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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Verification of activity release compliance with regulatory limits within spent fuel transport casks
(2010)
The Witness - Screen Test
(2010)
IAPRI World conference on packaging - Proceedings of the 17th IAPRI world conference on packaging
(2010)
Subjecting a thin NiTi specimen to uniaxial tension often leads to a localized martensitic transformation: macroscopic transformation bands form and propagate through the specimen, separating it into regions of fully transformed martensite and original austenite. In the present study, the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique is used to analyze the change in electrical resistance of ultra-fine grained NiTi wires subjected to a broad range of thermo-mechanical load cases: (i) uniaxial tensile straining at constant temperatures (pseudoelastic deformation); (ii) cooling and heating through the transformation range at constant load (actuator load case); (iii) a combination of mechanical and thermal loading. We monitor the ACPD signals in several zones along the gauge length of specimens, and we demonstrate that a localized type of transformation is a generic feature of pseudoelastic as well as of shape memory deformation. Moreover, the ACPD signals allow to differentiate between temperature-induced martensite (formed during cooling at no or relatively small loads), stress-induced martensite, and reoriented martensite (formed under load at low temperatures).
The paper presents technical details of the drop test performance as well as some experimental results of tests carried out with the Japanese 'Yoyushindo-disposal' waste container for intermediate depth disposal. The tests were accompanied by various metrology to collect data as basis for safety assessment.
This paper presents three examples of applied
numerical modeling and inverse profiling in electromagnetic
non-destructive testing. In the first example, we discuss
numerical modeling and optimization of eddy current sensors for
in-line inspection of hot wire steel. To detect longitudinal cracks
a series of new sensors are modelled and optimized by numerical
modeling and is successfully tested. The second example presents
the application of a time-domain technique to reconstruct the
unknown permittivity and electric conductivity profile of a onedimensional
slab of finite length. The inverse scattering problem
is solved by an Invariant Embedding Method which requires a
finite time trace of reflection data and therefore is suitable for
reconstructing the material parameters in real-time. The
implemented method is validated against synthetic and measured
Time Domain Reflectometry data. The third example
demonstrates the application of the Contrast Source Inversion
method to reconstruct the 2-D permittivity profile of a beech
tree. Thus, the discussed applications present an identified need
of numerical modeling and inverse profiling in electromagnetic
non-destructive evaluation.
Lamb waves travel in plates and hollow cylinders over large distances and propagate with multiple mode shapes. Therefore the waves can be used for integrity tests of large scale structures. Each propagating wave mode has a unique dispersive character and a frequency dependent vibration pattern. Therefore, by interacting with flaws each mode is assumed to generate an individual reflection pattern depending on the flaw type, flaw orientation and size. To extract this information a frequency as well as wave number dependent mode excitation is required ensuring a single mode excitation. The challenge, however, is to control the selective mode excitation electronically to allow a sequence of consecutive tests with different wave modes to collect the data. A method is proposed using phased array wedge transducers with fluid coupling for normal force excitation of Lamb wave modes. The excitation principle is investigated analytically on plates by modelling the wave generation in the wedge and the coupling between wedge and structure. The analytical results of the excitation principle are validated by corresponding experiments where the field patterns on the wedge surface and on the plate were scanned using a laser vibrometer. The directivity of the radiated field is investigated together with the direction dependent analysis of the mode content.
In this contribution a simulation tool is developed to compute the energy skewing angles and energy coefficients
for the reflected and refracted plane waves in following general cases: (1) reflection and refraction
of plane elastic waves at an interface between isotropic and transversely isotropic solid, (2) reflection
and refraction of plane elastic waves at an interface between transversely isotropic and isotropic solid, (3)
reflection and refraction of plane elastic waves at an interface between two general transversely isotropic
solid and (4) reflection of plane elastic waves from a stress free boundary of a transversely isotropic solid.
Computational results for analytically evaluated acoustic wave energy skewing angles and energy reflection
and transmission coefficients in acoustically anisotropic materials such as austenitic steel materials
exhibiting columnar grain orientation are presented. The obtained results show that the acoustic energy
skewing angles and coefficients in austenitic steel materials strongly depend upon the columnar grain
orientation and are less influenced by the grain orientations which are parallel and perpendicular to the
interface.
When dealing in ultrasonic testing with inhomogeneous and anisotropic material structure such as
diverse types of components made from austenitic or nickel based cast, which are currently used
for modern power plant concepts, data interpretation is quite difficult. For better understanding of
the complex interaction between the sound field and the component under test, the mathematical
modeling of sound propagation in solids is a substantial task to increase the probability of
detection of relevant defects.
