Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
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Eingeladener Vortrag
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For years there have been more and more reports on the presence of drugs in the aquatic environment. Due to the demographic change, the consumption of pharmaceuticals has risen sharply. After taking the drugs, they are partly metabolized in the human body. However, the metabolism is not complete so that both the metabolites and non-metabolized amounts of the parent compounds are excreted. These compounds reach the waste water and afterwards the sewage treatment plants. In sewage treatment plants transformation products can be formed by the oxidative conditions during wastewater treatment processes. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the actual environmental pollutants and are often only partly removed during the waste water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, the transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released undetected in the aquatic ecosystems. The released substances may be subject to additional transformation processes in the environment. Pharmaceuticals produced in high amounts can be already detected in the μg/L range in water bodies worldwide.
Metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea are one of the main representatives. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. The drug therapy for diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years. In the year 2015 1500 tons of metformin were prescribed in Germany (for statutory insured persons). Metformin is not metabolized in the human body and is excreted unchanged therefore concentrations between 57 μg/L and 129 μg/L are found in German waste water treatment plants influents.
In this work the transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin is investigated. The degradation of metformin is initialize by commercial water treatment techniques like UV-radiation or noncommercial techniques like heterogenous photocatalysis based on titanium dioxide. The degradation of metformin and resulting transformation products are analyzed by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS.
In addition to previously reported results on the simulated aging of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene (PP)-samples containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006.For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected rain water samples derived from the used climate chamber, the samples were prepared in accordance with a validated protocol. Before the analyses, each sample was spiked with 2 µL of isotopically labeled BDE-209 (13C10-BDE-209) to serve as internal standard (ISTD) in the performed stable isotope dilution analysis. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane, the obtained aliquots of the extracts were concentrated to 200 µL and 2 µL of the resulting solution were injected to the GC/MS for quantification.
Additionally, the total bromine contents are monitored for the aged and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as non-destructive and rapid method. Furthermore, results from surface analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for morphological characterization of the aged and untreated samples were presented and discussed. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated aging will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments (“atmospheric exposure”, in soil).
The atmospheric exposure was performed by placing the samples on a weathering rack, which is aligned in SW direction (in a 45° angle to the horizon). The weathering data were regularly recorded by Deutscher Wetterdienst at this site. The surfaces of the test specimens (aged and stored references) were analyzed by ESEM as well as by LA-ICP-MS and by XRF. The surface of PS and PP specimens aged outdoors present the aging under real conditions and allow the comparison to the accelerated aged specimens by means of the weathering chamber. This way, we explore the efficiency of the accelerated aging procedure, which provides the advantage of well-defined and reproducible conditions compared to natural weathering, as a tool for testing different plastic materials.
Additionally “in soil” experiments were conducted in-door in a well characterized testing soil. The soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining concrete basin inside of an air-conditioned room. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To assure a washing out process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. The water content is additionally monitored by weight of the basin, capturing water from raining periods. The correct humidity is a fundamental parameter for biological activity. Samples of PS resp. PP were of dimension 10x1cm and 5 specimens were placed up to the half in the soil per basin. Microbial activity of the soil, monitored by the reference polyurethane, sets HBCD resp. BDE-209 of the samples free and will be leached from the samples by raining water. Thereafter these will be captured by passive samplers placed in a distinct distance to the samples in the soil. The “in soil” experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. These experiments simulate the fate of the brominated flame retardants in the biosphere.
Environmental sustainability and –stability of Materials concerning the Migration of pollutants
(2018)
MaUS is an acronym for ”Material und Umweltsimulationen“. Plastics are in the focus of environmental politics due to their long-term behaviour and therefore to their persistence. Not only that they appear as visible contaminants in the sea and on the beach, but their unknown behaviour concerning their additives as well as the related transformation products are anxious. Therefore, we wish to establish a certified reference method to provide a method for testing plastics.
