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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (38)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (29)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (22)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (16)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (15)
- 6 Materialchemie (13)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (12)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (11)
- 8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen (10)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (9)
Confronted with indications that the SNML could be a forgery, we reviewed data from our previous analyses again and supplemented it with additional readings. Again, we were short of time. During the first measurement campaign we employed X-ray fluorescence analysis to identify specific trace elements and thereby characterize different writing and drawing materials. In the new measurement campaign, we once again carried out an extensive X-ray fluorescence analysis. In addition, this time we also employed reflection infrared spectroscopy and confocal microscopy.
As with earlier measurement campaigns, we were determined not to take samples. Throughout the process, we have continued to regard the object in question as unique, and as such not to he physically altered in any way. Throughout the analysis, however, it has been clear that non-destructive testing provides less comprehensive results than methods that require testing physical samples. The examinations described below were carried out not only on the SNML, but also on reference objects. The most important of these in this framework was the SN Graz, which is generally accepted as authentic. The following illustrates the results of the analysis in detail.
Bau- und Abbruchabfälle stellen den größten Abfallstrom in Deutschland dar. Die anfallenden Mengen und die erreichten Recyclingquoten sind in den seit 1996 erscheinenden Monitoring-Berichten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreislaufwirtschaftsträger Bau dargestellt. In dem 2013 erschienenen Bericht [BV Baustoffe 2013] wird ausgewiesen, dass im Jahr 2010 53.1 Millionen Tonnen Bauschutt (ohne Straßenaufbruch) bestehend aus Beton- und Mauerwerkabbruch anfielen. Im Jahr 2010 fielen in Deutschland neben den rund 6 Mio. Tonnen reiner Ziegelabfalle mehr als 20 Mio. Tonnen ziegelhaltige Gemische als Bau- und Abbruchabfälle an [destatis 2012], Das in stationären oder mobilen Anlagen aufbereitete Material wird hauptsächlich im Tief- und Landschaftsbau eingesetzt. Ein Einsatz im Hochbau erfolgt nur vereinzelt. Hierbei werden rezyklierte grobe Gesteinskörnungen für Normalbeton aus Betonbruch gewonnen. Heterogener Mauerwerkbruch, der Wandbaustoffe, Mörtel, Putz, Fliesen und weitere Bestandteile enthält, oder die bei der Aufbereitung zwangsläufig entstehenden Feinfraktionen finden bisher keine Verwendung. Ursachen dafür sind die erhebliche Heterogenität in Bezug auf die Materialzusammensetzung und der große Feinkornanteil. Die Verwertung als Verfullmaterial und im Deponiebau oder die Deponierung selbst wird zukünftig durch die strikte Anwendung des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes bzw. den stetigen Rückgang von Deponiekapazitäten nicht mehr möglich sein.
Aerosol-based DBD - A simple way to provide polymers with functional groups for adhesion promotion
(2013)
Polypropylene (PP) foils were exposed to the plasma of an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in presence of different aerosols. Pure liquids such as water, ethanol, and 1/1 mixtures ethanol/water (v/v) or aqueous Solutions of acetic acid, poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), and ethylene glycolpoly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer were introduced into the DBD. Surface composition, the number of functional groups per 100 C atoms, and water contact angles were correlated with the energy density of DBD plasma exposure.
The wettability of the treated surfaces was investigated for different storage times. Peel strength of the thermally deposited aluminum layer to modified polymer surfaces revealed that the aerosol introduction strongly improves the adhesion between aluminum and polypropylene.
Cryogenic solid lubrication
(2013)
While the possibilities of improving corrosion resistance (especially galvanic corrosion) by alloying are limited, surface finishing of magnesium alloys is the alternative for improving corrosion resistance. Due to the low corrosion potential of Mg and the danger of galvanic corrosion in the case of a coating defect, the choice of coatings is limited. This chapter will summarize the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys and the metallurgical possibilities to improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys and reviewing critically the most commonly used surface treatments and coatings for magnesium.
