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- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (41) (entfernen)
While today, engineers can choose from a wide range of rheology modifying admixtures, in some parts of the world, these are difficult to access, due to their complex processing. However, alternatives can be bio‐based polymers such as polysaccharides from various sources. These are easily accessible all over the world, do not demand for complicated processing, and typically they are more sustainable than many established materials, which are crude oil‐based.
The paper presents the effects of acacia gum, cassava starch and the gum of triumfetta pendrata A. Rich on the rheological performance of cementitious systems. It is shown that acacia gum can be as efficient as polycarboxylate based superplasticisers, cassava starch can reduce the yield stress slightly with little effect on the plastic viscosity, and the gum of triumfet ta pendrata A. Rich increases the thixotropy of cement pastes with plasticizing polymers significantly.
Structural design and application have always been linked to the compressive strength of concrete as the main relevant criterion. This was justifiable in the past, where concrete consisted of water, ordinary Portland cement and aggregates, but this concept is no longer relevant for modern and more sustainable cement and concrete.
Despite these new developments, existing standards, guidelines and academic curricula have not been much updated and are still used worldwide. There is a need to change this situation by proper education of the users.
This overview describes the challenges that arise at a user Level from the higher complexity of modern concrete, and defines needs and requirements for enhanced applicability of sustainable concrete concepts.
Furthermore, recommendations are given on how better concrete practice can be communicated to all the involved parties, from civil and design engineers to constructors and site-appliers on the construction site.
The research focus of this study was set on the corrosion process of condensate as droplets on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70) martensitic steel UNS S41500, and super austenite UNS N08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the offshore transportation condition in a buried pipeline). The possibility of dew/droplet formation on the steel surface and wetting behavior of corresponding materials were evaluated by contact angle measurement in dense CO2 at 278 K. To observe the effect of impurities (SO2 and O2) on droplet corrosion process, exposure tests were carried out in the mixed atmosphere with a drop, 1 ‑ 10 µL in volume, of CO2 saturated ultra-pure water on steel surface. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water, as vapor, to observe the droplet formation and the corrosion process that follows. Effects of surface roughness on the droplet formation and its corrosion process were further studied and showed no significant role upon long time exposure. The results from droplet experiments were compared to those from the bulk electrolyte for the further recommendation on the quality control of gas stream along with the use of carbon steels as transport pipelines in CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage system.
Dunkelfärbung der Betonfahrbahndecke im AKR-Kontext - Ursachenanalyse mit innovativer Prüftechnik
(2018)
Die AKR-Schadensevolution von Betonfahrbahndecken ist in der Anfangsphase durch eine Dunkelfärbung der Oberfläche im Fugenbereich gekennzeichnet. Es wird vermutet, dass eine erhöhte Durchfeuchtung der Betonrandzone ursächlich für diese Erscheinung ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde exemplarisch eine Fahrbahnplatte eines repräsentativen Bundesautobahnabschnitts systematisch mit verschiedenartiger zerstörungsfreier Prüftechnik vor Ort untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der zunächst erfolgten großflächigen Durchmusterung mit Radar zeigen, dass in den Bereichen mit einer Dunkelfärbung der Betonfahrbahndecke erhöhte Laufzeiten der Radarimpulse zwischen der
Oberfläche und der Rückseite der Betonfahrbahndecke auftreten, was auf eine erhöhte integrale Durchfeuchtung der Betonfahrbahndecke schließen lässt. Vertiefend durchgeführte NMR-Feuchtemessungen in der Betonrandzone zeigen eine gute Korrelation zwischen erhöhtem Feuchtegehalt und der dunkel gefärbten Fahrbahnoberfläche. Die Ergebnisse beider zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Betonfahrbahndecke in der Nähe des Fugenkreuzes eine höhere Durchfeuchtung als im Bereich der Querscheinfuge aufweist. Die geringste Durchfeuchtung besitzt die Betonfahrbahndecke in der Plattenmitte. Die mit den zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren ermittelten Befunde stimmen prinzipiell gut mit den punktuell mittels Darr-Wäge-Verfahren an Bohrmehlproben gewonnenen Ergebnissen überein.
