Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (443)
A novel cop olyme r based on supramolecular motif2,6-diaminopyridin e and water-soluble acrylamide, poly[N-(6-ace tamidopyridin-2-yl) acrylamide-co-acrylamide], was synthe-size d via rev ersible addi tion–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)polymerization with various monomer compositions. The thermo-respon sive behavior of the copolymers was studied by turbidime-try and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The obtained copolymersshowed an upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-typ e phasetransition behavior in water and electrolyte solution. The phasetransition temperature was found to increase with decreasingam ount of acrylamide in the copolymer and increasing concentra-tion of the solution. Furth ermore, the phase transition temperatureva ried in aqueous solutions of electrolytes according to the naturean d concentration of the electrolyte in accordance with theHoffmeister series. A dramatic solvent isotope effect on thetransition temperature was o bserved in this study, as the transitiontemperature was almost 10–12C higher in D2OthaninH2Oatthesame concentration and acrylamide co mposition. The size of theaggregates below the transition temperature was larger in D2Ocompared to that in H2O that can be explained by deuterium iso-tope effect. The thermoresponsive behavior of the copolymers wasalso investigated in different cell medium and found to be exhibitedUCST-type phase transition behavior in different cell medium.Such behavior of the copo lyme rs can be useful in many a pplica-tions including biomedical, microfluidics, optical materials, and indrug delivery.
The initial focus of this research was on the development of a general workflow for the documentation and monitoring of historical stained glass windows using structured light scanning.
Therefore windows from different churches, time periods and with different corrosion and damage phenomena were scanned before and after conservation measures.
The quality of components made by laser beam melting (LBM) additive manufacturing is naturally influenced by the quality of the powder bed. A packing density <1 and porosity inside the powder particles lead to intrinsic voids in the powder bed. Since the packing density is determined by the particle size and shape distribution, the determination of these properties is of significant interest to assess the printing process. In this work, the size and shape distribution, the amount of the particle’s intrinsic porosity, as well as the packing density of micrometric powder used for LBM, have been investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT). Two different powder batches were investigated: Ti–6Al–4V produced by plasma atomization and stainless steel 316L produced by gas atomization. Plasma atomization particles were observed to be more spherical in terms of the mean anisotropy compared to particles produced by gas atomization. The two kinds of particles were comparable in size according to the equivalent diameter. The packing density was lower (i.e., the powder bed contained more voids in between particles) for the Ti–6Al–4V particles. The comparison of the tomographic results with laser diffraction, as another particle size measurement technique, proved to be in agreement.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks [1-2]. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink [3] and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [4]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] S. Centeno, J. Shamir Journal of Molecular Structure, 873 (2008), 149-159
[4] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
First, we will provide an overview of the sources [1-2] employed in the study – dating from 9th to 14th century, although the manuscripts in which they can be found dates up to the 20th century – with an eye on the ink typologies (real and perceived by the compilers). Then we will show how, by reproducing the recipes, it was possible to shed light on some oddities in the procedures and the choice of ingredients. In the end we will discuss problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [3]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol and the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
The mechanochemical formation of the ionic cocrystals of glucose (Glc) and sodium salts Glc2NaCl·H2O (1) and Glc2NaX (X = Br (2), I (3)) is presented. Products are formed by co-milling Glc with three sodium salts (NaCl, NaBr, NaI). The ionic cocrystals were obtained under both neat grinding and liquid-assisted grinding conditions, the later found to accelerate the reaction kinetics. The crystal structures of the ionic cocrystals (2) and (3) were solved from powder X-ray diffraction data. The structure solution contrasts with the structure of Glc2NaCl·H2O (1) where the electron density at three halide crystallographic sites is modeled as of being the intermediate between water molecule and a chloride ion. The reaction pathways of the three ionic cocrystals were investigated in real time using our tandem approach comprising a combination of in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate the rapid formation of each cocrystal directly from their respective starting materials without any intermediate moiety formation. The products were further characterized by DTA-TG and elemental analysis.
