ii), endowed with over 34 solid minerals and abundant crude oil, findings show that almost all mine sites are below the minimum threshold scale R0. The sites are adversely affected by Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM), whereby, contamination and soil lithology disturbances are the state-of-the-art discussions. However, bioremediation (phytoremediation) is the most feasible remediation technique. Therefore, for the crude oil contaminated sites, this study highlights typical cogitation for large in-situ implementation and potential species for remediation. For the mineral resources, gold mining was the typical example. As a practical approach, experimental areas on an abandoned mining site (Site 1), an active mining site (Site 2) and an undisturbed vegetation site (Control) in southwestern Nigeria were mapped out to represent its mining and farming activities. On the sites, (a) the impacts of the ASM activities on the floristic association were assessed. (b) the potential of 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was explored to characterize the horizontal and vertical landscape homogeneity of the mine sites, and lastly, (c) the study identified native high-accumulating plants growing on the sites that can be employed for phytoremediation. Thus, the results show that (a) the floristic association of the mine sites have been stressed and disturbed. (b) the resistivity structure of the sites shows that ASM has greatly impaired the lithological status of the sites. (c) out of the 9 considered species, Crinum jagus has the highest accumulation factor of 8.71, 37.47, 1.08 and 29.38 for Pb, Cd, Fe and Cu respectively. It is a recommendable novel plant in the tropics. However, future studies must verify its hyperaccumulator potentials, identify other high accumulating species and develop effective approaches and policies to curb ASM activities and enhance remediation in Nigeria.}, subject = {Ecological indicators; Functional species; Dendroremediation; Geophysical techniques; Crinum jagus; {\"O}kologische Indikatoren; Funktionelle Arten; Dendrosanierung; Geophysikalische Techniken; Crinum jagus; Nigeria; Rekultivierung; Bergbaunachfolgelandschaft; Phytoremediation}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Afanasyev2010, author = {Afanasyev, Vyacheslav}, title = {Evaluating Ukraine's agro-industrial sector: comprehensive assessment with the view of sustainability improvement and European integration}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-19027}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Being one of Ukraine's major sources of economic revenue, the country's agro-industrial sector proved, at the same time, to be perhaps the most vulnerable branch of economy in the times of political and social turbulence. While the state is searching for the ways of strengthening its positions at the global market, its agricultural potential to a considerable extent remains both under- and misused. Based on comprehensive historic analysis, this research establishes the origins of the current situation and assesses the possibilities of positive change. Utilizing the experience of other European countries' with regards to making agriculture more sustainable and competitive in the modern world, the author describes the ways of applying these practices against the background of Ukrainian socio-political system. Drawing knowledge from the experience of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) worldwide, this research aims at harmonizing their methods with evaluation demands in Ukrainian agriculture. It discusses and criticizes the existing assessment approach and suggests measures necessary for making it more comprehensive. The author offers profound analysis of Ukrainian agricultural policies to date, reviews national regulating directives and outlines country-specific challenges as to improving agricultural sustainability. In order to provide Ukrainian decision-makers with a clear and all-round tool for assessing the advances and failures of the acting state policies in the AIS, a set of reliable indices for evaluating agricultural performance has been developed by the author, which is largely based on the widely-acknowledged Driving Force - State - Response framework offered by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Human Development Index (HDI) from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) methodology. At the same time, the newly developed set takes into consideration the peculiarities of Ukrainian socio-political setting. Three major categories of indicators were chosen as a backbone for further elaboration, namely economic, social and political. Therefrom results a list of twelve relevant indices. At the concluding stage of the research, they were processed and transformed to three top-level indices: Economic Development Index, Environmental Situation Index and Social Development Index. These three indices are intended for clear and illustrative presentation of the current situation for high level decision-makers and governmental bodies. Methodology utilized for the purposes of this research with necessary adaptation and fine tuning can also be used with other set of initial data, indicators and indices. Application field can also be downscaled from the highest (national) to the lowest (regional) level by adapting the indicator-indices system to the initial input data. This will considerably simplify the compilation and presentation of regional reports and will provide transparency for interregional comparison within the country.