This chapter will focus on those standards and standardization projects which are relevant for nanomaterials. These are mainly terminology documents defining a nanomaterial, documents describing the measurement and characterization of nanomaterials, the specifications and performance assessment of nanomaterials, as well as documents describing how nanomaterials can influence environment, health, and safety.
Polymer contact mechanics
(2013)
Polymer nanolayers
(2013)
Polymer Adhesion
(2013)
Es wurde ein Gerät zur In-situ-Kontrolle des Sinterns keramischer Bauteile mit Hilfe der Hochtemperatur-Lasertriangulation aufgebaut. Durch Rotation der Probe und gleichzeitiger Positionierung des Laserabstandssensors erfolgt die dreidimensionale Erfassung der Topografie der Probenoberfläche. Derzeit können flache Proben mit den Maßen < 20 cm x 20 cm x 1 cm bis 1000 °C untersucht werden. Die örtliche Wiederholpräzision des verwendeten Lasersensors beträgt 10 µm bei 20 °C und 15 µm bei 1000 °C. Die lineare Positioniergenauigkeit des Sensors liegt bei 1 µm, die Winkelauflösung der Drehung des Probentellers beträgt 0,0025 °. Daten für ein 3D-Oberflächenprofil werden in etwa 2 bis 3 Minuten erzeugt. Spezielle Linienprofile erhält man bei einer Messzeit von wenigen Sekunden.
Laser hybrid welding technology provides a number of advantages, which in the previous decade have promoted its implementation in different branches of industry such as automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding and power generation. Some examples of the applications of laser hybrid welding are reviewed to demonstrate the technological and economic potential of this technology. The main objective of this chapter is to show some of the benefits and limitations of the process and to give some examples of how the number of applications could rise, taking into account the advantages of the new laser systems, optical components, arc power sources and sensor systems available nowadays.
This chapter summarizes the state of the art and current developments of guidelines for structural health monitoring (SHM) and performance control. Technical guidelines and standards for condition monitoring and technical diagnostics of rotary machines and for non-destructive testing are not reviewed in this chapter.
This chapter introduces and describes the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) to engineers and designers of technical structures, and to the owners/operators of such structures. It formulates general principles for integrating and implementing measurement and signal processing technologies in the context of SHM to diagnose the condition, performance and health of a technical structure. Information and recommended methods for designing instrumentation, data acquisition, data processing and data analysis for any SHM application are offered.
Embedded sensors
(2013)
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: using ultrasound to monitor the curing of composites
(2013)
Typical composite materials for lightweight construction consist of a fibre (glass or carbon) reinforced thermosetting matrix. The impregnation of the fabric is made with liquid resin – usually epoxy resin or unsaturated polyester resin are used. The main processing methods are resin transfer moulding (RTM) and prepreg technology often used in combination with autoclave curing. After shaping, the resin must be cured. The final properties of the produced parts depend on the curing degree and the final glass transition temperature. Analytical methods and the use of ultrasound for online cure monitoring in the manufacturing process are introduced. Examples for the application of ultrasonic cure monitoring for the production of composite parts for traffic systems are also covered.
In the last decades it has been necessary to face emergencies due to big crisis events caused by anthropic and natural events. In particular modern technological Systems have reached such a high level of complexity that even a simple event can influence correct behavior with potential catastrophic consequences. The security and economy of technologically developed countries depends on the correct behavior of this infrastructure and on the continuity of the Services that they grant.
In this framework, risk management assumes an important role focusing on policies for vulnerability reduction and after-crisis management. It imposes a multidisciplinary and transnational approach in Order to establish a common strategy between different countries, studying how to be prepared for disasters and prevent disaster damage. In this paper a preliminary analysis of risk categories is presented, suggesting a number of tentative proposals for risk reduction.
A convenient way to overcome the chemical inertness of polyolefin surfaces is to expose them to the atmospheric air plasma of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). To improve the efficiency in formation of polar groups at the polyolefin surface, different liquids such as water and ethanol were sprayed as aerosol into the plasma zone between the powered electrode and the polyolefin surface. Both sprayed liquids as well as the polyolefin surface were simultaneously activated; thus, the formation of different functional groups at the polyolefin surface was realized. The type of aerosol-sprayed additive, exposure time, power etc. have been found to determine the efficiency with respect to introduction of polar groups.