The weld pool dynamics and shape play a fundamental role in keyhole mode welding. The presented work aims the experimental and numerical investigation of the influence of the weld pool characteristics on the formation of hot cracking. The experimental procedure allows recording the molten pool in the longitudinal section of a butt joint configuration of 15 mm thick structural steel and transparent quartz glass by using a high-speed video camera and two thermal imaging cameras. The observations show that the dimensions of the weld pool vary depending on the depth. The regions close to the surface form a teardrop-shaped weld pool. A bulge-region and its temporal evolution are observed approximately in the middle of the depth of the weld pool, where hot cracking appears. A numerical framework including models for the weld pool dynamics, global temperature field, transient stress state, crystal growth, diffusion and macro-segregation and subroutines for their one-way couplings is developed. The numerically obtained and experimentally observed results are in a good agreement. It is shown that the bulge-region leads to a delay in the solidification behavior, increased temporal tensile stresses and accumulation of impurities in the defect region and hence enhance the probability of hot cracking formation.
By means of a small-scale truss bridge, the ability of the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis to detect and localize damage was examined. Although there was no noteworthy difficulty in detecting damage, it turned out that damage localization responds sensitively to systematic influences, i.e. non-modelled properties of the mechanical model. Therefore, another experiment is being conducted to re-examine the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis. For this purpose, the bending test is carried out as it has been already theoretically respectively numerically discussed. In this attempt, the systematic influences such as residual stress are kept as low as possible.
A look inside nanoparticles
(2019)
Small-angle scattering is the method of choice when it comes to obtaining information about the interior of nanoparticles. The aim is to make nanotechnology safer. While the use of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is limited to a few instruments in the world, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is widely accessible, with an upward trend. The example of core-shell particles shows how simple their analysis is with data from an Anton Paar laboratory system. Here, SAXS is a central tool for the development of new reference materials based on poly(methyl) acrylate-PVDF core-shell particles. The dimensions of the cores and shells can be precisely determined. A detailed analysis makes it possible to show that the cores contain fluorinated and nonfluorinated polymers, whereas the shell consist only of PVDF. This core-shell particles with a diameter around 40 nm show a significantly higher PVDF beta phase content than the PVDF homopolymer when using an emulsion polymerization technique. This finding is of importance with respect to applications in electroactive devices.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) in terms of laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) offers new prospects regarding the design of parts and enables therefore the production of lattice structures. These lattice structures shall be implemented in various industrial applications (e.g. gas turbines) for reasons of material savings or cooling
channels. However, internal defects, residual stress, and structural deviations from the nominal geometry are unavoidable.
In this work, the structural integrity of lattice structures manufactured by means of L-PBF was non-destructively investigated on a multiscale approach.
A workflow for quantitative 3D powder analysis in terms of particle size, particle shape, particle porosity, inter-particle distance and packing density was established.
Synchrotron computed tomography (CT) was used to correlate the packing
density with the particle size and particle shape. It was also observed that at least about 50% of the powder porosity was released during production of the struts.
Struts are the component of lattice structures and were investigated by means of laboratory CT. The focus was on the influence of the build angle on part porosity and surface quality. The surface topography analysis was advanced by the quantitative characterisation of re-entrant surface features. This characterisation was compared with conventional surface parameters showing their complementary
information, but also the need for AM specific surface parameters.
The mechanical behaviour of the lattice structure was investigated with in-situ CT under compression and successive digital volume correlation (DVC). The Deformation was found to be knot-dominated, and therefore the lattice folds unit cell layer wise.
The residual stress was determined experimentally for the first time in such lattice structures. Neutron diffraction was used for the non-destructive 3D stress investigation. The principal stress directions and values were determined in dependence of the number of measured directions. While a significant uni-axial stress state was found in the strut, a more hydrostatic stress state was found in the knot. In both cases, strut and knot, seven directions were at least needed to
find reliable principal stress directions.
This work aims to find the thermal cycles during and after fusion welding through simulation by first calculating the resulting local temperature field in the quasi-stationary part of the process. Here complete-penetration keyhole laser beam welding with a laser power of 18 kW on a 15 mm thick slab of a low-alloyed steel at a welding speed of 2 m/min is considered. In order to physically depict the laser material interaction a multi-physics numerical model including the effects of phase transformation, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties up to evaporation temperature is developed. It uses a fixed keyhole geometry with a right truncated circular cone shape to introduce the laser beam energy to the workpiece. In a subsequent study, the resulting local temperature field is then used as an equivalent heat source in order to predict the unsteady thermal cycle during and after fusion welding. The translational movement of the laser beam through the workpiece is represented by a moving mesh approach. For the simulation, stationary heat transfer and fluid dynamics are described by a system of strongly coupled partial differential equations. These are solved with the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. The results of the numerical simulation are validated by experiments, where the weld bead shapes and the thermal cycles show good correlation.
