Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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- Standardisation (28) (entfernen)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 6 Materialchemie (20)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (19)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (4)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (3)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (3)
- 2.4 Prüfung und Bewertung von Explosivstoffen/Pyrotechnik (2)
- 2.5 Konformitätsbewertung Explosivstoffe/Pyrotechnik (2)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (1)
- 5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation (1)
- 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe (1)
You Ask – ACEnano Replies
(2020)
The workshop starts with introductory information about the workshop and the H2020 project ACEnano, followed by two expert round tables, focussing on how the project could address regulator and industry needs, respectively. This is be followed by parallel sessions on tools (based on preferences expressed by those registered to attend, see “Questions”) and finally a question-and-answer session with the attendees.
The experts invited in Round Table 1 have been prepared to answer to questions related to obstacles and advantages for stakeholders such as SMEs to use the ACEnano approaches/tools. Standardisation needs are discussed.
The progress in activities on Microbeam Analysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 is reviewed. Particularly the liaison with the new projects within the ISO technical committee TC 202 is presented and discussed with respect to the possibility of identifying and launching related VAMAS projects. Need of more promotion for the engagement of more participants from industry and academia at national, European and international level is highlighted. Also, the competition with the other technical working areas (on 'nano' or materials-related) is critically discussed. Further, a short overview of the VAMAS areas of activities is given where Germany is involved.
Regional standardisation activities and how VAMAS can help in any way to promote activities are reported.
Activities related to organisational updates, government initiatives/priorities (especially related to Materials), details of any strategy documents publicly available, networks within Germany and how we engage are presented.
Die Anwendung von modernen Lehmbaustoffen hat in den letzten Jahren überdurchschnittliche Wachstumsraten erreicht. Für Bauherren und Planer ausschlaggebend ist häufig ihr extrem niedriger CO2-Äquivalentkennwert. Entsprechend wurden Lehmplatten in einem Projekt mit Pilotcharakter für den Umbau des alten Abgeordnetenhauses in Bonn zum Gebäude des Klimareferats der Vereinten Nationen verwendet. Bei der Entscheidung für die Bauweise mit Lehmplatten standen vor allem raumklimatische und schallschutztechnische, das heißt gesundheitliche Aspekte, aber auch der Wunsch nach erhöhter Nachhaltigkeit im Vordergrund. Durch das Fehlen einer Norm entstehen im Vergleich zu geregelten Bauprodukten jedoch noch deutliche Wettbewerbsnachteile für Produzenten von Lehmplatten. Planer und Anwender sehen aufgrund fehlender Prüfzertifikate nicht selten von der Anwendung dieser Lehmbaustoffe ab. Wie schon für Lehmsteine und Lehmmörtel sollen deshalb jetzt auch für Lehmplatten an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in dem Projekt StandardBoard Grundlagen für eine Produktnorm geschaffen werden. Darin ist als Projektpartner der Hersteller Conluto beteiligt. Zweck des in Erarbeitung befindlichen Regelwerks ist es, über die Festlegung von Qualitätsanforderungen und Prüfvorschriften die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Lehmplatten sicherzustellen und somit einerseits Sicherheit für Planer und Anwender und andererseits Vergleichbarkeit und damit Konkurrenzfähigkeit zu konventionellen Plattenprodukten für gleiche Einbaubereiche zu erreichen. Darüber hinaus stellt sie ein Instrument dar, um die besonderen ökologischen und bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Lehmbaustoffe hervorzuheben. Die Erarbeitung des Regelwerks erfolgt in enger Abstimmung mit dem Dachverband Lehm e. V. (DVL).
Quantitative Microstructural Analysis - VAMAS TWA 37 & Liaison with ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis
(2023)
The progress in activities on Microbeam Analysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 is reviewed. Particularly the liaison with the new projects within the ISO technical committee TC 202 is presented and discussed with respect to the identification and launching corresponding VAMAS projects. The ongoing project "FIB sample processing for TEM" is presented in detail.
This contributions shows the first results of the ongoing interlaboratory comparisons under VAMAS/TWA 34 Nanoparticle populations related on the determination of pasrticle size distribution and relative concentration of nanoparticles and an example of an ILC running under VAMAS/TWA 41 Graphene and Related 2D Materials on the determination of the lateral diemsnions of graphene oxide flakes by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The link to related standardisation projects at ISO/TC Nanotechnologies are explained.