}, subject = {Ukraine; Landwirtschaft; Umweltvert{\"a}glichkeitspr{\"u}fung; Nachhaltigkeit; Ukraine; Landwirtschaft; Bewertung; Nachhaltigkeit; Indikator; Ukraine; Agriculture; Evaluation; Sustainability; Indicator}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Afanasyeva2015, author = {Afanasyeva, Dariya}, title = {Shared heritage: Sacred landscapes of Crimea, their development and protection in the multicultural context}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-35938}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Owing to its unique strategic position on the northern coast of the Black Sea, Crimea has, since Antiquity, been a highly diverse, multi-ethnic, multi-religious location. Throughout history, the peninsula's landscapes were shaped and transformed under the influence of its ever-changing populations. In this process, religion played a crucial role. Nowadays, Crimea abounds in sacred sites in the same way as it abounds in culturally and religiously diverse inhabitants. Rebirth in the 1990s of the religious and cultural life that had been repressed for over seventy years of the Soviet rule gave a powerful impetus to the revival of Crimea's sacred landscapes and enabled the different ethno-religious groups residing in the peninsula to re-establish the bond with the home of their ancestors. The notion of landscape as a memoryscape became central in this context, since it is the landscape that records, as well as reflects, the events in history. The sites communally regarded as sacred unite the people as much as common memories transmitted from one generation to the other do. The objectives of the theoretical part of this thesis are twofold. On the one hand, it aims to grasp the connection between religion, landscape and memory, whereby sacred sites are seen as landscapes of memory and anchors of people's cultural and religious identity. On the other hand, it seeks to explore the specific issues pertinent to the Crimean socio-cultural context, such as the peninsula's history and the evolving ethno-religious relationships among the diverse local population, which have impacted the development and protection of Crimea's sacred sites overtime. Method employed is the comparative literature review, whereby for each chapter a selection of authors was made, whose contributions towards the discussion of the aforementioned issues have been particularly relevant. Based on the theoretical background described above, the empirical section of the research targets two main groups of actors: the state on the one side, and the organizations representing local religious groups on the other. In relation to the state, the objective is to explore how the religious revival of the post-Soviet period correlates with Ukraine's current policies towards the safeguarding of Crimea's sacred landscapes, namely, to what extent they are being protected under the existing legislation, and which of the aspects are given most attention in the process. In relation to the organizations representing local religious groups, the task is to investigate to what degree the sacred sites under study remain relevant for various groups, and to establish how the knowledge about the local sacred places and their importance is being disseminated both within these groups and beyond. In order to fulfill these tasks, the set of indicators has been developed, which takes into consideration the specific Crimean socio-cultural context, and a selection of case studies has been made, which in their totality reflect the viewpoints of Crimea's prominent religious groups. The case studies are: (1) the Assumption Monastery, (2) the cave town of Chufut Kale with Balta Tiymez Karaite cemetery, and (3) the old town of Bakhchisaray with Salachiq historic district and Gazy Mansur cemetery. All of the three case studies are located on the territory of Bakhchisaray Historical and Cultural Preserve (BHCP). The evaluation of the Ukrainian state's policies with regards to safeguarding of the selected sacred sites revealed that while many of their elements are recognized as cultural heritage of high significance, protection activities are impeded by substantial obstacles of administrative nature, as well as by the lack general planning. Moreover, conservation and day-to-day management is carried out with little consideration for the opinions of the local people and with the insufficient involvement of the latter. The indicator-based assessment of relevance of the selected sacred locations for various local religious groups and the ways, in which the knowledge about these sites is being spread exposed a number of clear tendencies, as well as highlighted the existing challenges and deficiencies which need to be urgently addressed, so as to ensure the safeguarding of the studied sites for the future generations.