First we present a mathematical approach for modeling the three dimensional transient
particle displacement as a function of time in each point in a half space excited by an impulsive
point load at the surface. The transient ultrasonic field of a rectangular array element is calculated
with this approach by a point source synthesis. Based on this solution we model the wave
propagation of a phased array transducer by time delayed superposition of the wave field of the
transducer elements.
Next we use an electrodynamic technique to visualize the grazing sound field at the surface
of a test block radiated by a phased array probe. By detecting the grazing beam at the samples
surface with a small electrodynamic probe, we measured the particle displacement as a function of
time. It allows for measuring the displacement in all three spatial directions. This comprises the
detection of the horizontal and vertical particle displacement with respect to the surface and thus
also the detection of longitudinal and shear waves is possible.
The calculated and measured wave fields will be compared for different delay laws in
isotropic and transversely isotropic media. The results support the theoretical activities to model
the wave propagation and to find optimal testing parameters for different components and
configurations.
The classification of solid oxidizers according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classifica-tion and Labelling of Chemicals) and according to regulations on the transport of dangerous goods (based on the UN Recommendations/Model Regulations and implemented in all carrier domains as transport by road, railway, sea, air) is performed on the basis of the results of the UN test O.1 (―Test for oxidizing solids‖ described in chapter 34.4.1 in the Recommendations on the Transport of Danger-ous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, Fifth revised edition, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2009). This test was introduced into the UN Test Manual in 1995 as a replacement for a similar test from 1986. Even though the O.1 test is much better than the previous one there are still many prob-lems with this test. For this reason the IGUS-EOS working group (international group of experts on the explosion risks of unstable substances – working group: energetic and oxidizing substances) installed an ad-hoc working group in 2002 assigned with the task of proposing solutions for the existing prob-lems. The adequacy of such proposals has to be proven preferably by interlaboratory comparison (interlaboratory test) before they are presented to the UN Sub Committee for adoption into the UN Test Manual. The present report is the evaluation of an interlaboratory test which was designed by the Ad-hoc working group in order to find out whether the current method of comparing combustion times of test mixtures with those of reference mixtures is suitable in principle and whether some approaches for improvement of the method can be identified.
Die Ressourcenverknappung und steigende Preise rücken nachhaltiges Wirtschaften und die Wiederverwertung von Abfällen in den Blickpunkt der Forschung. Bauabfälle sind in Deutschland – mit 72,4 Mio.t im Jahr 2004 – der größte Abfallstrom. Es wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Technik zur Aufarbeitung und Verwertung von Bauabfällen gegeben und die Anforderungen an Bauabfälle, die als Sekundärrohstoff eingesetzt werden sollen, diskutiert. Die Forschung im Baustoffrecycling bezieht sich sowohl auf neue Aufbereitungstechniken als auch auf die Charakterisierung der Recyclingmaterialien sowie auf deren Einfluss auf die Betonqualität. Die Eignung und Verwertung von Bauabfällen als Sekundärrohstoffe für Baustoffe wird anhand ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzungen mit Hilfe von ternären Diagrammen diskutiert.----------------------------------------------------------------------
An overview about quantity of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and a state of the art of the reuse is given. The technology is described, which is applied for the processing of CDW in a stationary plant. The requirements on recycled aggregates, which shall be used in road construction or in manufacturing of concrete, can be divided in such related to the material and physical properties and such related to the environmental properties. The rules give guidance on the composition with the aim of excluding the constituents with unfavourable features. The environmental standards which yet in discussion are give threshold of the leachable components in recycled aggregates. The material potential of building waste is discussed. Information on the chemical composition of recycled materials is compared with the composition of pure materials. With the aid of ternary charts such building materials are identified, in which the recycled materials can be used as recycled feedstock.
Zwei Bildhauermodelle aus dem Georg-Kolbe-Museum Berlin standen
zur Restaurierung an. Das kleinere, 'Lucino' (1920), 41cm, wurde hochauflösend
mit CT gemessen, da mittels CT sowohl der Herstellungsprozeß einer Gipsstatue
als auch der innere Zustand, wie Ergänzungen, Klebungen und Armierungen,
festgestellt werden können. Aus den CT Bildern ergab sich eine für die vorher vermutete
Gipszusammensetzung ungewöhnliche innere Struktur. Mit einer Freihand
bedienten Röntgenpistole zur Messung der Röntgenfluoreszenz wurde daraufhin die
Zusammensetzung des Materials der Statuette als Terracotta bestimmt. Durch den
Einsatz von Helium als Spülmittel konnten auch leichte Materialien nachgewiesen
und so eine Unterscheidung zwischen Gips und gebranntem Ton durchgeführt werden.