Aim of this project is the development of fast motion standard reference methods for testing plastics regarding to their environmental compatibility. To establish these testing methods, we use polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) with environmental relevant brominated flame retardants, known for their persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties. In case of PS the material contains 1 wt% of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecan (HBCD) and in case of PP 0.1 wt% bromodiphenylether (BDE-209), which is known as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Furthermore, we use polycarbonate (PC), which is still used as material in baby flasks and releases Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic active substance.
As an additional material PTFE is used for its importance as a source for two ubiquitous environmental substances (PFOS and PFOA), whose toxicological effects are still incompletely known.
The focus in this current work is set on the transfer of potential pollutants out of applied materials mentioned above into environmental compartments like water or soil. Here an accelerated aging concept should be developed to shortened time consuming natural processes. For these resulting simulations we use a programmable weathering chamber with dry and wet periods and with high and low temperatures. These programmes run for several weeks and according to a defined sampling schedule we take water samples, run a clean-up procedure by SPE (Molecular imprinted polymers (MiPs) resp. polymer-based cartridges (Waters Oasis HLB)) and analyse them by HPLC-UV resp. LC-MS/MS. Of most interest in case of flame retardants are photocatalytic transformation products. Therefore, we conduct a non-target-screening resp. a suspected target-screening by LC-MS/MS and HRMS.
Gegenstand des Projekts ist die Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polycarbonat, Polytetrafluorethylen, Polystyrol und Polypropylen zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden, die es gestatten, Schnellprüfverfahren zu etablieren, die die Simulation der realen Beanspruchungen im Zeitraffermodell anwendbar machen. Somit sollen standardisierbare Schnellbeanspruchungs-verfahren erarbeitet werden, die als Prüfeinrichtungen etabliert werden und von externen Auftraggebern zur Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von neuen Materialien genutzt werden können. Die Umweltwirkungen (chemisch-physikalisch und mikrobiologisch) sollen so definiert eingesetzt werden, dass eine reproduzierbare Prüfung möglich wird. Aus diesen Verfahren und Methoden sollen Normen abgeleitet werden, die eine standardisierte Materialprüfung ermöglichen.
An immunochromatographic assay for the determination of bisphenol a releases from plastic materials
(2018)
Background. The worldwide increase in the use of bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer commonly used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic products and the epoxy resins that line metal cans, has resulted in an increased human exposure because both products come in contact with food and beverages. Since BPA is an endocrine disruptor excessive exposure could affect human reproductive function. In response, various countries have adopted a range of measures, from voluntary reductions to outright bans of BPA in some products, mostly in baby bottles and containers for canned foods. Nonetheless, consumers would certainly appreciate a quick test for their own assessment of contaminations by bisphenol A.
Methods. An immunochromatographic test strip was developed. This lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) is based on anti-BPA antibodies (from mouse) conjugated with gold nanoparticles as the marker, deposited in an elaborate pad. To form control and test zones, anti-mouse antibody and a BPA-BSA conjugate were spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane, respectively.
Results. Negative samples are revealed by red lines both in the test and control zones, respectively, whereas positive samples produce a single red line only in the control zone. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.05 µg/l, visually detected by the naked eye within 5 minutes. In addition, the intensities at the test line can be read by dedicated lateral flow readers (opTrilyzer® and Cube by opTricon, Berlin) for a more precise and documented determination.
Conclusion. Pregnancy-test like strips in combination with hand-held readers provide a simple and versatile tool to determine the presence of bisphenol A quantitatively, making it a very attractive analytical approach especially for on-site applications at critical points, such as environmental analysis, consumer protection, and materials testing.
Bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer commonly used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic products and the epoxy resins that line metal cans, has resulted in an increased human exposure because both products come in contact with food and beverages. Since BPA is an endocrine disruptor excessive exposure could affect human reproductive function. In response, various countries have adopted a range of measures, from voluntary reductions to outright bans of BPA in some products, mostly in baby bottles and containers for canned foods. Pregnancy-test like strips in combination with hand-held readers provide a simple and versatile tool to determine the presence of bisphenol A quantitatively, making it a very attractive analytical approach especially for on-site applications at critical points, such as environmental analysis, consumer protection, and materials testing.