Schätzungen zufolge leben und arbeiten zurzeit 30 bis 40 % der Weltbevölkerung in Gebäuden aus Lehm. Darunter befindet sich auch eine nicht unerhebliche Anzahl an Baudenkmälern, davon viele in einem gefährdeten Zustand. Bauwerke aus Lehm erfordern einen hohen Unterhaltungsaufwand, da sie anfällig sind für Erosion bei Regen sowie Abplatzungen und Querschnittsschwächung, wenn Salze kapillar transportiert werden und auskristallisieren. Außerdem sind sie empfindlich gegenüber mechanischen Beanspruchungen. So führen bereits relativ niedrige Zug- oder Druckspannungen zu Schädigungen durch Rissbildung. Einige Lehmbauweisen werden heute nicht mehr ausgeführt und das Wissen über sie ist zumindest teilweise verloren gegangen. Die verschiedenen Lehmbauweisen unterscheiden sich deutlich in Bezug auf die Zusammensetzung des Materials und die Bautechniken.
Im Forschungsprojekt „Aufbaukörnungen“ wird eine Technologie zur Herstellung hochwertiger Leichtgranulate aus sekundären Rohstoffen auf der Basis von heterogenen und teilweise feinkörnigen Bau- und Abbruchabfallen entwickelt. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen steht der Mauerwerkbruch, der größere Verwertungsdefizite als Betonbruch aufweist, Im Jahr 2010 fielen in Deutschland neben den rund 6 Mio. Tonnen reiner Ziegelabfälle mehr als 20 Mio. Tonnen ziegelhaltige Gemische als Bau- und Abbruchabfälle an. Der Verwertungsstrategie liegt die Idee des rohstofflichen Recyclings zu Grunde. Das heißt, nicht die physikalischmechanischen Eigenschaften des Mauerwerkbruchs, sondern sein Rohstoffpotenzial wird genutzt. Das Recycling baut auf der chemisch-mineralogischen Zusammensetzung des Ausgangsmaterials auf. Die Leichtgranulate(Aufbaukörnungen) werden am Ende eines mehrstufigen Herstellungsprozesses durch thermische oder hydrothermale Erhärtung produziert.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Herstellungsprozess beschrieben und die Ergebnisse zu den chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der hergestellten Leichtgranulate denen von vergleichbaren handelsüblichen Blähtönen gegenübergestellt. Entscheidend für die Eignung einer leichten Gesteinskörnung ist jedoch letztlich ihre Leistungsfähigkeit im Beton. Daher wurden Betone mit den neuartigen Leichtgranulaten hergestellt. Über die Festbetoneigenschaften wird ebenfalls berichtet.
Flammable gases and vapors
(2013)
ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life science engineering, covering inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, and much more.
Investigations of physical properties and chemical composition generate important data for answering cultural–historical questions that cannot be solved by historical and philological methods alone. In its individual materiality, each cultural asset is the result of a wide variety of influences (e.g. production, storage, restoration, preservation). Due to recent technological developments (e.g. miniaturization of structural units, enlargement of memory capacity), technical diagnostics in art and culture are becoming more and more coveted in such fields of trans-disciplinary research.
Werkstoffe
(2012)
In the last decade, the use of interaction chromatography and hyphenated techniques has become increasingly important for the characterization of polymeric materials. Interaction chromatography allows separation by other structural features than molar mass, while hyphenation with mass spectroscopy or spectroscopic techniques provides detailed characterization of the separated chromatographic fractions.
This chapter gives an overview of the principles and applications of interaction chromatography and the information that can be determined by hyphenation of polymer chromatography with mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques.
In Chap. 1 of this book, the term Technical Diagnostics has been introduced as the examination of symptoms and syndromes to determine the nature of faults or failures of technical objects. Their characteristics in different technological areas may be of very different nature. One of them is the reaction of technical objects to deform under loads. Those loads may be induced by external forces or thermal fields resulting in mechanical or thermal stresses, respectively. Another reason of deformation is the permanent presence of internal material forces mainly caused by material processing technologies at elevated temperatures such as welding, forging, rolling, or casting and referred to as residual stresses.