Aus den CT Daten wurde eine virtuelle Darstellung der äußeren Geometrie gewonnen.
Ein damit versuchsweise erstelltes Replik (Rapid Prototyping, 3D-Drucker,
TU-Berlin) entsprach nicht den Anforderungen des Museums zur Erstellung einer
Gußform für eine Bronzekleinserie der Statuette.
Die zweite Statue, die 'Große Nacht' (1930) ist mit ihrer Größe von 2,12m und aufgrund
des durch korrodierende Metallarmierung verursachten Schadensbildes nicht
mehr transportfähig. Eine in-situ Untersuchung mit dem mobilen Tomographen, der
in den 1980ern zur Untersuchung von Bäumen gebaut und jetzt mit einem modernen
Flachdetektor und einer Röntgenröhre ausgestattet ist, wird vorgestellt. Die Möglichkeiten
der in-situ CT für große Skulpturen werden anhand der Ergebnisse diskutiert.
In internationalen Normen und Regelwerken werden zur Überprüfung der thermischen Belastbarkeit von Umschließungen für gefährliche Güter Versuche vorgeschrieben, die u. a. Vorgaben hinsichtlich der Wärmebelastung enthalten. Diese Vorgaben beziehen sich i. d. R. auf ein Kerosin- oder Heizölfeuer, denen die Gefahrgutumschließungen ausgesetzt werden müssen. Versuche mit diesen Medien belasten jedoch die Umwelt in einem heute nicht mehr tragbaren Umfang. Als alternatives Medium bietet sich verflüssigtes Propangemisch (LPG) an. Zur Ermittlung eines äquivalenten Wärmeeintrags mussten vergleichende Versuche durchgeführt werden. Hierzu hat die BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung neue Brandprüfstände entwickelt und die nachfolgend beschriebenen Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
The special properties of high molecular weight polyethylene (HMW-PE) and ultra high molecular
weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) result basically from their extreme chain lengths and their high
degree of crystallinity. As high-performance polymers, they are used for a variety of applications.
UHMW-PE in particular is often utilized for endoprothesis (due to its excellent slip and wear
properties) and due to its high hydrogen content as a neutron moderator in casks for storage and
transport of radioactive materials.
To prepare the material for instance for its use as a total joint replacement, it is exposed to radiation
for several reasons, such as sterilization and crosslinking, leading to partial improvement of the
mechanical properties (e.g. fracture toughness, crack propagation resistance, wear resistance) and
better chemical stability.
To be applicable for long term radiation shielding purposes for instance over a period of 40 years,
PE has to withstand any type of degradation affecting safety relevant aspects.
The scope of our investigation comprises an estimation of the radiation impact on the molecular and
supra molecular structure of two types of PE and to what extent these changes are detectable by
thermo-analytical (TA) methods, such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermo
Mechanical Analysis (TMA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermo Gravimetric
Analysis (TGA). Additionally FT-IR spectroscopy as well as density and gas sorption
measurements were carried out.
Due to the poor solubility of HMW-PE and UHMW-PE, some classical analytical techniques are
not applicable. But TA-methods represent a feasible approach to detect structural and
morphological features of these materials as well as changes caused by external influences, such as
thermal treatment and/or irradiation. With the combination of the applied TA-techniques it is
possible to distinguish between crosslinking and degradation.
Packages for the transport of radioactive material are generally equipped with specific
structures (basket) to support the radioactive content in defined position. The safety function
of the basket depends on the kind of transported inventory. In case of transport cask for spent
fuel, the basket design has to ensure the subcriticality of the fissile material in all conditions
of transport in particular. Therefore the evaluation of structural integrity and neutron
absorption capability of the basket is an important part of complete safety analysis. Sufficient
heat transfer to maintain fuel assembly and cask temperature within allowable limits has to be
verified as well. Corrosion resistance is an additional requirement on basket materials owing
to contact with water during loading and unloading operations.
Computational and experimental methods or their combination along with additional material
and component tests can be used to analyse the mechanical and thermal basket behaviour
under transport conditions defined in IAEA regulations. By deciding between the analysis
methods, the design features (including material selection concept) as well as specific safety
function should be accounted.
In approval procedures of transport packages for radioactive materials, the competent
authority mechanical and thermal safety assessment is carried out in Germany by BAM. Some
questions of safety evaluation of basket designs are discussed in this paper based on the BAM
experience within approval procedures. The paper focuses primarily on the mechanical
behaviour of baskets with regard to the assumptions that have to be used in the criticality
safety demonstration. The state of the art methodologies for computational basket stress and
deformation analysis as well as for interpretation of drop tests results are presented.