Several decades have passed since the initial drafting of the European standards for explosives subject to European Directive 2014/28/EU, and this field as experienced some substantial technical innovations. While at the turn of the millenium the concept of electronic detonators had just been conceived, and it is mentioned in a Technical Specification, today electronic detonators exist in many variants, also regarding communication means between shotfirer and the detonating cap. Questions regarding safe functioning and prevention of inadvertent ignition have to be asked in a quite different way, where delicate electronic circuits are used, and where information is transmitted by radio waves. In addition, the safety of functioning is partly found in software components and the corresponding standards need to be reviewed thoroughly on these grounds.
A different but in recent times more and more popular technology, is the on-site production of explosives, being mostly emulsion explosives, ANFO, or combined products. Also here software in the machinery is starting to play an important role. The on-site produced explosive must fulfil safety requirements and has to be, in addition, quality controlled. This cannot solely be left to the hopefully proper design of the software and machinery, but needs to be made accessible to verification. Since this area seems broader in approach, it is not going to be addressed by a new standard. The state of the art technology shall be described in a Technical Specification with a perspective from requirements of the above mentioned European Directive.
Since the early drafting of the European standards for civil explosives, harmonised under directive 93/15/EEC and 2014/28/EU, blasting technology has developed notably. This is particularly evident for electronic detonators and electronic firing systems, and the EU commission agreed to initiate a standardisation initiative, also noting that the currently existing document on electronic detonators is “only” a Technical Specification (CEN/TS). This paper addresses the current activities in the area of standardisation. The EU is about to launch a formal standardisation request to cover the most recent technological developments not addressed by the current standards. The request would also include various adjustments of references to the new Directive for civil explosives, and in addition the task of developing a Technical Specification for on-site mixed explosives and corresponding manufacturing units. The latter has been included to address the nowadays frequently found mobile production on the basis of ammonium nitrate prills or emulsions.
Due to the market needs on steel for high demanding applications non-destructive methods for the determination of steel cleanliness using ultrasound have to be adapted to increase sensitivity respectively.
The basic idea is that the new standard proposal should follow the basic line outs from SEP 1927 and ASTM E588. Additional to these relatives the standard should be open to different types of specimen and inspection frequencies to cover a wide range from bars, rings and plates as well as different inspection sensitivities. For an enhance in resolution the standard draft focuses on immersion focal beam probes which should be selected according to the geometry of the specimen. The selection should be proved with the aid of simulation tools. The frequency shall be at least 10 MHz. For specimen thicknesses of less than 6 mm a frequency of at least 25 MHz shall be used.
Calibration procedures had to be improved significantly compared to the old standards to allow proper sizing of indications. Therefore calibration procedures shall take signal processing into account. For detailed evaluation of the amplitude dependency and for calibration a reference block with a sufficient number of reflectors has to be used. The recorded echo height shall be directly transferred into an equivalent disc shaped reflector EDSR by a distance amplitude curve.
The novelty in this standard draft will be that based on 3D measurements and 3D evaluation the amplitude criterion of an indication becomes just one among some other criteria. This standard takes the signal amplitude, signal amplitude distribution and signal travel time for classification into account.
The standard draft will be open to the definition of the volume to be investigated to be set by the user. This will make evaluation more comparable to other methods because the inspected area has to be user defined.
We recommend CEN/TC 138 to decide on a work item for this proposal to become an EU and an ISO standard using Vienna agreement.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) research programme under grant agreement n° RFSR-CT-2013-00014.
In 1981 the OECD published the Test Guideline on Particle size and size distribution. This TG is still a valid document for the measurement of particles all over the world.
When nanomaterials gained importance, ISO set up a technical commitee for Nanotechnologies in 2005 and the OECD followed this step in 2006 with the Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials.
In the following years ISO and OECD published several documents about nanomaterials and the systematisation developed.
In 2017 it was finally clear that nanomaterials need to be adressed in another way than chemicals and in 2020 ECHA revised the REACH-Annexes accordingly and included nanomaterials.
Unfortunately there is a little problem with this: Only a few applicable test guidelines exit for the measurement of the nanomaterials. Several test guidelines date from 1981 and do not address nanomaterials.
The logical next step for the OECD would be to publish a series of test guidelines which are indeed currently prepared and will be shown in this talk.
Finally there is an additional need for the future of NM standardisation: Digitalisation.
Experience gained at BAM within the European project ISGScope on the accurate measureemnt of graphene oxide flakes by electron microscopy is presented. Particularly, factors such as the type of solvent, substrate temperature, but also proper, gentle measurement parameters and image analysis conditions towards automation are highlighted. The measurement procedures in develeopment are being prepared to launch an inter-laboratory comparison under VAMAS (TWA41) as preparatory guidance for future standardisation at ISO.
Based on practical examples of analysis with Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, the minimum information requirements for reliable and reproducible nanomaterial characterization data such as particle size and shape distribution and elemental analysis are presented and discussed.