Beyond classical X-ray techniques are used for the purpose of preferably short-term applications, but some supplementary X-ray and synchrotron techniques for higher resolution microdiagnostics take advantage of scattering effects. In contrast to directly imaging methods their resolution is only limited by the diffraction limit of the X-ray wavelength, far below the atomic dimensions. These techniques of scanning topography and refraction synchrotron tomography may permit the systematic diagnostics for finding and exploiting structure/property relations like correlations among atomic, nano and microstructures with macroscopic properties. Their basic advantage over microscopic techniques is their potential for the non-destructive characterisation of materials, far from invasive sample treatments. They combine scattering and spatial resolution.
Non-destructive evaluation
(2013)
Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are employed in the technical field as a precautionary to avoid accidence or emergency situations for the human and the environment. A risk situation in the technical field could happen if the load of a component is increasing and the wall thickness due to defect growth is decreasing until a critical defect situation. The result of such scenarios could be catastrophic breakdown of the component with sometimes severe aftermath for the human.
Acoustic emission
(2013)
Many performance properties of devices or interacting machine parts are related to superficial layers which often show completely different or at least modified microstructures compared to the bulk materials. A quasi non-destructive technique will be described which enables us to obtain detailed information of a material's state at a certain site of interest down to a depth of 10 µm from the surface with nanometre or even atomistic resolution.
Pool fires and spill fires
(2012)
This chapter introduces conceptually Part C of the Handbook Technical Diagnostics of Machines and Plants. Although various prescriptions for organization and performing failure analyses are existing in literature [1–6], up to the present no approach is consistent to the concept of technical systems in the Sects 2.2 and 2.3 (Fig. 2.6) and thus, a comprehensive concept is outlined in this section, with a special attribute to the VDI-Guideline 3822 Failure Analysis.
Pyrolysis, flammability, fire behavior, melt viscosity, and gas diffusion of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) were investigated, with bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), with 10 wt.% talc and with BDP in combination with 5, 10 and 20 wt.% talc, respectively. Compared to PC/ABS, PC/ABS + BDP results in an increased decomposition temperature of PC, a higher char yield, a significantly increased LOI, a V-0 classification in UL 94, a reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR), and a reduced total heat release (THR) in the cone calorimeter. This efficient flame retardancy is due to mechanisms in both the gas and condensed phases. PC/ABS + 10 wt.% talc shows a decrease in the PC decomposition temperature. The fire behavior is improved in part compared to PC/ABS, with an increased LOI and reduced pHRR. PC/ABS + BDP + 10 wt.% talc shows a strong synergism in LOI, a V-0 classification, and a decrease in pHRR, whereas THR is slightly increased compared to PC/ABS + BDP. Talc decreases the gas diffusion and enhances the flow limit for low shear rates, both of which influence the pyrolysis and flammability results. Further, talc improves the protection properties of the fire residues. Nevertheless it also partly suppresses flame inhibition and the charring effect of BDP. The synergism between BDP and talc in LOI is obtained even for low talc loadings in PC/ABS + BDP + talc, whereas for higher loadings saturation is observed.
Deliberate and accidental exposure of the ecosystem including humans to nanoparticles becomes inevitable as nanomaterials are increasingly used. In biological fluids, biomolecules associate with nanoparticles, leading to the formation of a dynamic biomolecule “corona” that critically defines the biological identity of the particle. As the bio-physical properties of such a decorated particle often differ significantly from those of the formulated particle a detailed characterization of nanoparticles in biological environments becomes increasingly important though, nevertheless also technically challenging. Here, we introduce experimental methods currently employed for nanoparticle characterization, present examples underlining the complexity of the nano-bio interface, and discuss the need for further technical and conceptual developments. A deep and mechanistic bio-physical understanding of the nano-bio interface is a challenge but also fundamental prerequisite for future applications in nanobiology, nanomedicine and nano(eco)toxicology.