Additive manufacturing of alkali-activated materials currently attracts a lot of attention, because of the possibility to produce customized high-performance elements for a range of applications, potentially being more resource-efficient than conventionally produced parts. Here, we describe a new additive manufacturing process for alkali-activated materials that is based on selective laser-heating of lithium aluminate/microsilica slurries. The new process-material combination allows to manufacture elements with complex geometries at high building rates and high accuracy. The process is versatile and transferrable to structures of sizes differing by orders of magnitude. The mechanical strength of the obtained materials was in the range of values reported for conventional metakaolin-based geopolymers, and superior to what has been hitherto reported for alkali-activated materials produced by additive manufacturing. This mechanical performance was obtained despite the fact that the degree of reaction of the lithium aluminate and the microsilica was low, suggesting that significant reactions took place only at the surface of the microsilica particles.
The Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis (MeMoS) integrates a finite element model into least squares adjustment and thus allows to evaluate a mechanical model and measurements in a combined analysis. To examine the capability to detect and localise damage using this integrated analysis MeMoS, a small-scale truss bridge made of aluminium profiles is built as a test specimen for this purpose.
Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range.
During the past few years significantly increasing research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical, biological, or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animal integuments, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
Mesoporous phosphates are a group of nanostructured materials with promising applications, particularly in biomedicine and catalysis. However, their controlled synthesis via conventional template-based routes presents a number of challenges and limitations. Here, we show how to synthesize a mesoporous Magnesium phosphate with a high surface area and a well-defined pore structure through thermal decomposition of a crystalline struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precursor. In a first step, struvite crystals with various morphologies and sizes, ranging from a few micrometers to several millimeters, had been synthesized from supersaturated aqueous solutions (saturation index (SI) between 0.5 and 4) at ambient pressure and temperature conditions. Afterwards, the crystals were thermally treated at 70–250 °C leading to the release of structurally bound water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3). By combining thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), N2 sorption analyses and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) we show that this decomposition process results in a pseudomorphic transformation of the original struvite into an amorphous Mg-phosphate. Of particular importance is the fact that the final material is characterized by a very uniform mesoporous structure with 2–5 nm wide pore channels, a large specific surface area of up to 300 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of up to 0.28 cm3 g−1. Our struvite decomposition method is well controllable and reproducible and can be easily extended to the synthesis of other mesoporous phosphates. In addition, the so produced mesoporous material is a prime candidate for use in biomedical applications considering that Magnesium phosphate is a widely used, non-toxic substance that has already shown excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.
The additional element from the filler wire in the laser beam welding is usually distributed inhomogeneously in the final weld due to the high solidification rate of weld pool. It has been found that the electromagnetic stirring produced by an external oscillating magnetic field can enhance the material mixing in the weld pool to achieve a more uniform element distribution. However, the magnetic field has a highly non-linear and multi-coupled interaction with the weld pool behavior, which makes the quantitative explanation of the physical mechanism difficult. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic stirring on the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding is investigated by a numerical modelling. A 3D transient multi-physical model considering the magnetohydrodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamics and element transport is developed. The multiple reflections and the Fresnel absorption of the laser on the keyhole wall are calculated using the ray tracing method. The numerical results show that a Lorentz force produced by the oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current gives significant influence on the transport phenomena in the molten pool. The forward and downward flow is enhanced by the electromagnetic stirring, which homogenizes the distribution of the additional elements from a nickel-based filler wire in a steel weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the high-speed images of the molten pool, the fusion line from the optical micrograph and the element distribution from the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This work provides a physical base for the electromagnetic-controlled laser beam welding and some guidance for the selection of electromagnetic parameters.
The additional element from the filler wire in the laser beam welding is usually distributed inhomogeneously in the final weld due to the high solidification rate of weld pool. It has been found that the electromagnetic stirring produced by an external oscillating magnetic field can enhance the material mixing in the weld pool to achieve a more uniform element distribution. However, the magnetic field has a highly non-linear and multi-coupled interaction with the weld pool behavior, which makes the quantitative explanation of the physical mechanism difficult. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic stirring on the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding is investigated by a numerical modelling. A 3D transient multi-physical model considering the magnetohydrodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamics and element transport is developed. The multiple reflections and the Fresnel absorption of the laser on the keyhole wall are calculated using the ray tracing method. The numerical results show that a Lorentz force produced by the oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current gives significant influence on the transport phenomena in the molten pool. The forward and downward flow is enhanced by the electromagnetic stirring, which homogenizes the distribution of the additional elements from a nickel-based filler wire in a steel weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the high-speed images of the molten pool, the fusion line from the optical micrograph and the element distribution from the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This work provides a physical base for the electromagnetic-controlled laser beam welding and some guidance for the selection of electromagnetic parameters.