Carbamazepine (CBZ) and cetirizine (CTZ) are pharmaceutical drugs detected in the aquatic environment. However, the effects to marine invertebrates derived from the combination of these drugs with decreased pH conditions due to ocean acidification are poorly explored. This study investigated the biochemical parameters related to metabolic capacity and oxidative stress response and the transcription of genes related to the mode of action (MoA) of CBZ (1.0 μg/L) and CTZ (0.6 μg/L) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum chronically exposed (28 days) to control (7.8) and low (7.5) pH conditions. The biochemical parameters applied were: the activity of electron transport system (indicator of organisms’ metabolic capacity); lipid peroxidation content (indicator of cell damage); total glutathione peroxidase activity (indicator of antioxidant defense). The transcription of genes related with drug neurotransmission and metabolism, cell defense and immunity and biomineralization was studied. No metabolic changes and oxidative stress was induced by the exposure to CBZ or CTZ at each pH level, but the transcription of several genes related with the MoA (neurotransmission, immunity and biomineralization) was altered by low pH, drug exposure and the combination of both stressors. In conclusion, it was shown that the interaction of drug exposure and low pH conditions can change bivalves’ sensitivity to drugs or alter drugs toxicity.
The antimicrobial photodynamic approach has been demonstrated as an efficient and sustainable process for the eradication of microbial pathogens. In this work, silica-coated Magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) were used as carriers of glycosylated porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Their subsequent cationization
resulted in the production of stable antimicrobial photosensitizing materials, effective against E. coli. Suspensions of the photocatalysts in water present bimodal size distributions formed by big clusters and small NPs with hydrodynamic diameters between 8 and 38 nm. The presence of small NPs in the suspensions is related to an effective photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of E. coli cells. Glycosylation of the PS showed a positive effect on the PDI performance, which could be related to a higher accumulation of the photocatalyst over the bacterial cell membrane. In addition, these biocidal agents proved to be photostable and their photoactive performance decreased only between 23% and 28% upon 5 PDI cycles, mostly because of the loss of material between cycles, which makes them promising materials for water disinfection purposes.
Highly selective and sensitive antibodies are only available for a limited number of small molecules. Hence the development of new antibodies is important to exploit the full potential of immunoanalytics. Small molecules do not elicit an immune response in mammals unless conjugated to carrier molecules. The choice of the structures to be conjugated, called haptens, is critical for the antibody production. Here we present our Approach to produce antibodies for the plasticizer diisononyl 1,2-cyclehexane-dicarboxylic acid (DINCH) and di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT) as well as the bile acid isolithocholic acid (ILA).
Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used drug against fever, inflammation, pain, and rheumatic diseases. An average of 70 % of the ingested diclofenac is excreted in the urine. Thus, 63 tons per year are introduced into the water cycle in Germany. Due to insufficient removal of diclofenac in wastewater treatment plants, residues of diclofenac can be found in surface water and sometimes in drinking water. In order to establish an immunoassay, an anti-DCF antibody was required. Some antibody developments have been reported, based on an immunogen resulting from direct coupling of diclofenac to proteins via the carboxylic function. Finally, we used a monoclonal antibody, clone F01G21.
The talk introduces the technique of LC-ELISA: fractionating pre-concentrated water samples, analyzing them for containing compounds that bind to hapten-selective antibodies followed by high-Resolution mass spectrometry non-target analysis of "positive" fractions for Transformation products of emerging organic contaminants.
Im Beitrag wurden Ergebnisse von Elutionsuntersuchungen mit PFC kontaminierten Bodenmaterialien vorgestellt. Zum einen waren das Untersuchungen zur Eignung von Säulenversuchen für diese Schadstoffgruppe und zum anderen vergleichende Schüttel- und Säulenversuche für zwei verschiedene Böden mit unterschiedlichen PFC-Kontaminationsquellen.