The chemistry of caffeine
(2012)
Laminates of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), which are manufactured by injection technology, are reinforced with boehmite particles. This doping strengthens the laminates, whose original properties are weaker than those of prepregs. Besides the shear strength, compression strength and the damage tolerance, the mode of action of the nanoparticles in resin and in CFRP is also analyzed. It thereby reveals that the hydroxyl groups and even more a taurine modification of the boehmites' surface alter the elementary polymer morphology. Consequently a new flow and reaction comportment, lower glass transition temperatures and shrinkage, as well as a changed mechanical behavior occur. Due to a structural upgrading of the matrix (higher shear stiffness, reduced residual stress), a better fiber-matrix adhesion, and differing crack paths, the boehmite nanoparticles move the degradation barrier of the material to higher loadings, thus resulting in considerably upgraded new CFRP.
Under environmental conditions water exists in all three classical States of matter: solid, liquid and gas. The water molecule is non-linear and therefore polar. In comparison with other liquids water has anomalous features; about 63 exceptional properties are recorded. This article starts with reviewing properties of water, typical occurrences and definitions such as relative and absolute humidity and moisture content.
Water is present everywhere in nature and engineering; it may be helpful or harmful. The survey concerns both: atmospheric hygrometry and usual measuring methods of the moisture content of solids and liquids as well as water Sorption. The determination of the atmospheric humidity is among the more difficult problems in metrology. In contrast, humidity determination of materials is simple; however the definition of the dry state is difficult. Because water is bound at and in solids and liquids in many different ways it tums out that the humidity content of materials is difficult to define and to measure accurately. We provide a survey on the measuring methods, describe the most important ones and discuss advantages and accuracy.
In the search for extraterrestrial water special remote measuring methods have been developed analysing the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation either of natural sources or produced by a probe and reflected. Spacious deposits have been detected photographically. In situ investigations are made using conventional methods.
With regard to the problems of measurements, Standardisation of measuring methods and procedures is required. There exist many institutions, which are engaged in investigating the use of water and standardising measuring methods. In tabular form, we give a survey on existing Standards.
Fractionation
(2012)
The enormous diversity of polymers with respect to molecular weight, molecular architecture, and – in the case of copolymers – also the content and arrangement of dissimilar monomers requires well-targeted methods for the separation of the different species that are contained in a given sample. This chapter presents the most abundant fractionation procedures, which are either based on thermodynamic driving forces (like in the case of liquid–liquid phase separation) or on kinetic effects (as with field-flow fractionation).
In order to reduce experimental effort, tribological tests are performed for coating selection, simulating the friction, wear and scuffing behaviour between the piston ring and cylinder liner, as well as lubricant evaluation. The creation of test standards in piston ring/cylinder liner simulation is discussed. PVD coatings, HVOF coatings and nitriding treatments have been applied to piston rings as alternative for chromium coatings. CrN/TiN coating seems very effective for increasing the wear and scuffing resistance. Biodegradable engine oils based on esters and polyglycols reduce friction and exceed the wear resistance of reference engine oils based on hydrocarbons for the new generation engines with high cylinder pressures.
In recent years mass spectrometric methods, in particular matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) have become indispensable tools for analyzing molecular masses and mass distributions of polymers. Moreover, these techniques offer the advantage of being able to determine simultaneously chemical functionality, and compositional and topological distributions of polymers. Especially in combination with liquid and/or gas phase separation methods, a comprehensive polymer characterization can be achieved and the difficulties of MS to analyze chemically heterogeneous polymers, copolymers, and samples with broad molecular mass distribution can be overcome.
Amorphous polymers
(2012)
The nature of the amorphous state in polymers is a classical topic in soft matter science with an immediate impact on modern technology. The chapter introduces the central concepts in this field and reviews a wealth of experimental information obtained by structural and dynamic techniques, such as neutron and X-ray scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mechanical and specific heat spectroscopy, among others, covering dimensions between atomic (0.1 nm) to macroscopic (100 nm) length scales and timescales spanning more than 12 orders of magnitude, from picoseconds to seconds and longer. The theoretical models to describe the experimental findings are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to polymers having different architectures such as rings, stars, and block copolymers, and to the dynamics in nanometer thin layers.