Liaison activities within ISO/TC 202 'Microbeam Analysis' which are relevant to ISO/TC 229 'Nanotechnologies' are reported acoording to the structure defined by ISO/TC229 Nanotechnologies Liaisons Coordination Group (NLCG): new standards/documents, coordination issues, and further detailed specific information, e.g. publications, events, comments.
Liaison of ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis with VAMAS/TWA 37 Quantitative Microstructural Analysis
(2023)
The progress in activities on Microbeam Analysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 is reviewed. Particularly the liaison with the new projects within the ISO technical committee TC 202 is presented and discussed with respect to the identification and launching corresponding VAMAS projects. The ongoing project "FIB sample processing for TEM" is presented in detail.
The status of standardization related to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) at ASTM International (Subcommittee E42.03) and ISO (TC 201) is presented and commented upon in a structured manner. The survey also identifies other active bodies, here VAMAS Technical Working Area 2 and the Surface Analysis Working Group at the International Meter Convention, contributing to prestandardization Research and metrology of XPS and reports their specific activities. It is concluded that existing standardization is delivering good practices in the use of XPS and has a high potential to avoid the recently observed erroneous use, misapplications, and misinterpretation by new and inexperienced users of the method—which seems to be the main reason for the “reproducibility crisis” in the field of XPS applications. A need for a more proactive publicizing of international documentary standards by experienced XPS users, specifically those who are involved in standardization, is identified. Because the existing portfolio of standards addressing the use of XPS is not complete, future standardization projects planned or already ongoing are mentioned. The way the standardization bodies are identifying future needs is shortly explained.
The liaison report from the ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 202 'Microbeam Analysis' for the November 2022 ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies Plenary Meeting Nanotechnologies Liaison Coordination Group (NLCG) is provided. Essential Information such as newly published standards and projects in develeopment relevant for ISO/TC 229 resulted from the progress within the last year and additional comments on behalf of ISO/TC 202 are included in the report.
Das EMPIR-Förderprogramm wird kurz erläutert und laufende Projekte aus der Nanotechnologie werden vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Standardisierungsprojekten, die gemeinsam mit ISO/TC 229 'Nanotechnologies' und CEN/TC 352 'Nanotechnologies' zu neuen Normen führen sollten. Als Beispiel für laufende Nanotechnologie-Projekte mit Koordination aus Deutschland werden MagNaStand (PTB) und nPSize (BAM) gegeben.
Eleventh canSAS Meeting: International Cooperation and Collaboration in Small-Angle Scattering
(2019)
The eleventh canSAS workshop was held in Freising, Germany, July 8–10, 2019.
These international meetings, promoting collective action for nomadic small-angle scatterers, have been taking place since 1998 and act as forums to catalyze cooperation amongst the SAS community in order to provide better facilities and equipment, combined with reliable data interpretation and analysis. The meeting attracted over 60 participants from major neutron and X-ray laboratories, as well as manufacturers of SAXS equipment, and users from academia and industry. There was also a wide geographical spread with participants from Australia, Asia, and North America joining European colleagues.
Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny – around 1 to 100 billionths of a meter – and can have different chemistries and behaviours than the same material of larger size. This property has led to advances in a wide range of industries, but it can also confer toxicity. Size measurements are the main way NPs are identified but a lack of standardised methods for identifying ones with complex shapes has hindered evaluation of their potential harm.
An overview is given on the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with well-defined nonspherical shapes (platelet like, bipyramidal, and elongated), with the focus on controlled, reproducible synthesis, as a key requirement for the production of reference materials with homogeneous and stable properties. Particularly with regard to the nanoparticle shapes, there is a high need of certified materials,
solely one material of this type being commercially available since a few months (elongated TiO2). Further, measurement approaches with electron microscopy as the golden method to tackle the nanoparticle shape are developed to determine accurately the size and shape distribution for such nonspherical particles. A prerequisite for accurate and easy (i.e., automated) image analysis is the sample preparation, which ideally must ensure a deposition of the nanoparticles from liquid suspension onto a substrate such that the particles do not overlap, are solvent-free, and have a high deposition density. Challenges in the Synthesis of perfectly monodispersed and solvent-free TiO2 nanoparticles of platelet and acicular shapes are highlighted as well as successful measurement approaches on how to extract from 2D projection electron micrographs the most accurate spatial information, that is, true 3D size, for example, of the bipyramidal nanoparticles with different geometrical orientations on a substrate.