To date, there are only very few technologies available for the conversion of low temperature waste heat to electricity. In this talk, we first describe the principle of thermomagnetic generators. Then we focus on the impact of topology of the magnetic circuit within thermomagnetic generators. We demonstrate that the key operational parameters strongly depend on the genus, i.e. the number of holes within the magnetic circuit.
To date, there are only very few technologies available for the conversion of low temperature waste heat to electricity. In this talk, we first describe the principle of thermomagnetic generators. Then we focus on the impact of topology of the magnetic circuit within thermomagnetic generators. We demonstrate that the key operational parameters strongly depend on the genus, i.e. the number of holes within the magnetic circuit.
The precise analysis of cation diffusion profiles through corrosion scales is an important aspect to evaluate corrosion phenomena under multicomponent chemical load, as during high‐temperature corrosion under deposits and salts. The present study shows a comprehensive analysis of cation diffusion profiles by electron microprobe analysis and microbeam X‐ray absorption near edge structure (µ‐XANES) spectroscopy in mixed oxide/sulfide scales grown on Fe–Cr model alloys after exposing them to 0.5% SO2. The results presented here correspond to depth‐dependent phase identification of oxides and sulfides in the corrosion scales by µ‐XANES and the description of oxidation‐state‐dependent diffusion profiles. Scales grown on low‐ and high‐alloyed materials show both a well‐pronounced diffusion profile with a high concentration of Fe3+ at the gas and a high concentration of Fe2+ at the alloy interface. The distribution of the cations within a close‐packed oxide lattice is strongly influencing the lattice diffusion phenomena due to their different oxidation states and therefore different crystal‐field preference energies. This issue is discussed based on the results obtained by µ‐XANES analysis.
Structural modularity of polymer frameworks is a key advantage of covalent organic polymers, however, only C, N, O, Si and S have found their way into their building blocks so far. Here, we expand the toolbox available to polymer and materials chemists by one additional nonmetal, phosphorus. Starting with a building block that contains a λ⁵‐phosphinine (C₅P) moiety, we evaluate a number of polymerisation protocols, finally obtaining a π‐conjugated, covalent phosphinine‐based framework (CPF‐1) via Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling. CPF‐1 is a weakly porous polymer glass (72.4 m2 g‐1 N2 BET at 77 K) with green fluorescence (λmax 546 nm) and extremely high thermal stability. The polymer catalyzes hydrogen evolution from water under UV and visible light irradiation without the need for additional co‐catalyst at a rate of 33.3 μmol h‐¹ g‐¹. Our results demonstrate for the first time the incorporation of the phosphinine motif into a complex polymer framework. Phosphinine‐based frameworks show promising electronic and optical properties that might spark future interest in their applications in light‐emitting devices and heterogeneous catalysis.
L-Lactide was polymerized in bulk with tin(II)2-ethylhexanoate SnOct2) as catalyst and salicylic acid as cocatalyst. The Lac/Cat ratio, Cocat/Cat ratio, temperature and time were varied. Increasing Cocat/Cat ratios reduced both,polymerization rate and molecular weight. However,under optimized conditions high molar mass (Mw up to 178,000), colorless, cyclic polylactides were formed in a short time. A few polymerizations performed at 160 and 180°C with the combination of SnOct2 and silylated salicylic acid gave similar results. Neat tin II) salicylate was prepared from SnOct2 and used for REPs of L-lactide in bulk, but the results were not better than those obtained from combinations of SnOct2 and salicylic acid. Furthermore, dibutyltin salicylate was synthesized and used as catalyst for polymerizations of L-lactide in bulk at temperatures varying from 102 to 160°C. Cyclic polylactides with Mw’s up to 40,000 were the main reaction products. At 100–102°C a predominance of odd-numbered cycles was found proving a REP mechanism.
Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI) microstructures containing eutectic carbides can be produced by the addition of carbide stabilizing elements, such as chromium. Carbides formed from the addition of Cr are eutectic of M3C type. The presence of such hard phases can enhance the abrasion wear resistance of ductile iron. A new CADI can be produced by the addition of Nb. Niobium carbide particles are formed in the beginning of solidification and remain stable once they are insoluble in solid iron matrix. The dry sand abrasive wear resistance of ductile irons alloyed with 1.0, 1.8, and 2.4 wt% Nb were tested in both “as-cast” and “heat treated” conditions using standard ASTM G65. Results were compared to abrasive wear data obtained on ductile iron alloyed with 1 wt% Cr, CADI (1 wt% Cr), and the basic composition of iron without carbide stabilizing elements. In the “ascast” condition, the addition of Nb did not lead to a reduction in wear, while CADI with Nb is a promising substitute for CADI with Cr addition, because both materials showed very similar values of abrasion resistance.
