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Une transition mondiale vers des systèmes énergétiques plus durables, abordables et fiables a été initiée par l’accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies pour un développement durable. Il s’agit là d’un défi industriel majeur car les systèmes et infrastructures énergétiques résilients au changement climatique exigent de se positionner pour le long terme. Se pencher sur le comportement dans la durée des matériaux structurels - principalement des métaux et des alliages - s’impose alors comme une nécessité. Dans cette optique, « La corrosion : un défi pour une société durable »présente une série de cas montrant l’importance de la tenue à la corrosion et de la protection anticorrosion des métaux et des alliages pour le développement de systèmes durables, économiques et fiables de production d’énergie.
Significant Cu-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, to prevent unwanted interactions with brine components.
The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure.
Electrochemical tests indicated that the coating cathodically protects carbon steel or slows down the corrosion reaction.
A long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water at 150 °C for 6 months.
To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion, which would be expected to happen in the extremely high Chloride concentration. Detailed analysis using EDS line scan shown the slow diffusion of Chloride, suggesting why pitting did not happen after 20 weeks. To mimic the passivated steel surface, the steel coupon was passivated in simulated pore solution having pH 13.5 for 42 days. The passivated coupon was further exposed to NGB solution for 28 days. Electrochemical characterization was performed along the exposure processes to reveal the change in impedance, indicating the corrosion resistance of steel casing/mortar interface.
Significant Cu-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded!
Exposure sites and outdoor exposure have always been a part of atmospheric corrosion research providing the “final answer”, although at the cost of long exposure times. Individual exposure programs such as ISOCORRAG, MICAT and ICP Materials have resulted in collaborative networks of exposure sites. So far, however, there has been no collective effort to put together currently active sites in a comprehensive manner and across programs and nations. The information collected in the catalogue is possible thanks to the work of all individual site managers listed as contact persons, efforts of members of Working Party 25 (WP25) Atmospheric Corrosion of the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) and financial support of the EFC. With this Catalogue you can both get a general overview of what is available and be guided if you are looking for a particular environment with certain characteristics.
Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv) Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a) Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion). For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used.
Evaluation of corrosion resistance of metallic materials is essential to assure safe and reliable operation of geothermal sites. One need to be aware that corrosion is not a material's but a system property, determined by medium, material and construction aspects. Various corrosion types have to be evaluated. Conditions in laboratory shall reflect on-site reality. Depending on brine composition and temperature suitability of metallic materials can be ranked. Most important outcome of the research is that highly saline geothermal brines require high alloyed materials, for safe long-term operation.
Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv).
Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content.
(0.2 – 20 mm/a).
Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents.
A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content.
Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications.
Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior. (predictable uniform corrosion)
For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used.
CO2 quality specifications are not only a matter of CO2 purity (i.e. CO2 content).
The “rest” also matters, in particular contents of reactive impurities affecting material corrosion (and rock alteration).
Also chemical reactions in CO2 stream needs to be considered, in particular when combining CO2 streams of different compositions.