}, subject = {Cultural landscape; Sacred landscape; Memoryscape; Cultural heritage; Heritage protection; Kulturlandschaft; Sakrales Erbe; Kulturerbe; Denkmalschutz; Krim; Kulturerbe}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ahlinder2006, author = {Ahlinder, Stefan}, title = {On modelling of compact tube bundle heat exchangers as porous media for recuperated gas turbine engine applications}, isbn = {3-8322-5355-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-151}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A computational tool and a methodology for steady state heat exchanger simulations of recuperated gas turbines and aero-engines have been developed. As an example a compact tube bundle heat exchanger with oval shaped tubes was chosen. The simulation tool proved to work for different layouts of the heat exchanger and for different geometrical configurations of the gas turbine engine exhaust ducts. The resistance tensors were tuned against both CFD-data and experimental data and the computational model was to some extent validated against experimental results. For the validation isothermal experimental data from the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Turbomachinery at the Technical University of Thessaloniki was used together with hot gas channel data from MTU. The calculated and measured velocity profiles showed an acceptable agreement that in some of the cases was even very good. The calculated pressure drop deviated less than 10\% for the compared cases, which must be considered to be acceptable. The calculared results for the hot gas cases showed an exaggerated heat transfer rate, most likely due to the use of a cold side heat transfer correlation for fully turbulent flow, although the Reynolds numbersindicated transitional flow.}, subject = {Fluggasturbine; W{\"a}rmeaustauscher; Simulation; W{\"a}rmetauscher; CFD; Por{\"o}ses Medium; Rohrb{\"u}ndel; Heat exchanger; CFD; Porous medium; Tube bundle}, language = {en} } @book{AjjanAlhadidAssefCardueetal.2021, author = {Ajjan Alhadid, Sarah and Assef, Jana and Cardu{\´e}, Daniel and Caspar, Charlene Jessica and Chen, Mingyun and Fritsche, Julia and Hagemann, Anke and He, Wenjie and Heiden, Vivienne and Heinzmann, Tim and Henkel, Juliane Sefina and Henklein, Laurin Roman and Jeschke, Birgit and Kastrup, Jannik and Kliesch, Noelle and Lambrecht, Paul and Lampen, Nils and Marquardt, Nina Sophie and Marthaler, Theres and Matthias, Lars and M{\"u}ller, Jonas and Mund, Gianna Francesca Andrea and Nohle, Valeria and Piro, Julia Theite and Quintero Gonz{\´a}lez, Natacha and S. G. Benevenuti, Clara and Schadock, Jasmin and Schubert, Natalie and Senja, Fath Ainia and Teschner, Lukas and Thienen, Lara von and Tombroff, Anna and Tran, Hai and Wagner, Oliver and Zappe, Leonard and Zeißig, Hanna}, title = {Feeding the city: Lebensmittelkreisl{\"a}ufe und die Produktion st{\"a}dtischer R{\"a}ume}, editor = {Hagemann, Anke and Quintero Gonz{\´a}lez, Natacha}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5505}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-55051}, publisher = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {St{\"a}dte bilden Schnittpunkte in translokalen G{\"u}terfl{\"u}ssen und Versorgungssystemen. Insbesondere die Versorgung der Stadtbev{\"o}lkerung mit Lebensmitteln ist - wie die Wasser- oder Energieversorgung - eine Grundvoraussetzung f{\"u}r das Funktionieren st{\"a}dtischer Lebensweisen. Sie pr{\"a}gt die Beziehungen von St{\"a}dten zu ihrem Hinterland. In der Geschichte bildete die st{\"a}ndige Expansion der Landwirtschaft und der Mittel des Warentransports eine wesentliche Bedingung f{\"u}r st{\"a}dtisches Wachstum, und heute hat die Lebensmittelversorgung l{\"a}ngst eine planetarische Dimension angenommen. Ihre Formen und Abl{\"a}ufe, wie auch die Rituale des Essens, haben sich seit Jahrhunderten in die Architektur der St{\"a}dte eingeschrieben. Dennoch bleiben die Strukturen der Lebensmittelversorgung meist unter dem Radar der Stadtforschung und -planung. Im Seminar „Feeding the City" haben wir uns mit den Lieferketten konventioneller Lebensmittel befasst, wie wir sie im Supermarkt oder Discounter in großer Zahl und zu niedrigen Preisen kaufen k{\"o}nnen: abgepacktes Fabrikbrot, H-Milch, H{\"a}hnchenbrust, Bananen oder Fruchtgummis. Wo kommen sie her, welchen Weg nehmen sie und wie formen sie die R{\"a}ume, durch die sie zirkulieren? Welche Akteur*innen und Regularien bestimmen diese Vorg{\"a}nge und Zusammenh{\"a}nge? Studierende der Stadtplanung und Architektur der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg haben zehn allt{\"a}gliche Lebensmittel verfolgt: Vom Ort ihres Anbaus oder der Tierhaltung {\"u}ber die Stationen der Lebensmittelindustrie und Distribution bis hin zum Einzelhandel, dem privaten K{\"u}hlschrank oder Esstisch und zur Entsorgung der {\"U}berbleibsel. Anhand von Kartierungen und Netzwerkdiagrammen haben sie die r{\"a}umliche Reichweite und die Komplexit{\"a}t der Lieferketten betrachtet, sie haben die gebauten R{\"a}ume einzelner Stationen und ihre st{\"a}dtischen Kontexte analysiert und schließlich nach der aktuellen oder historischen Pr{\"a}senz des jeweiligen Produkts in der Stadt Cottbus gefragt.