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten. Ursächlich hierfür ist die Verwendung alkaliempfindlicher Gesteinskörnung. Dies führt bei gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit von Wasser infolge der Exposition der Fahrbahndecke und des alkalischen Milieus durch den Einsatz alkalireicher Portlandzemente bei der Betonherstellung zu einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR). Zusätzlich wird der AKR-Schädigungsprozess in Betonfahrbahndecken durch den externen Tausalzeintrag (primär NaCl) im Winter begünstigt. Vor diesem Hintergrund kommt der Ermittlung des Tausalzeintrags in den Fahrbahndeckenbeton eine große Bedeutung zu.
Die Analyse des Tausalzeintrags erfolgte bisher ausschließlich nasschemisch an gemahlenen Bohrkernsegmenten. Nachteilig sind hierbei der relativ hohe prüftechnische Aufwand und die eingeschränkte Ortsauflösung. Der alternative Einsatz von LIBS (Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy) eröffnet in diesem Kontext neue Möglichkeiten. So wird in diesem Beitrag anhand von Bohrkernen aus einem repräsentativen AKR-geschädigten BAB-Abschnitt exemplarisch die Vorgehensweise bei der LIBS-Analyse zur Ermittlung der Na- und Cl-Verteilung an vertikalen Schnittflächen von Bohrkernen aufgezeigt. Da der Tausalzeintrag primär über den Zementstein erfolgt, wurde der verfälschende Na-Grundgehalt der Gesteinskörnung mittels eines Ausschlusskriteriums (Ca-Gehalt) eliminiert. Vergleichend durchgeführte Cl-Mappings mit Mikroröntgenfluoreszenzanalyse sowie nasschemische Analysen belegen die Güte der durchgeführten LIBS-Messungen. Allerdings bedarf es bei der quantitativen Ermittlung des Natriumgehaltes in der Betonfahrbahndecke noch weitergehender Untersuchungen.
Electrochemical tests, hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis are performed to study the influence of austenitizing, quenching, and tempering parameters on the corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steel grade X50CrMoV15 (1.4116). Different heat treatment states were studied using an adapted EPR-Test to evaluate the chromium distribution and depletion caused by the formation and dissolution of chromium rich carbides. The EPR results were correlated with pitting corrosion behavior, demonstrating the strong effect of heat treatment parameters on the susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to corrosion phenomena.
The passivation behavior of alloy 31 was investigated as a function of passivation potential in a green-death solution at 40 °C. The alloy 31 surface is in a stable passive state during cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. In potentiostatic polarization of alloy 31, passive current density increases with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analysis showed that a more defective n-type semiconductive passive film forms as the potential increases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that passive film consists of mainly chromium and minor iron and nickel oxides. The increase of the applied potential is considered to be a reason for the change in passive film stability.
This study examines the relationship between the magnetic mesostructure with the microstructure of low carbon steel tungsten inert gas welds. Optical microscopy revealed variation in the microstructure of the parent material, in the heat affected and fusion zones, correlating with distinctive changes in the local magnetic stray fields measured with high spatial resolution giant magneto resistance sensors. In the vicinity of the heat affected zone high residual stresses were found using neutron diffraction.
Notably, the gradients of von Mises stress and triaxial magnetic stray field modulus follow the same tendency transverse to the weld. In contrast, micro-X-ray fluorescence characterization indicated that local changes in element composition had no independent effect on magnetic stray fields.
Different imaging techniques were employed to monitor Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) experiments addressing environmental stress cracking in more detail. The FNCT is a well-established test method to assess slow crack growth and environmental stress cracking of polymer materials, especially polyethylene. The standard test procedure, as specified in ISO 16770, provides a simple comparative measure of the resistance to crack growth of a certain material based on the overall time to failure when loaded with a well-defined mechanical stress and immersed in a liquid medium promoting crack propagation.