Micro-ploughing and micro-cutting mechanisms were observed on the worn surfaces of ductile irons. Abrasive wear resistance of these alloys was correlated with the volume fraction of carbides.
Nachdem im Verbundprojekt COORAL das Hauptaugenmerk auf überkritisches CO2 gelegt wurde, d. h. Transport über kurze Strecken bei erhöhter Temperatur, wurde in CLUSTER ein größeres lokales Transport-Netzwerk betrachtet, bei dem CO2 bei geringeren Temperaturen, also vorwiegend im flüssigen Zustand transportiert wird. Wurden in COORAL die CO2-Ströme von Kohlekraftwerken untersucht, ging es in CLUSTER zusätzlich um die Emissionen von relevanten Industrien, deren CO2-Emissionen nicht ohne Weiteres vermieden werden können.
Aufgrund der Erfahrungen in COORAL konnte eine Auswahl von kommerziellen Werkstoffen getroffen werden, die für einen konkreten Einsatz für CCS zur Verfügung stünden. Die gemischten und fluktuierenden CO2-Zusammensetzungen sind bei geeigneten Begrenzungen der Begleit¬stoffe im CO2 bezüglich Korrosionsvorgänge beherrschbar. Die Machbarkeit eines lokalen CCS-Clusters erscheint daher gegeben, soweit dies die Anlagen für Kompression, Transport und Injektion betrifft.
Im Fokus des Vorhabens steht das mit dem Innovationspreis Berlin-Brandenburg 2012 ausgezeichnete Mehr-Proben-Prüfverfahren zur Festigkeitsprüfung unter Verwendung einer analytischen Zentrifuge mit dem Ziel des Einsatzes in der Qualitätssicherung. Nachdem im MNPQ-Projekt QUO VADIS die grundsätzliche Anwendbarkeit der Zentrifugentechnologie auf Beanspruchungen auf Zug (Kleb-, Haft- und Verbundfestigkeit) nachgewiesen worden war, wurden im Vorhaben QUO VADIS PLUS folgende erweiterte Prüfszenarien und technische Weiterentwicklungen etabliert: 1. Beanspruchung auf Druck (Härte von Materialien, Kompressibilität von Schäumen, Kompaktierbarkeit von Pulvern), 2. Erweiterung der Beanspruchung auf Zug (Kombination von Normal- und Lateralkräften), 3. Erweiterung auf die Bewertung plasto-elastischenn Materialverhaltens, 4. Vermeidung von Schockwellen im Hochlastbereich
Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick bezüglich der von der BAM im Rahmen des SimCoLas Verbundprojekts durchgeführten Arbeiten zum Thema "Photonische Prozessketten". Die numerisch abgebildete Prozesskette Tiefziehen/Laserstrahlschweißen wird darsgestellt und diskutiert. Fokus der Diskussion ist die entwickelte Methodik zur konsistenten Abbildung numerischer Prozessketten mit der Applikation Heissrisskritikalität beim Laserstrahlschweißen.
The influence of size effects on the thermoelectric properties of thin platinum films is investigated and compared to the bulk. Structural properties, like the film thickness and the grain size, are varied. We correlate the electron mean free path with the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and the absolute Seebeck coefficient SPt of platinum. A measurement platform was developed as a standardized method to determine SPt and show that SPt,film is reduced compared to SPt,bulk. Boundary and surface scattering reduce the thermodiffusion and the phonon drag contribution to SPt,film by nearly the same factor. We discuss in detail on behalf of a model, which describes the temperature dependence of the absolute Seebeck coefficient, the influence of size effects of electron-phonon and phonon-phonon interaction on SPt.