A vast number of emerging pollutants has been detected in the environment over the last decades. Analytical methods suitable for trace analysis are needed that are desirably also fast, inexpensive and, if possible, robust and portable. Immunoanalytical methods which are available in a broad range of formats, can be profitably used here to analyze for the distribution and the trends of concentration levels of contaminants in the environment. Some of these formats are single-analyte but high-throughput methods. In order to use them wisely, indicator substances, sometimes called anthropogenic markers, should be selected and used in screening approaches. Other methods are suitable to be performed on portable instrumentation in the field (on-site) or in facilities such as wastewater treatment plants for on-line monitoring. Furthermore, there are the socalled array technologies that allow for parallel analysis of several analytes of interest (multiplexing). The microtiter-plate based ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) is the method of choice for the analysis of a large number of samples [1]. ELISA screening data for anthropogenic markers such as the antiepileptic carbamazepine, the analgesic diclofenac, the anti-histaminic cetirizine, the steroid hormone estrone, the antimicrobial sulfamethoxazole, the stimulants caffeine and cocaine, the priority pollutant bisphenol A, and the bile acid isolithocholic acid [2] are presented. For on-site screening and monitoring, simpler formats, like mix-and-read assays, e.g. the Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) or Lateral-flow Immunoassays (LFIA) are more suitable tools. Electrochemical formats run on portable devices provide additional advantages as no light source is required. Some examples are presented and discussed. The suitability of multi-analyte formats such as immunomicroarrays depends on the choice of a signal-producing system that provides small uncertainties and good reproducibility of the measurements. Biochip (“flat”) arrays read out on slide scanners and bead-based (“suspension”) arrays read out in flow cytometers are two options and show their distinct pros and cons. Altogether these approaches show the great potential immunoanalytical methods provide for the screening for environmental contaminants in the aquatic environment.
Monitoring water quality regarding emerging pollutants, such as drug residues, demands for selective, high-throughput and multi-target analytical methods. On the one hand, the influence of sewage on natural surface waters must be routinely monitored. On the other hand, estimation of removal efficiencies of pollutants, such as drug residues, is in the focus of industrial and public wastewater treatment. Immunoassays, such as ELISA, offer the possibility to be highly sensitive and selective due to the high target affinity and specificity of target recognition by antibodies. Batch-wise processing in microtiter plates allows for the necessary high-throughput, but only a single analyte can be determined within one measurement.
To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a four-plex Suspension Array Fluorescence Immunoassay (SAFIA), which is adaptable for the microtiter plate format. The modular and self-prepared bead support consists of polystyrene-core silica-shell microparticles. While the polystyrene core is used for encoding, by introducing different amounts of fluorescent dyes, the silica shell creates a solid-support for the immunoassay: the target analytes, three drugs, carbamazepine, diclofenac and caffeine, and the fecal marker isolithocholic acid are covalently coupled to amino groups on the surface via NHS chemistry. Specific recognition of these haptens is accomplished by further introduction of PEG moieties, suppressing non-specific binding. A competitive immunoassay is subsequently conducted in a simple mix-and-read procedure, eliminating the demand for laborious washing steps and decreasing time-to-result. An automated flow cytometer is used for simultaneous decoding and quantification.
After optimization, the SAFIA showed limits of detection for all analytes in the low µg L 1 range, meeting the sensitivity criteria for wastewater analysis. Then, applicability of the SAFIA was studied on real wastewater samples from three different wastewater treatment plants in Berlin. The results were in good comparability to LC-MS/MS indicating high matrix stability. Moreover, the accuracy of the assay exceeded that of the respective ELISA. Finally, we used SAFIA to assess the influent of treated and untreated wastewater on the Douro river estuary in Portugal. The obtained results of the analysis were comparable to ELISA. However, the measurements by SAFIA could be carried out in one quarter the time of analysis required for ELISA.
Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge financial support from Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst and from Fundação das Universidades Portuguesas under the protocol CRUP-DAAD (Ações Integradas Luso-Alemãs nºE-20/16, DAAD Zuwendungsvertrag 57212899).