Methoden der Dauerüberwachung von Gebäuden des kulturellen Erbes im Rahmen der Denkmalkonservierung
(2012)
Infrared thermography
(2012)
Near-IR femtosecond (fs) (pulse duration = 150 fs, wavelength = 775 um, Repetition rate 1 kHz) and VUV nanosecond (ns) (pulse duration = 20 ns, wavelength = 157 nm, repetition rate 1 to 5 Hz) laser pulse ablation of single-crystalline TeO? (c-Te02) surfaces was performed in air using the direct focusing technique. A multi-method characterization using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the surface morphology of the ablated craters. This allowed us at each irradiation site to characterize precisely the lateral and vertical dimensions of the laser-ablated craters for different laser pulse energies and number of laser pulses per spot. Based on the obtained information, we quantitatively determined the Ablation threshold fluence for the fs laser irradiation when different pulse numbers were applied to the same spot using two independent extrapolation techniques. We found that in the case of NIR fs laser pulse irradiation, the ablation threshold significantly depends on the number of laser pulses applied to the same spot indicating that incubation effects play an important role in this material. In the case of VUV ns laser pulses, the ablation rate is significantly higher due to the high photon energy and the predominantly linear absorption in the material. These results are discussed on the basis of recent models of the interaction of laser pulses with dielectrics. In the second part of this chapter, we use timeof-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) to analyze the elemental composltion of the ablation products generated upon laser irradiation of c-Te02 with single fs- (pulse duration ~ 200 fs, wavelength 398 nm) and ns-pulses (pulse duration 4 ns, wavelength 355 nm). Due to the three Order of magnitude different peak intensities of the ns- and fs laser pulses, significant differences were observed regarding the laser-induced species in the plasma plume. Positive singly, doubly and triply charged Te ions (Te+, Te2+, Te3+) in the form of many different isotopes were observed in case of both irradiations. In the case of the ns-laser ablation, the TeO+ formation was negligible compared to the fs case and there was no Te trimer (Te3+) formation observed. It was found that the amplitude of Te ion Signals strongly depends on the applied laser pulse energy. Singly charged Oxygen ions (0+) are always present as a byproduct in both kinds of laser ablation.
Near-IR femtosecond (fs) (pulse duration = 150 fs, wavelength = 775 nm, repetition
rate 1 kHz) and VUV nanosecond (ns) (pulse duration = 20 ns, wavelength = 157 nm,
repetition rate 1 to 5 Hz) laser pulse ablation of single-crystalline TeO2 (c-TeO2 ) surfaces
was performed in air using the direct focusing technique. A multi-method
characterization using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning
electron microscopy revealed the surface morphology of the ablated craters. This allowed
us at each irradiation site to characterize precisely the lateral and vertical dimensions of
the laser-ablated craters for different laser pulse energies and number of laser pulses per
spot. Based on the obtained information, we quantitatively determined the ablation
threshold fluence for the fs laser irradiation when different pulse numbers were applied to
the same spot using two independent extrapolation techniques. We found that in the case
of NIR fs laser pulse irradiation, the ablation threshold significantly depends on the
number of laser pulses applied to the same spot indicating that incubation effects play an
important role in this material. In the case of VUV ns laser pulses, the ablation rate is
significantly higher due to the high photon energy and the predominantly linear
absorption in the material. These results are discussed on the basis of recent models of the
interaction of laser pulses with dielectrics. In the second part of this chapter, we use time-
of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) to analyze the elemental composition of the
ablation products generated upon laser irradiation of c-TeO2 with single fs- (pulse
duration ~200 fs, wavelength 398 nm) and ns-pulses (pulse duration 4 ns, wavelength
355 nm). Due to the three order of magnitude different peak intensities of the ns- and fs
laser pulses, significant differences were observed regarding the laser-induced species in
the plasma plume. Positive singly, doubly and triply charged Te ions (Te+, Te2+, Te3+) in
the form of many different isotopes were observed in case of both irradiations. In the case
of the ns-laser ablation, the TeO+ formation was negligible compared to the fs case and
there was no Te trimer (Te3+) formation observed. It was found that the amplitude of Te
ion signals strongly depends on the applied laser pulse energy. Singly charged oxygen
ions (O+) are always present as a byproduct in both kinds of laser ablation.