For a better understanding of the damage of glued wood tensile tests on miniature specimens made of glued spruce wood with acoustic emission and in-situ synchrotron-based X-ray computer microtomography has been monitored. As adhesive, urea-formaldehyde resin was used. For comparison purposes, tensile tests were carried out on solid wood and bonded miniature tensile shear samples with acoustic emission. The acoustic emission signals of all experiments were with classified pattern recognition. This resulted in two classes of signals for each two frequency peaks. In one class was the low-frequency, in the other the higher frequency peak of higher intensity, but this essentially independent from the structure (solid wood or plywood) and the size scale of the test specimens. The influence of the adhesive layers was determined on plywood test specimens in laboratory scale and on miniature test specimens with an adhesive layer and selected fiber orientations examined. This gave evidence that the sound emission signals from the failure of the adhesive layer presumably of the class with low frequency signals peak in the range of services can be assigned.
Additively manufactured test specimens made of polyamide 12 (PA 12) by Laser Sintering as well as of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) by Fused Layer Modelling, were characterised with active thermography directly after manufacturing and after artificial weathering. For this, two different excitation methods (flash and pulse heating) were used and compared, regarding their suitability for the detection of constructed and imprinted defects inside the test specimens. To increase the quality of the thermograms, data processing methods like thermal signal reconstruction (TSR) and Fourier Transformation after TSR were applied. To further investigate the long-term stability of the additively manufactured test specimens towards environmental stress, like UV radiation, heat, humidity, water contact and frost with active thermography, an artificial weathering test over 2000 hours (~3 months) was applied to the specimens. The monitoring of the changes in the optical properties of the weathered plastics was supplemented by spectral reflectance and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
During a European convention of the authorities for market surveillance (AdCO) for explosives the activities of the notified bodies are presented, putting a focus on matters concerning market surveillance.
The presentation outlined in detail, which verifications are possible
with explosives, while practical tests involving initiation of
explosives are excluded. Elements of labeling and the conclusions in
view of quality control were explained, and typical failures by
manufacturers to comply were orally described.
Additive Fertigungsverfahren gewinnen aufgrund der schnellen, flexiblen und kosten-günstigen Fertigung von Bauteilen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das Laserpulverauf-tragschweißen (LPA) wurde anfangs hauptsächlich als Beschichtungsverfahren ein-gesetzt. Diese Technologie bewerkstelligt aber auch das Reparieren von verschlisse-nen Bauteilen, sodass diese zeitsparend und ressourcenschonend erneuert werden können. Die hohe Aufbaurate, die flexible Pulverzusammensetzung sowie die hohe Endkonturnähe ermöglichen heutzutage die Entwicklung und additive Fertigung von neuen Materialien, wie zum Beispiel Nickel-Titan-Formgedächtnislegierungen.
Powder bed -based technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. "Selective laser sintering/melting" (SLS/SLM) and "binder jetting 3D printing" (3DP) especially are leading AM technologies for metals and polymers, thanks to their high productivity and scalability. In this context, the "layerwise slurry deposition" (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method which enables the use of SLS/SLM and 3DP technologies for advanced ceramic materials. LSD consists in the layer-by-layer deposition of a ceramic slurry by means of a doctor blade. Each layer is deposited and dried to achieve a highly packed powder layer, which can be used for SLM or for 3DP. This technique offers high flexibility in the ceramic feedstock used, especially concerning material and particle size, and is capable of producing parts with physical and mechanical properties comparable to traditionally shaped parts. In this presentation, the LSD technique will be introduced and several examples of application to porcelain, SiC and alumina products will be reported.
The layerwise slurry deposition (LSD) has been established in the recent years as a method for the deposition of ceramic powder layers. The LSD consists in the layer-by-layer deposition of a ceramic slurry by means of a doctor blade; each layer is sequentially deposited and dried to achieve a highly packed powder layer.
The combination of binder jetting and LSD was introduced as a novel technology named LSD-print. The LSD-print takes advantage of the speed of binder jetting to print large areas, parallel to the flexibility of the LSD, which allows the deposition of highly packed powder layers with a variety of ceramic materials.
The working principle and history of the LSD technology will be shortly discussed. A theoretical background will be also discussed, highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the LSD compared to the deposition of a dry powder.
The last part of the talk will be dedicated to highlight recent results on the LSD-print of SiSiC of geometrically complex components, in collaboration between BAM and HC Starck Ceramics GmbH. Density, microstructure and mechanical properties of LSD-printed and isostatic pressed samples will be discussed and compared.
3D microstructures with sub-micron resolution can be manufactured in additive manner applying multi-photon laser structuring technique. This paper is focused on the incorporation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles into the photoresist in order to manufacture micrometer-sized devices featuring a magnetic moment. The aim of the project is to achieve untethered actuation of the presented objects through externally applied magnetic fields. Future medical application scenarios such as drug delivery and tissue engineering are targeted by this research.
During their lifetime, polymer components subjected to mechanical loads and environmental influences show a loss of their mechanical properties required for their specific applications. In this respect, the craze-crack damage mechanism slow crack growth (SCG) is relevant for PE-HD components used in high-performance applications such as pipes and containers for the storage and transport of dangerous goods. SCG is considered to be the major failure mechanism in polyolefins and it typically occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. Due to the fields of application, SCG is a safety relevant issue. To test for the resistance of PE-HD pipe and container materials against SCG, the full-notch creep test (FNCT) is widely applied in Europe. In this study, SCG phenomena in PE-HD are investigated in detail based on an improved FNCT, especially including the consideration of the influence of environmental liquids effecting the damage mechanism. Using an enhanced fracture surface and a crack propagation analysis with imaging techniques such as light microscopy (LM), laser scanning microscopy (LSM), X-ray computed tomography (CT-scan) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), detailed data concerning SCG are obtained.
The combined application of FNCT and such imaging techniques is explicitly advantageous and recommended to gain important information on damage occurring to PE-HD induced by mechanical stress and the influence of environmental liquids, which is essential within the Fourth Industry Revolution.
This book provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview on the processing, characterization, and modelling of metallic and ceramic materials used for energy and environmental applications. 17 scientists show a collection of current knowledge in 8 chapters.
This book fulfills its intention to provide a reference book containing a collection of publications on thin films and coatings made of ceramic and metals used for energy and environmental applications. It covers a broad range of this topic and provides a comprehensive insight. Graduate and undergraduate students of materials science and mechanical engineering can find an overview on this topic to step in this interesting field of engineering.
Powder bed -based technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. "Selective laser sintering/melting" (SLS/SLM) and "binder jetting 3D printing" (3DP) especially are leading AM technologies for metals and polymers, thanks to their high productivity and scalability.
However, the flowability of the powder used in these processes is essential to achieve defect-free and densely packed powder layers. For standard powder bed AM technologies, this limits the use of many raw materials which are too fine or too cohesive.
This presentation will discuss the possibilities to either optimize the powder raw material to adapt it to the specific AM process, or to develop novel AM technologies which are able to process powders in a wider range of conditions.
In this context, the "layerwise slurry deposition" (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method which enables the use of very fine ceramic particles.
Powder bed -based technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. "Selective laser sintering/melting" (SLS/SLM) and "binder jetting 3D printing" (3DP) especially are leading AM technologies for metals and polymers, thanks to their high productivity and scalability.
However, the flowability of the powder used in these processes is essential to achieve defect-free and densely packed powder layers. For standard powder bed AM technologies, this limits the use of many raw materials which are too fine or too cohesive.
This presentation will discuss the possibilities to either optimize the powder raw material to adapt it to the specific AM process, or to develop novel AM technologies which are able to process powders in a wider range of conditions.
In this context, the "layerwise slurry deposition" (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method which enables the use of very fine ceramic particles. Another technology, the Gas Flow Assisted Powder Deposition, can increase the stability of the powder bed and the packing density, even in extreme conditions such as in absence of gravitational forces.
The rational synthesis and use of nanomaterials require the characterization of many different properties, ranging from particle size and size distribution over surface chemistry to more applicationrelevant features like optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties. In the following, several methods for the characterization of functional groups on nanomaterials, like polymer and silica nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, and lanthanide-based upconversion nanocrystals are presented. Additionally, procedures for the measurement of the key spectroscopic performance parameters of nanomaterials with linear and nonlinear photoluminescence, such as the photoluminescence quantum yield, are presented for the UV/vis/NIR/SWIR.
Therapeutische Antikörper sind innerhalb weniger Jahre zur wichtigsten pharmazeutischen Produktklasse aufgestiegen. Für 2023 werden weltweite Umsätze von über 200 Milliarden USD erwartet. Auch diagnostische Antikörper sind mittlerweile unverzichtbare Produkte, auf deren Basis zahllose Immunoassays und andere Schnelltests entwickelt wurden. Neben der bereits sehr aufwendigen Herstellung von Antikörpern ist deren Aufreinigung aus komplexen Zellkulturmedien oder Blutseren und -plasmen zu einem Engpass in der Produktion und Nutzung dieser komplexen Proteine geworden. Schnelle und einfache Reinigungsmethoden für Antikörper sind daher sehr gefragt.