}, subject = {Lebensmittel; Ern{\"a}hrung; Stadt; Architektur; Lieferkette; food; city; urban space; architecture; supply chain; Stadt; Infrastruktur; Lebensmittelversorgung; Einzelhandelsbetrieb; Supply Chain Management}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Akhtar2022, author = {Akhtar, Fatima}, title = {Graphene synthesis under Si-CMOS compatible conditions}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5927}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-59270}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Due to the unique electronic band structure, graphene has opened the great potential to extend the functionality of a large variety of graphene-based devices in health and environment, energy storage, or various microelectronic applications, to mention a few. At this point, the implementation of graphene into Silicon (Si) semiconductor technology is strongly dependent on several key challenges. Among them, high-quality and wafer-scale graphene synthesis on CMOS compatible substrates is of the highest importance. Though large-area graphene can be achieved on substrates like copper, platinum, silicon carbide, or single-crystal Ni, however, high growth temperatures, unavailability of large scale, or contamination issues are the main drawbacks of their usage. In this PhD work, 8-inch scale graphene synthesis is attempted on alternative substrates such as epitaxial Germanium on Si and polycrystalline Nickel on Si. To achieve the growth of the highest quality of graphene, this work focuses on the investigations of various nucleation and growth mechanisms, substrate-graphene interfaces, effects of different substrate orientations, and detailed microscopic and macroscopic characterization of the grown films. Finally, it should also be stressed that the experiments in this work were carried out in a standard BiCMOS pilot-line, making this study unique, as its results might directly pave the way to further graphene integration and graphene-based device prototyping in mainstream Si technologies.}, subject = {Graphene; Chemical vapor deposition; Growth; Oxidation; Germanium; Nickel; Graphen; CVD; Wachstum; Oxidation; Graphen; Keimbildung; Wachstum; CVD-Verfahren; Nickel; Germanium}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AlGhorbany2014, author = {Al-Ghorbany, Amer}, title = {The potential of strategic environmental assessment for integrated and sustainable water resources management in the Republic of Yemen : Scenario-based strategic assessment of the water resources policies adopted in 'Yemen's Strategic Vision 2025'}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-29825}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Yemen is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The water deficit has been aggravated by the rapidly increasing demands for both surface and groundwater resources that are being unsustainably exploited. To address the country's severe water scarcity, the government has adopted long-term intervention policies as stated in 'Yemen's Strategic Vision 2025'. These policies are aimed at restoring the balance between water demand and availability, and at reducing the existing water deficit. Although 11 years have passed since this vision was adopted, the water deficit is still on the rise. The present situation raises questions about the efficiency of the intervention policies adopted by 'Yemen's Strategic Vision 2025' and about the effectiveness of implementing these policies. Another fundamental question pertains to the availability of a strategic assessment tool in the water resources sector that can be used to assess strategically future and current policies, strategies and plans, in order to ensure their efficiency in supporting water resources and in producing the positive impacts for which these strategic initiatives were developed in the first place. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an assessment tool designed to function at a strategic level and help to bring aspects of environmental sustainability into the decisionmaking process. This research aims to demonstrate the potential of SEA in enhancing environmental sustainability in water policies for achieving sustainability of water resources in Yemen. In order to show the potential of SEA in the Yemeni water resources sector, this research has applied SEA methodologies and adopted a scenario-building approach for assessing the intervention policies adopted by 'Yemen's Strategic Vision 2025' to support augmentation of water resources. Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used in this research. Quantitative historical data on water availability, water demand and water savings by interventions have been collected from the databases of national institutions and international organizations concerned. Statistical analyses have been used to project future trends until 2025. Qualitative analyses of relevant studies and reports covering the environmental, administrative, sociocultural and political-economic aspects of water resources management in Yemen have been implemented as well. In addition, 13 semi-structured key informant interviews have been conducted with decision-makers, managers and leading experts in the water and irrigation sectors. The research produced three future scenarios for the total water balance that may play out until 2025 in Yemen. These scenarios provide impact assessment and alternatives' comparison of the existing intervention policies. The resulting scenarios are as follows: the 'Business as Usual' scenario, which forms an assessment of currently applied interventions and provides an image for the future, if current interventions are maintained at the same pace; the 'Do-nothing' scenario representing the situation if no interventions are implemented; and the 'Sustainability' scenario, which represents the potential future of the total water balance if existing interventions are to be scaled up and out. The findings confirm the significant potential of currently adopted intervention policies to support water resources. They also reveal that the current level of implementing the intervention policies has hindered the potential of these intervention policies in achieving the expected positive impact on the water balance by 2025. In order to achieve a significant decrease in the water deficit, the strategic quantitative targets that need to be implemented were identified. The methodology followed in implementing the research and achieving the findings demonstrates the potential of SEA in enhancing environmental sustainability in water policies for achieving integrated and sustainable water resources management in Yemen. The recommendations of the research covered improving the existing water balance as well as improving the assessment and planning context in the water resources sector. In order to improve the water balance situation, the research recommends implementing quantitative targets for water savings and augmentations, such as those developed by this research. These targets have been identified based on the capacities of sectors implementing these interventions. The research also recommends further decentralization of planning and management of water resources and the establishment of Water User Associations (WUAs) as the main vehicles for ensuring sustainable planning and management of water resources, including the scale out of interventions, subject to assessment in this research. In order to improve assessment and planning of water resources, the research recommends the adoption of SEA, the updating of water resources data and conducting regular assessments of policies, plans and programmes as part of monitoring their impact and providing a chance for amending these policies and strategies, if required, to achieve sustainability of water resources.}, subject = {Jemen; Wasserreserve; Strategische Planung; Umweltanalyse; Wasserressourcen; Nachhaltigkeit; Jemen; Umweltbewertung; Water resources; Sustainability; Yemen; Environmental assessment}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AlHasani2021, author = {Al-Hasani, Mohammed K.}, title = {The transformation of the urban landscape in the old city of Baghdad between 1854 -2009}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-53816}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The old city core experienced a long series of modernization process that affected the old urban fabric and the coherence among urban elements. This dissertation tried to explore the intervention methods and the variety of impacts that have been occurred inside the old core . New streets that were added to the city changed the urban space hierarchy in each time. Starting from analyzing the spatial form via exploring the morphology of the city up to analyze the city skyline is the main methodology of this work. The spatial form of the city of Baghdad shows the impacts of multi planning approaches belong to variant master plans which were proposed and achieved to manage the city growth and development. Those impacts were varied and explained in this dissertation based on the change in the city network, city expansion and land use distribution. The old city of Baghdad was analyzed and explained in details in term of investigating the morphological layers for different periods showing the development of Baghdad urban structure by new comparative plans that explain the change between two following morphological periods. The understanding of the transformation in each morphological period was based on the following criteria's (urban growth, urban space development, urban components and innovations) to provide a comprehensive investigation about the behavior of the urban components. The investigation of the main old and new streets was well assessed showing their structure, building typologies and the role of