Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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- 2014 (4) (entfernen)
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- Graphene (2)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Ammonium polyphosphate (1)
- Biocidal product (1)
- Cone calorimeter (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Emission (1)
- European regulation (1)
- Fire behavior (1)
- Flame retardancy (1)
- Flammability (1)
- Intumescence (1)
- Layered silicate (1)
- Leaching (1)
- Magnesium hydroxide (1)
- Nanocomposites (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Nanotechnology (1)
- Nanotubes (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Powder bed (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Tank leaching test (1)
- Treated wood (1)
The most successful additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are based on the layer-by-layer deposition of a flowable powder. Although considered as the third industrial revolution, one factor still limiting these processes to become completely autonomous is the often necessary build-up of support structures. Besides the prevention of lateral shifts of the part during the deposition of layers, the support assures quality and stability to the built process. The loose powder itself surrounding the built object, or so-called powder-bed, does not provide this sustenance in most existent technology available. Here we present a simple but effective and economical method for stabilizing the powder-bed, preventing distortions in the geometry with no need for support structures. This effect, achieved by applying an air flow through the powder-bed, is enabling an entirely autonomous generation of parts and is a major contribution to all powder-based additive manufacturing technologies. Moreover, it makes powder-based AM independent of gravitational forces, which will facilitate crafting items in space from a variety of powdery materials.
-Background-
Laboratory leaching tests on treated wood were performed during a European robustness study in the framework of the validation of a tank leaching test procedure that has been proposed for construction products in order to determine the potential release of dangerous substances which can be transferred to soil and groundwater. The release of substances has to be determined also for materials treated with biocidal products according to the requirements of the European Biocidal Products Regulation. A similar leaching test procedure was already harmonised for treated wood for this purpose. Both test procedures were applied in parallel to wood treated with the same preservative to investigate whether the results of these tests can replace each other. Additional experiments were performed to further investigate unexpected effects of L/A ratio on leaching of copper and duration of storage of treated test specimens.
-Results-
Both procedures generate similar results concerning cumulative emissions of tebuconazole, copper, dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen. The emission rates with time are in comparable ranges for both leaching protocols. Emissions of copper increased with decreasing L/A ratios. Strong correlation of copper concentrations and dissolved organic carbon as well as total nitrogen concentrations in eluates indicates that this observation is caused by co-elution of copper with organic substances. Duration of storage of treated test specimens affected emissions for the investigated wood preservative.
-Conclusions-
Based on these findings, results from both test procedures can be used to describe leaching characteristics and avoid double testing of treated wood to fulfil the requirements of the European regulations for either biocides or construction products. Leaching of substances from treated wood is a complex process that depends on its chemical composition and ageing processes.
Nanotechnology is one of the key technologies of the 21st century. The exploitation of 'new' effects that arise from materials structured on the nano-scale has also been proposed successfully for flame retardancy of polymers since the end of the 90s. Of all of the approaches these include, at this time the use of nanocomposites offers the best potential for industrial application, also some other ideas are sketched, such as using electrospun nanofibers mats or layer-by-layer deposits as protection coatings, as well as sub-micrometer multilayer coatings as effective IR-mirrors. The general phenomena, inducing a flow limit in the pyrolysing melt and changing the fire residue, are identified in nanocomposites. Key experiments are performed such as quasi online investigation of the protection layer formation to understand what is going on in detail. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed and their impact on fire behaviour quantified. With the latter, the presentation pushes forward the state of the art. For instance, the heat shielding is experimentally quantified for a layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposite proving that it is the only import mechanism controlling the reduction in peak heat release rate in the investigated system for different irradiations. The flame retardancy performance is assessed comprehensively illuminating not only the strengths but also the weak points of the concepts. Guidelines for materials development are deduced and discussed. Apart from inorganic fillers (layered silicate, boehmite, etc.) not only carbon nanoobjects such as multiwall carbon nanotubes, multilayer graphene and graphene are investigated, but also nanoparticles that are more reactive and harbor the potential for more beneficial interactions with the polymer matrix.
Thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), containing only four single carbon layers on average, was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), respectively, in polypropylene (PP). The nanoparticle's influence on different flame-retarding systems and possible synergisms in pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, fire behavior and mechanical properties were determined. TRGO has a positive effect on the yield stress, which is decreased by both flame-retardants and acts as a synergist with regard to Young's modulus. The applicability and effects of TRGO as an adjuvant in combination with conventional flame-retardants depends strongly on the particular flame-retardancy mechanism. In the intumescent system, even small concentrations of TRGO change the viscosity of the pyrolysing melt crucially. In case of oxygen index (OI) and UL 94 test, the addition of increasing amounts of TRGO to PP/APP had a negative impact on the oxygen index and the UL 94 classification. Nevertheless, systems with only low amounts (≤1 wt%) of TRGO achieved V-0 classification in the UL 94 test and high oxygen indices (>31 vol%). TRGO strengthens the residue structure of MH and therefore functions as a strong synergist in terms of OI and UL 94 classification (from HB to V-0).