The scientific and technological interest in graphene has been growing more and more in the late years due to its outstanding properties and diverse promising applications. However, graphene implementation into the industrial market is still limited and many challenges are yet to be addressed before this material can become suitable for the large-scale production. One of the most crucial challenge to overcome is to develop reliable and reproducible ways to characterize the material properties which can heavily affect the product performance. In our study the chemical composition of nine different samples of industrial graphene, graphene oxide and functionalized graphene were investigated. The samples were analysed both in form of powder and pellets. A comparative characterisation of the chemical composition was performed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). XPS depth resolution is in the order of 10 nm, while for EDX the analysis was performed at two different energy levels, i.e. 5 keV and 15 keV, and thus varying the analysis depth from 200 nm to 2000 nm. The XPS measurement area is 300x700 µm² while the EDX measurement was performed by analysing a grid of 25 locations (5x5) of 150 x 150 ?m2 area, covering the whole pellet surface of 5 mm diameter and then calculating the mean of the elemental concentration. The results of the elemental concentration values from XPS and EDX analyses show a good agreement for all the elements presents in the samples, despite the different spatial resolutions of the two techniques. Therefore, the samples appear homogeneous both in the lateral and vertical directions. The results relative to powder and pellets samples do not differ in a significant way except for a slight increase in the carbon content regarding the pellet samples, probably due to a minor contamination effect introduced through pressing. Nevertheless, pellets samples appear to be quite representative for the material while being much more convenient in terms of handling and safety compared to nano-powders and providing a regular flat surface for EDX analysis. Finally, this approach correlating XPS and EDS represents a simple, fast and reliable way for characterizing the chemical composition and the homogeneity of industrial graphene. This study is part of the project ?Standardisation of structural and chemical properties of graphene? (ISO-G-SCoPe) which has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant agreement No. 19NRM04.
This presentation gives a brief overview on the current situation of fireworks safety and security on the EU market, outlines the current standardization request of the European Commission with new and more stringent requirements and gives a perspective to further challenges for fireworks in Europe.
Characterization of Nanoparticles: Measurement Processes for Nanoparticles surveys this fast growing field, including established methods for the physical and chemical characterization of nanoparticles. The book focuses on sample preparation issues (including potential pitfalls), with measurement procedures described in detail. In addition, the book explores data reduction, including the quantitative evaluation of the final result and its uncertainty of measurement. The results of published inter-laboratory comparisons are referred to, along with the availability of reference materials necessary for instrument calibration and method validation. The application of these methods are illustrated with practical examples on what is routine and what remains a challenge.
In addition, this book summarizes promising methods still under development and analyzes the need for complementary methods to enhance the quality of nanoparticle characterization with solutions already in operation.
Accurate characterisation of the morphology (size) and chemistry of graphene-related 2D materials (GR2M) is key in understanding their extraordinary functionalities. Hence, not only the tailoring of these functionalities aiming at applications of increased-performance becomes possible, but also the correlation of the physico-chemical properties with the understanding of the potential toxicity eventually enables a safe and sustainable development of the GR2M for new applications. Whilst AFM and Raman Spectroscopy are recommended to measure the thickness of GO flakes, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is the most suited method to assess their lateral size, which varies between tens of µm down to below 100 nm. In this paper, procedures for the accurate determination of lateral size of graphene oxide (GO) flakes by SEM are presented. The prerequisite for accurate flake size analysis is the proper sample preparation, i.e. deposition of ideally isolated flakes on a substrate, with the flakes being unfolded, non-overlapped, parallel with the substrate, and having a high coverage density. Examples of optimum image caption conditions and image analysis procedures will be presented. The size descriptors and their measurement are described in the context of the corresponding analysis approach: i) length and width of the flakes with a quick and rough, but robust procedure, and ii) exact contouring of the flakes as part of a highly accurate, but more time-consuming measurement approach. The possibility of application of automated image analysis is discussed as the alternative to the manual flakes analysis.
Advanced materials, such as nanomaterials, 2D materials, or thin films, play a crucial role in driving economic development and addressing major challenges in the coming years. These challenges include mitigating the impact of climate change, advancing lightweight engineering, enhancing catalysis, and improving medical applications.
To comprehend the performance of these materials and ensure their acceptance across various sectors as safe and sustainable for both humans and the environment, the availability of reference procedures, materials, and data is essential. One versatile tool for establishing such references and evaluating the proficiency of individual laboratories and their competencies is through (international) interlaboratory comparisons (ILC). Notably, initiatives like the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) provide a platform for conducting ILCs.
This webinar will showcase various examples of interlaboratory comparisons, illustrating their impact on the development of reference products.
(Pre)Standardisation and Metrology in Microbeam Analysis – Ongoing Activities and Opportunities
(2023)
The presentation addresses the current ongoing projects as well as the gaps and opportunities in microbeam analysis within ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis standardisation body and in-liaison Technical Working Areas (TWAs) at the pre-standardization platform of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards).