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Eingeladener Vortrag
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The BAM List serves as the basis for the BAM's substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers designed for the transport of dangerous goods; further to this, the list may also be used as a knowledge source for the approval of tank vehicles. Furthermore, it also serves as a reference for the material-related evaluation of other types of containers transporting dangerous materials.
This synoptic presentation of requirements for tanks to be used for the transport of dangerous goods is based on data stored in the BAM's TANKSAFE data base. This data reflects state of the art reliability engineering in this field of operations. For years it has formed a basis for the BAM in its responsibility for awarding prototype approvals for tank containers.
Durch die Entwicklung des Schichtverbundkörpers wurde eine Probengeometrie geschaffen, die sowohl Zerspan- und Streifenziehversuche als auch Modellverschleiß-, Bauteils-, metallographische und mikroanalytische Untersuchungen an einem Körper erlaubt. Neben den Labor und Feldversuchen waren auch umfangreiche Rauheits-, Eigenspannungs- und Texturmessungen Schwerpunkte der Untersuchungen.
Ziel der Untersuchung war, beliebige Dämpfungsverläufe in die allgemeinen, im Zeitraum formulierten Bewegungsgleichungen zu implizieren und vor allem die numerischen Konsequenzen der Resultate aufzuzeigen. Ferner wird ein Lösungsverfahren entwickelt, das mittels komplexen Streifigkeitsansätze unter Verwendung zeitversetzter Belastung eine vollständige Erfassung allgemeiner Dämpfungsvorgaben gestattet.
Hier wird der chronologische Verlauf der Kristallisation verfolgt. Sie beginnt mit den thermodynamischen Grundlagen der Keimbildung und des Wachstums, stellt anschließend Wachstumsformen in der Frühlphase der Kristallisation vor und behandelt schließlich die spärolithische Hauptkristallisation sowie die sogenannte Nachkristallisation.
Es werden 15 Merkmale vorgestellt, die als Einzelmerkmale und als Merkmalskombination an einem Schweißnahtkatalog mit über 500 Fehlerabbildungen erprobt worden. Die Beurteilung der Merkmale erfolgt im eindimensionalen Fall über das Gütemaß und den Bhattacharyya-Koeffizienten. Im mehrdimensionalen Merkmalsraum wird zur Beurteilung der Merkmalskombination zusätzlich die Hauptkomponententransformation eingesetzt.
NMR is a powerful method for structure elucidation and determination of polymers in solution. Soluble polymers can be studied by high resolution techniques - just äs small molecules - provided there is sufficient segmental motion to average out some of the linebroadening effects. The resonance lines remain broader, however, which can result in peak overlapping, especially for proton spectra. Carbon NMR is favoured in this field because of the larger spectral range and the feasibility of getting single lines by proton broad-band decoupling. One particulariy important use of NMR is the determination ofthe microstructure of the polymer chain.
The application of high resolution NMR to solid polymers was not possible until the development of techniques like magic angle spinning, high power proton decoupling and cross polarization. The linebroadening effects in thermoplastic and duroplastic polymers, however, are only reduced to some extent. The spectra show relatively broad lines, with typical linewidths of 100 - 500 Hz, which are roughly 10 to 100 times larger than in the liquid state. Different from thermoplastic and duroplastic polymers the spectra of elastomers have a much better resolution if the measurements are performed well above the glass transition temperature. This condition is fulfilled at room temperature for many elastomers. Above Tg linebroadening effects are averaged out by segmental motions, comparable to the liquid phase. By raising the temperature the resolution can be increased further which especially improves the spectra of elastomers with relatively high glass transition temperatures.
Filiers can influence the linewidth of the spectra. The effect is twofold. First, the filier particies, e.g. carbon black, introduce microscopic inhohogeneities by susceptibility variations. Second, the molecular mobility ofthe polymer chains is reduced. Both effects can be averaged out to a great extent by magic angle spinning and high power decoupling, however. Therefore the filier has no detrimental influence on the resolution of the solid-state elastomer spectra. As a consequence, no decomposition procedures are necessary prior to the NMR investigation. The sample can be measured in its original molecular state.
This was the starting point for a thorough and comprehensive investigation of filled elastomers using the solid state technique in order to find out the possibilities and limits. The experiment tumed out to be very suecessfül. This lead us to the idea to put all the spectra together in form of a spectra catalogue.The collection contains the most important Standard and special commercial rubber types. In order to complement the solid state NMR part two chapters on blends and thermoplastic elastomers are added. Proton and carbon solution spectra of the raw rubbers are also included. Especially important is the interpretation ofthe spectra, in order not to display only "fingerprints".