Messtechnik und Sensorik
(2011)
In a future energy supply system based on renewable sources hydrogen technology will play a key role. Because the amount of energy from renewable sources, such as wind or solar power, differs seasonally and regionally, an energy storage method is necessary.
Hydrogen, as an environmentally friendly energy carrier, can fill this gap in an ideal way, in particular for mobile applications (Wurster et al., 2009). Already today, in Germany the amount of hydrogen as a byproduct in chemical industry is enough for fuelling about 1 Mio passenger cars1. Excess electrical power can be used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis. On demand, this hydrogen can be used for mobile or stationary fuel cells. Beside this new developing technology, hydrogen is used as fuel for rocket engines and in chemical industry since a long time. Table 1 comprises some physical parameters of hydrogen. It can be seen that hydrogen gas has a very low density which makes storage at high pressure or in liquid form (LH2) necessary.
In aeronautic and space engineering, safety is a major aspect. Periodical inspections by different non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are performed to assess the structural integrity. The accuracy of such inspection is high ly dependent on the skills of the technician. To be more efficient automated procedures independent of human decision are needed. The costs for such inspections are also significant as they require immobilisation of aircrafts. Alternative on-line structural health monitoring (SHM) procedure capable to detect, acquire, and identify damage should permit important cost reductions but also safety increase from real-time damage assessment. The increasing application of composite materials in modern aircrafts and spacecrafts permits the development of such procedure from the embedment of sensors and actuators in the structure during manufacturing.
The introduction of an innovative process for non-destructive testing is described in terms of its different phases and how the process is controlled in the Fraunhofer IZFP in order to obtain optimal results. Examples are discussed of applications by IZFP in various important and safety-relevant industrial sectors where the automated inspection systems were introduced. These case studies include the inspection of railway components such as the wheel sets of the German high-speed train and in-line pipe inspection by using intelligent pipeline inspection gauges. Complex inspection systems, both hardware and software, developed in partnership with the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Inspection (BAM), were applied to inspection tasks in civil engineering. Two automated systems based on a robot and on a flexible manipulation are presented. Both systems can be applied to diverse inspection technologies and to the data fusion of various types of non-destructive testing (NDT) data.
Globalisation of both science and trade has increased the relevance of the comparability of measurement data whether in research, industry or regulatory contexts. Reference materials (RMs) are essential tools in the quest for comparable and reliable measurement results, a quest which laboratories, worldwide, are tasked with every day. An explicit acknowledgement of the importance of RMs in todays measurement systems is found, for instance, in the laboratory accreditation standards, such as ISO/IEC 17025.
Schäden an Bauwerksoberflächen wie Risse, Ablösungen, Feuchte, Bewuchs (Moose, Flechten, Pilze usw.) und Krustenbildung werden zurzeit hauptsächlich durch konventionelle Verfahren, wie z.B. Sichtprüfung und manuelle Vermessung, erfasst. Zur Sicherung des kulturellen Erbes werden jedoch dringend moderne und effiziente Verfahren und Strategien für eine vorbeugende Instandhaltung benötigt, die mit geringeren Kosten häufigere Inspektionen ermöglichen. Auch Wachstum und Alterung des Gebäudebestands verschärfen die Situation zunehmend, Da eine detaillierte 3-D-Darstellung und wiederholte Beobachtung insbesondere von Rissen und Ablösungen u.a. auch für die sicherheitsrelevante Einschätzung der
Standsicherheit eines Gebäudes eine sehr große Rolle spielen, wurden in den letzten Jahren laserbasierte Messverfahren weiterentwickelt und eingesetzt, Diese ermöglichen eine schnelle und automatisierte Erfassung der Oberflächengeometrie und können zudem innerhalb vorgegebener Zeitintervalle wiederholt eingesetzt werden. Das Verfahren kann auch durch eine zusätzliche Aufnahmetechnik ergänzt werden, die eine Zuordnung von erfassten Farbwerten zu den 3-D-Messpunkten erlaubt.