the urban space typologies along the segments of those streets. The transect analysis method was used by having nine sections through the old city in different areas to understand the transformation in the city of Baghdad and the impacts of the unregulated development process accompanied within the lack of clear urban management method. The development of the city skyline provided a clear interpretation about the impacts of inserting new urban space and building typologies inside the old core. It was so clear that the hypothesis of this dissertation was proved in showing the role of the street hierarchy change (for both pedestrian and car street in different segments) in exploring the mechanism of the conflict among urban components that bring more destruction to the city. The conclusion showed what to avoid in any prospective rehabilitation process and gave the impacts of the previous interventions that shoud not be repeated in the future.}, subject = {Spatial analysis; Typo urban morphology; Urban space; Transect analysis IV; Raumanalyse; Typo-Stadtmorphologie; Stadtraum; Transektanalyse; Bagdad; Altstadt; Stadtsanierung; Stadtentwicklung; Stadtplanung; Morphologie; Regionalanalyse}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AlTell2011, author = {Al-Tell, Yazan Safwan}, title = {Interpretation and presentation of Nabataeans innovative technologies: case study Petra/Jordan}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-22601}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The Nabataeans were people of innovation and technology. Many clear evidences were left behind them that prove this fact. Unfortunately for a site like Petra, visited by crowds of visitors and tourists every day, many major elements need to be strengthened in terms of interpretation and presentation techniques in order to reflect the unique and genuine aspects of the place. The major elements that need to be changed include: un-authorized tour guides, insufficient interpretation site information in terms of quality and display. In spite of Jordan's numerous archaeological sites (especially Petra) within the international standards, legislations and conventions that discuss intensively interpretation and presentation guidelines for archaeological site in a country like Jordan, it is not easy to implement these standards in Petra at present for several reasons which include: presence of different stakeholders, lack of funding, local community. Moreover, many interpretation and development plans were previously made for Petra, which makes it harder to determine the starting point. Within the work I did, I proposed two ideas for developing interpretation technique in Petra. First was using the theme technique, which creates a story from the site or from innovations done by the inhabitants, and to be presented to visitors in a modern approach. The purpose of this story is to link the visitor to the site emotionally, by providing them with the sense and feel of the site's real events by that time together with a good amount of information that gives the visitor the chance to live and feel an unforgettable experience of the place. The second idea was how to tailor a useful interpretation plan that could be implemented on all other archaeological sites in Jordan right after "evaluating the results of its implementation in Petra". The aim of this thesis is to develop interpretation criteria for "local governments and nongovernmental organizations", as well as an interpretation plan in a Jordanian context and apply them on all other archaeological sites in Jordan. Tourists would benefit from the quality of interpretation services offered by the interpreters and the techniques of presentation available on the site, in addition to tour guides who have received training programs derivate from this study, which would guarantee in return a more sustainable tourism movement to the site of Petra in the future.}, subject = {Petra; Tourismus; Arch{\"a}ologie; Archaeology}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alzagameem2020, author = {Al-zagameem, Abla}, title = {Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lignin and lignin-based composites for active food packaging applications}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-53024}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Due to the use of fossil fuel resources, many environmental problems have been increasingly growing. Thus, the recent research focuses on the use of environment friendly materials from sustainable feedstocks for future fuels, chemicals, fibers and polymers. Lignocellulosic biomass has become the raw material of choice for these new materials. Recently, the research has focused on using lignin as a substitute material in many industrial applications. The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Kraft lignin compared to Organosolv lignins from different biomasses. The purification procedure of Kraft lignin showed that double-fold selective extraction is the most efficient confirmed by UV-Vis, FTIR, HSQC, 31PNMR, SEC, and XRD. The antioxidant