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The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites.
The transfer of flame-retardant epoxy resin formulations to composites for structural and lightweight applications in the energy and transport sector can be complex and requires systematic investigation. Here, uncoated and silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP, Si-APP) intumescent compounds are transferred to prepregs using a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) resin matrix to 0/90o bidirectional glass fibers with an aerial weight of 600 g/m2. Inorganic silicates (InSi) are added to improve the fire residues of the composites after combustion and the total amount of flame retardants in the resin formulations was 10% by weight. The prepregs' fiber volume content (FVC) is corroborated using in-process measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. This was found to be approximately 60% for the composites containing APP, which is ideal for load-bearing applications with high mechanical strength. However, the Si-APP containing prepregs showed an inconsistent FVC potentially due to interactions with the commercial sizing of the glass fibers. The composites subsequently prepared are analysed for potential filtration effects of the additives via SEM after immobilization in a cured resin and platinum sputtering. The inter-laminar shear strength and the mechanical strength of the composites are compared via three-point bending tests. Additionally, the fire performance of the composites is analysed using cone calorimetry. It was found there was minimal impact of the loading of the flame retardants on the delamination of the composites and the flexural strength. However, the high density of the glass fibers possibly results in a suppression of the mode of action of the flame retardants in the composites. Therefore, the fire residues of the composites are further compared using SEM, and the flame-retardant modes of action upon transfer are investigated.
Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport
sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations
(TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. TSI has proven itself in
various applications over a long time, but not in the land
transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and
their combination are to be expected. The focus of this study is
to investigate the behavior of different types of TSI when
exposed to a heat source that represents a fire. Therefore, a High-
Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was used that
allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a
vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel.
Within this study, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different
types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. The thermal exposure
caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be
connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as a
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These
results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the
improvement of TSI, and the development of emergency
measures.
Monitoring and maintenance of civil infrastructure are of great importance, as any undetected damage can cause high repair costs, unintended deadtime, or endanger structural integrity. The inspection of large concrete structures such as bridges and parking lots is particularly challenging and time-consuming. Traditional methods are mostly manual and involve mapping a grid of measurement lines to record the position of each measurement. Current semi-automated methods, on the other hand, use GPS or tachymeters for localization but still require trained personnel to operate. An entirely automated approach using mobile robots would be more cost- and time-efficient. While there have been developments in using GPS-enabled mobile robots for bridge inspection, the weak signal strength in indoor areas poses a challenge for the automated inspection of structures such as parking lots. This paper aims to develop a solution for the automated inspection of large indoor concrete structures by addressing the problem of robot localization in indoor spaces and the automated measurement of concrete cover and rebar detection.
Die BAM ist zuständige Behörde in Deutschland für bestimmte Aufgaben im Gefahrgutbereich, die u. a. in § 8 der Gefahrgutverordnung Straße, Eisenbahn und Binnenschifffahrt (GGVSEB) und § 12 der Gefahrgutverordnung See (GGVSee) aufgeführt sind und hauptsächlich von den Abteilungen 2 und 3 wahrgenommen werden. So ist die BAM bspw. die in Deutschland für die Zulassung von Verpackungen und Tanks oder auch die Einstufung bestimmter gefährlicher Güter zuständige Stelle. Die BAM arbeitet des Weiteren als Kompetenzbehörde national und international in den entsprechenden Gremien mit und berät das BMDV in der Rechtsfortentwicklung der internationalen Vorschriften für den Gefahrguttransport. Dies geschieht u. a. durch die Mitarbeit im Ständigen Ausschuss Gefahrgutbeförderung (AGGB) des Gefahrgut-Verkehrs-Beirats beim BMDV und den zugehörigen Arbeitsgruppen, oder auch das Erstellen von Anträgen für Rechtsänderungen in den internationalen Vorschriften der Vereinten Nationen (UN) bzw. der Wirtschaftskommission für Europa der UN (UNECE) im Auftrag des BMDV. Die Beratung der betroffenen Wirtschaft und die Normungsarbeit sind weitere wichtige Themen. Die Expertise der BAM wird insbesondere durch Forschung im Gefahrgutbereich erhalten und weiter ausgebaut. Im Rahmen des Vortrags werden drei Forschungsbereiche vorgestellt, von denen zwei für die Energiewende von großer Bedeutung sind.