Lehm ist ein seit Jahrtausenden bewährter, weit verbreiteter und heute ein moderner Baustoff. Für vordringliche Bauaufgaben in der Altbausanierung, dem energieeffizienten Neubau sowie dem Bauen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern ist Lehm hervorragend geeignet. Der Baustoff Lehm ist zu einem Material für anspruchsvolle Bauvorhaben geworden. Seine Ästhetik und Ausstrahlung, seine Wirkung für Raumklima und Wohlbefinden werden von vielen Menschen geschätzt. Besonders zukunftsrelevant sind die umweltspezifischen Eigenschaften des Materials, z.B. die unerreichbar günstige Energiebilanz vieler Lehmbaustoffe. Lehmsteine werden im Neubau überwiegend für die Ausmauerung von Holzständerkonstruktionen verwendet (Bild 1). Die Anwendung für tragende Wände ist derzeit noch untergeordnet, gewinnt aber an Bedeutung.
In der Altbausanierung und Denkmalpflege wird Lehm als historisch authentischer Baustoff und aufgrund seiner bauphysikalischen Qualitäten vielfältig eingesetzt.
Plasmapolymerisation
(2010)
Fallbeispiele für die Anwendung der 3D-Messtechnik und der aktiven Thermografie in der Denkmalpflege
(2010)
Solar energy has been transformed into useful redox differences or disequilibria within the Earth´s crust since the onset of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis in the Precambrian. Inorganic oxidized carbon is transformed into reduced carbon compounds by capturing and storing solar energy. During this process, many different organic compounds are formed including carbohydrates, proteins, hydrocarbons, and various other complex organic metabolic products and their diagenetic polymerization products (melanin, humic substances, petroleum, coal, and kerogen). Many of these solar energy-enriched compounds, however, are oxidized immediately or during the diagenetic transformation of sediments. The oxidation agents are oxygen, sulfate, iron, and other oxidized compounds, which in turn are partly enriched with the original solar energy. On a global biogeochemical scale, however, sulfur and iron are the most important elements. Geological evidence shows that biogeochemical cycles tend to yield stable ratios between the most oxidized forms of carbon (carbon dioxide and calcium/magnesium carbonate) and the most reduced forms (diamond, coal, methane, and hydrocarbons). Throughout the Earths history and evolution, this equilibrium ratio is around 1:4, maximally 1:5. When too much carbon is stored in the crust in the form of reduced compounds or vice versa, climatic and biogeomorphogenetic consequences upset the equilibrium. The biosphere reacts in a way to return to the optimal ratio. Excellent examples for this fluctuating equilibrium are the Carboniferous (too much organic carbon stored), the Permian (too little organic carbon stored), and the Tertiary with a generally equivalent production of hydrocarbons and carbonates. At present, we are in a period in which there is a global biogeochemical need to oxidize reduced carbon compounds as fast as possible in order to avoid even more dramatic global climate shifts. The highly evolved human genome seems to be the tool for this shift. Enormous amounts of reduced carbon are turned into the oxidized form as carbon dioxide, which by various biogeochemical pathways is quickly transformed into carbonate, another oxidized form of carbon that can be stabilized and stored in the sedimentary record. Fast recycling of excessively stored solar energy may enable the survival of a global biosphere under highly stressed conditions.
This chapter provides an overview of methods that are commonly used for the analysis of the original water content of fresh and hardened concrete. The methods consist of direct methods, which detect the water content or the water/cement ratio primarily, as well as indirect methods, which measure other material characteristics related to the water content.
Die Verträglichkeit von metallischen Behälterwerkstoffen und wassergefährdenden Flüssigkeiten
(1991)
Safety measures
(1995)