capacity was discussed regarding the biomass source, pulping process, and degree of purification. Lignin obtained from industrial black liquor are compared with beech wood samples: Biomass source influences the DPPH inhibition (softwood > grass) and the TPC (softwood < grass). DPPH inhibition affected by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Following the trend: ethanol > diethylether > acetone. Reduced polydispersity has positive influence on the DPPH inhibition. Storage decreased the DPPH inhibition but increased the TPC values. The DPPH assay was also used to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. In both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems the 5\% addition showed the highest activity and the highest addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source; Organosolv of softwood > Kraft of softwood > Organosolv of grass. Lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of Kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin leaching in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against food spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30\% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5\% addition exhibited activity against both food spoilage bacteria.}, subject = {Lignin; Bioactivity; Food packaging; Lignin; Bioaktivit{\"a}t; Lebensmittelverpackungen; Lignin; Bioaktive Verbindung; Kunststoffverpackung; Antioxidans}, language = {en} } @techreport{AlbertMeissner2014, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Albert, Marie-Theres and Meißner, Marlen}, title = {Leitfaden zur Inwertsetzung des immateriellen Kulturerbes in der Lausitz}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-30579}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die Inwertsetzung von kulturellem Erbe ist in den letzten Jahren zu einem wichtigen Faktor f{\"u}r eine {\"o}konomische, materielle, {\"o}kologische, aber auch infrastrukturelle Entwicklung von strukturschwachen Regionen geworden. F{\"u}r eine Inwertsetzung eignet sich insbesondere das immaterielle Erbe der Menschen in solchen Regionen. Immaterielles Erbe ist ein Erbe, das auch von der UNESCO anerkannt worden ist und als Intangible Heritage seit 2003 sogar durch eine UNESCO-Konvention gesch{\"u}tzt wird. Der vorliegende Leitfaden beruht darauf, das Potential zur Inwertsetzung von immateriellem Erbe in der Lausitz zu erschließen und es f{\"u}r eine Regionalentwicklung im weitesten Sinne aufzubereiten. Regionale Akteure sollen dazu motiviert werden, ihr immaterielles Kulturerbe zu entdecken und f{\"u}r individuelle und institutionelle Entwicklungsprozesse zu nutzen.}, subject = {Kulturelles Erbe; UNESCO-Konvention; Immaterielles Kulturerbe; Lausitz; Immaterielles Kulturerbe}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{AlcaldeMelo2013, author = {Alcalde Melo, Henrique}, title = {Integration of available regenerative energy sources in community networks for both electricity and heating}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-27742}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {In the last years, energy prices for German households have been increasing constantly. Some reasons for that include: the dependency of Germany on external fossil fuels to supply its energy demand, the decision to invest in renewable energy generation and to shut down all its nuclear power plants. Nowadays households are already able to generate energy on-site, however the generation potential depends on climatic conditions as well as the specific location and the type of the building. The aim of this work is to evaluate whether a community of new efficient single-family houses can generate enough energy on-site to supply its electricity and heating demand over the year based on renewable energy sources and with the support of energy storage systems, including electric vehicles. The theoretical community is situated in the city of Cottbus, Germany. For this community, an electricity load profile was designed based on the use of common devices and separated in controllable and uncontrollable loads. Electricity is generated on-site through photovoltaic panels and small wind turbines, and the electricity generation potential is evaluated based on the community's available space, which is rather limited, and the actual regulations in the State of Brandenburg. A comparison of the available technologies to supply the heating demand as well as to store energy in the household sector is presented and discussed. It is assumed that each household has an electric vehicle that can be charged and also discharged in the community as an extra energy storage system. A software simulation system was designed with which an energy balance analysis is carried out based on hourly values of supply and demand. Under the assumptions taken for this study, the results of the simulation show that the community is able to generate more energy than consumed throughout a year, however in a few occasions there is not enough energy available to supply the community's energy demand. Water can be heated up to 70°C at least once a