An overview of the BAM funed Focus Area Materials Project "AGIL" will be presented. AGIL focussed on the stdiy of the ageing characteristics of additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel with a "powder to mechanical failure" Approach. Recent Highlights are presented and a perspective for future studies.
At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the casks. One of the aims is to identify a suitable method for estimating the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to five years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. In order to understand the underlying ageing mechanisms in each material, material properties such as hardness, density and tensile properties were examined. Additionally, compression set (CS), which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression, is measured. For obtaining results closely related to practical conditions, O-rings with a full-scale cord diameter of 10 mm were aged. However, this set-up can lead to heterogeneous ageing caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects especially for HNBR, resulting in distorted bulk properties such as compression set. However, if DLO-affected data is excluded, extrapolations of CS data are possible using time-temperature shifts.
For selecting an appropriate end-of-lifetime criterion, leakage rate measurements were performed, since leakage rate is the only characteristic directly correlated to the performance of the sealing system. A significant increase in leakage rate was considered as the end of the lifetime. However, the O-rings remained leak tight under static conditions even though material properties had already degraded strongly. For this reason, a modified, more demanding leakage test involving a fast small decompression of the seal was developed that allowed determining a more conservative end-of-lifetime criterion with a safety margin for EPDM seals. FKM, which is a very heat and oxidation resistant material, exhibited only little degradation, even though it had the smallest activation energy.
AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken - ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
(2019)
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion(AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCI-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiÖ2 zunimmt und die von AI2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löse versuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügbaren Gesteinskörnungen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliempfindlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt.
Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Aufträge der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorhaben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letzteren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundären Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken - ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
(2019)
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCI-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiÖ2 zunimmt und die von AI2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löse versuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-
Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügbaren Gesteinskörnungen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliempfindlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt.
Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Aufträge der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorhaben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letzteren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundären Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken – ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
(2019)
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCl-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiO2 zunimmt und die von Al2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löseversuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügba-ren Gesteinskörnungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliemp-findlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Auftrage der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorha-ben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorge-stellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmit-tel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letz-teren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydro-phobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundä-ren Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
In Deutschland fallen jährlich 20 Millionen Tonnen Altpapier an. 75 % davon werden dem Recyclingprozess zugeführt. Dabei bleiben Prozessrückstände wie Deinkingschlämme, Sortierrückstände und Faserreststoffe übrig. Zusammengefasst als Papierschlamm verwerten die Recycler diesen Reststoff thermisch in dezentralen Heizkraftwerken. Die dabei anfallende Papierasche hat mit den Anteilen der Hauptoxide von 59 M.-% CaO, 22 M.-% SiO2 und 13 M.-% Al2O3 eine ähnliche chemische Zusammensetzung wie Portlandzement, wobei sich die Mineralphasen unterscheiden. Durch eine Aktivierung der Papierasche können jedoch hydraulisch aktive Phasen wie Mayenit (C7A12) und Belit (C2S) erzeugt werden. Die Mineralphase Mayenit reagiert schnell mit Wasser zu Calciumaluminathydraten, wodurch der Bindemittelleim schnell ansteift. Die festigkeitsbildenden Calciumsilicathydrate (CSH) in Bindemittelleimen entstehen bei einer späteren Reaktion von Belit mit Wasser.
Zur Aktivierung dient eine hydrothermale Calcinierung. Dabei wird Papierasche mit einer Aktivatorlösung (Wasser oder KOH) gemischt und bei 200 °C hydrothermal behandelt, wobei sich Hydratphasen ausbilden. Diese Zwischenprodukte dehydratisieren durch eine anschließende Calcinierung zu reaktiven Calciumsilicaten und Calciumaluminaten. Wie sich die Parameter des Aktivierungsprozesses auf die Mineralphasen auswirken, war Fokus der Untersuchungen. Mit thermogravimetrischen Analysen der Zwischenprodukte konnten die Reaktionsprodukte nach dem hydrothermalen Prozessschritt bestimmt werden. Den größten Einfluss auf den Mineralphasenbestand hat hierbei die Alkalität der Aktivatorlösung. Im zweiten Prozessschritt, der Calcinierung, ist die Temperatur der wesentliche Faktor für die Ausbildung reaktiver Phasen. Die Ergebnisse kalorimetrischer Untersuchungen an Leimen aus den calcinierten Proben dienten der Auswahl der optimalen Calcinierungstemperatur. Die gesamte Reaktionswärme war für die Proben, welche bei einer Calcinierungstemperatur zwischen 700-800 °C hergestellt wurden, am höchsten.