week preventing the bacterium Legionella to grow. The community is able to supply 99\% of the uncontrollable load group demand and 97\% of the controllable load group demand. There is enough energy available to heat space during the cold months, if heat pumps with a coefficient of performance greater than two are used. The electric vehicles can be charged using the energy generated in the community via grid or extra battery banks. If energy prices continue to increase, German households will try to find solutions to reduce their energy bills. The integration of several households forming a community network is a solution that optimizes the energy use and space (especially taking wind turbines in consideration), and reduces investments. However, the implementation of such a community still depends on the availability of space, improvement and price reduction of energy storage systems, regulations for energy exchange as well as willingness of the people living in such a community to adapt their daily routine according to the availability of energy.}, subject = {Kommunale Energieversorgung; Erneuerbare Energien; Photovoltaik; Windkraftanlage; Elektroauto; W{\"a}rmepumpe; Passivhaus; Photovoltaic; Wind Turbine; Electric Vehicle; Heat Pump; Passive House}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AlegueFeugo2008, author = {Alegue Feugo, Jean Duclos}, title = {Investigating ecological indicators of freshwater ecosystems using signal analysis methods}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-4396}, school = {BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Human life depends on water of good quality. Freshwater ecosystems are being degraded as a result of anthropogenic activities. Managing freshwater resources require a good understanding of the dynamics of the processes affecting water quality and the interrelationship existing between them. Signal analysis methods are used to extract information from water quality time series. The information obtained from such analysis is required for developing dynamic models as an aid in investigating the outcome of different management scenarios. They are equally useful in determining the appropriate sampling frequency required for monitoring ecological indicators. Modern methods developed in other field such as mathematical statistics need to be investigated in the fields of water quality management so as to enhance the knowledge of the functioning and the structure of water bodies. Classical methods consisting of time domain and frequency domain methods in combination with a modern method, wavelet analysis, were used to extract information from water quality indicators from the River Havel in the State of Brandenburg in Germany. The indicators were dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and water temperature which are respectively chemical, biological and physical indicators. The time domain methods revealed the behavior of the signal across time as well as the relationship between them. The frequency domain methods proved quite inadequate because the signals from water quality are non-stationary with changing variance across time. The wavelet methods were quite good in unraveling the behavior of these signals at different time-scales. This analysis revealed that the high frequency changes have no significant effect on the long term dynamics of water quality signals. Given that only the low frequency components influence the long term behavior of these signals, it was found that it makes more sense to sample most of the signals at a weekly or two weekly intervals so as to avoid noisy or redundant information. In addition, the time-scale decomposition allows for noisy or redundant information that blurs the long term dynamics thereby negatively affecting the quality of models to be detected and kicked out. Moreover, it was also found that the use of a time delay in a dynamic model should be based on the delay from the time-scale that influence the long term dynamics the most in the freshwater body by the help of the wavelet cross-correlation rather than the classical cross-correlation. Finally, the same indicator from different water bodies of the same watershed portrayed different time and frequency dependent behavior implying that each freshwater body needs to be uniquely investigated. Applying the same management techniques to different water bodies without prior investigation will not be sound. Freshwater ecosystems are more and more threatened by phenomena such as global warming, pharmaceuticals in water bodies, invasive species requiring more investigation on the applicability of tools developed in other fields of science in the field of water resource management. Enhanced knowledge will improve the existing knowledge on the structure and functioning of freshwater bodies, the quality of models developed as management decision aid and the quality of the data used for decision making.}, subject = {S{\"u}ßwasser; {\"O}kosystem; Verschmutzung; Indikatoren; Zeitreihenanalyse; wavelet; Pollution; Indicators; Time series; Modeling; Wavelet}, language = {en} }