Destructive techniques which require a direct view on the free fracture surface, such as light microscopy and laser scanning microscopy, are compared to non-destructive techniques, i.e. scanning acoustic microscopy and xray micro computed tomography. All methods allow the determination of an effective crack length. Based on a series of FNCT specimens progressively damaged for varied Durations under standard test conditions, the estimation of crack propagation rates is also enabled. Despite systematic deviations related to the respective Imaging techniques, this nevertheless provides a valuable tool for the detailed evaluation of the FNCT and its further development.
Protective passive coatings of stainless-steel piping systems and tanks in chemical plants are at risk – and not only from the harsh conditions prevalent during production operations. Even in new systems, defects can be caused by grinding or by incomplete removal of temper colours after welding. TÜV SÜD Chemie Service participated in the assessment of a rapid test for corrosion developed by the German Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, BAM). In only 15 minutes, KorroPads deliver valid information about the condition of passive coatings on material surfaces.
Hard and wear resistant coatings deposited by PVD techniques have been characterized for decades for their capabilities to protect steel substrates from corrosion. In the present work the effect of Mg incorporated into TiN coatings is described in terms of the corrosion behavior as well as the mechanical and structural properties.
TiN and TiMgN films with Mg contents between 10 and 35 at.% were deposited onto mirror polished 100Cr6 (1.3505) steel samples with 2.5 and 5 μm thickness by using DC magnetron sputtering. The corrosion protection capabilities of the coatings were characterized by neutral salt spray (NSS) test, considering the amounts and sizes of growth defects inherent in each coated sample as determined by a recently developed optical scan method (Large Area High Resolution mapping). The defect data were statistically analyzed for improved interpretation of NSS test results. Chosen growth defects were additionally analyzed by focused ion beam technique. Furthermore the coating composition and morphology, the hardness and the tribological behavior were characterized.
Polished steel samples coated with 2.5 μm TiMgN containing about 35 at.% Mg were in the plane free of corrosion after 24 h in a NSS test. TiMgN with 10 or 20 at.% Mg only provided a slightly improved corrosion protection in relation to pure TiN coatings, which was limited to certain types of growth defects. The highest Mg containing coatings exhibited a decreased hardness down to 1200 or 1800 HV depending on type of deposition (HV 1200: Ti- and Mg-target with rotating substrate holder, 1800: Mg-plugged Ti-target with static substrate holder), but also showed a strongly improved wear resistance against Al2O3 related to pure TiN. By analyzing the NSS test results it was found that the corrosion behavior of the coated samples did not only depend strongly on the Mg content, but also on the sample individual defect concentrations. Therefore this subject is extensively discussed.
Hard coated steel components are used in a wide application range, mostly for protective, wear resistant and decorative purposes. Despite of these coatings being regarded as relatively dense, there is always a high risk of localized corrosion when a coated low alloyed steel component encounters a surrounding high humidity atmosphere or even an aqueous medium. An approach to enhance the corrosion properties is the addition of magnesium to physical vapor deposited hard coatings, like TiN. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in corrosion resistance in dependence of magnesium content of the TiMgN coating and its surface properties. In this work the authors will explain the underlying corrosion protection mechanisms by means of electrochemical and analytical studies. The positive impact of magnesium in the coating relates on its preferred dissolution vs. steel. This causes the potential to shift to more negative direction with respect to the steel substrate and additionally leads to a temporarily passivation of the steel due to alkalization of the surrounding electrolyte by formation of magnesium hydroxide.
The effects of weathering exposure on unfilled and filled thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials are described as performed under different humidity conditions. For this purpose, a weathering device was used with UV-A 340 nm lamps at a constant temperature of 40 °C. The effects of environmental (UV and humidity condition) degradation on the frictional properties of TPU materials are presented along with surface analyses to characterize the chemistry of the degradative process. Photooxidative degradation of unfilled polymer leads to deterioration of physical and mechanical properties, which affects its tribological behavior significantly. Due to crosslinking, the stiffness of the material increases, reducing drastically the friction coefficient of unfilled TPUs. The frictional behavior of glass fiber reinforced TPU is less affected by radiation.
Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können lochkorrosionsanfällige Oberflächen einfach, schnell und kostengünstig nachgewiesen werden. Das KorroPad ist damit für Hersteller, Verarbeiter, Anwender und Forscher eine interessante Alternative zu zeitintensiven Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden, die normalerweise bei der Charakterisierung nichtrostender Stähle zur Anwendung kommen. Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können aber auch werkstoff- und gefügebedingte Einflussfaktoren sichtbar gemacht werden, die Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit verursachen. Um dies zu veranschaulichen, wird die Nachweisgrenze des Korro-Pads an Referenzlegierungen mit abgestuftem Chromgehalt aufgezeigt. Darauf aufbauend wird dargestellt, wie die Sensibilisierung nichtrostender Stähle durch Chromverarmung mit einer gezielten Verschärfung der KorroPad-Prüfung nachgewiesen werden kann.
Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können lochkorrosionsanfällige Oberflächen einfach, schnell und kostengünstig nachgewiesen werden. Das KorroPad ist damit für Hersteller, Verarbeiter, Anwender und Forscher eine interessante Alternative zu zeitintensiven Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden, die normalerweise bei der Charakterisierung nichtrostender Stähle zur Anwendung kommen. Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können aber auch werkstoff und gefügebedingte Einflussfaktoren sichtbar gemacht werden, die Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit verursachen. Um dies zu veranschaulichen, wird die Nachweisgrenze des KorroPads an Referenzlegierungen mit abgestuftem Chromgehalt aufgezeigt.
Darauf aufbauend wird dargestellt, wie die Sensibilisierung nichtrostender Stähle durch Chromverarmung mit einer gezielten Verschärfung der KorroPad-Prüfung nachgewiesen werden kann.
Anlagenbauteile aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind durch eine Passivschicht auf der Oberfläche vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist diese beschädigt oder unvollständig ausgebildet, geht der Schutz verloren. Produktionsausfälle und hohe Investitionen für Instandsetzungen können die Folge sein. Das KorroPad-Verfahren ist ein Schnelltest zur Qualitätskontrolle der Passivschicht. Er nimmt nur 15 Minuten in Anspruch.
The susceptibility of concrete structures due to alkali–silica reaction (ASR) can be assessed by means of ASR concrete prism testing at 60 °C, according to RILEM AAR 4.1. There, expansion of concrete prisms indicates alkali-reactivity of the examined concrete mix. This work applies in situ expansion measurement to accelerated concrete prism testing. Automated measuring facilitates both storage without the usually necessary interruptions for manual measurement and acquisition of quasi-continuousexpansion data. A comparative experimental programme showed that conventional testing resulted in stronger expansion and leaching of alkalis than automated testing. Experimental simulation of interruptions, typically associated with manual measurements in conventional testing, could prove the influence of these cooling–heating cycles. Two phenomenological approaches, frequently used for describing reaction kinetics of ASR by linking it to expansion results from ASR-testing, were validated with continuous expansion data of three types of aggregate. Experimental expansion depicted s-shaped curves similar to them of the modelling approaches. However, strong swelling recorded in the beginning of the test was not covered by the model curves. Auxiliary measurement of acoustic emissions and ultrasonic velocity helped characterising mechanisms such as hydration and cracking, which also influence prism expansion. The proposed modification of the measurement procedure provides an extended basis to analyse expansion mechanisms. Regarding data for validation of ASR-expansion models, continuous expansion results are preferable to conventional test results.
Bei der Planung und Gestaltung von Konstruktionen spielt der Korrosionsschutz und eine korrosionsschutzgerechte Bauweise eine zentrale Rolle. In einigen Fällen jedoch kann es durch bestimmte Randbedingungen und Eigenschaftsanforderungen an Komponenten und Bauteilen zur Ausbildung von galvanischer Korrosion durch Korrosionselemente kommen. Eine sehr häufig auftretende Form der galvanischen Korrosion ist die Bimetallkorrosion, bei der das Korrosionselement durch die Kombination verschiedener metallener Werkstoffe gebildet wird. Unter bestimmten Einsatzbe¬dingun¬gen kann ein solches Korrosionselement zu einem signifikant erhöhten Korrosionsabtrag führen und damit die technische Sicherheit gefährden. Trotz dem Vorhandensein solcher Korrosionselemente (z.B. Mischbauweise bei Konstruktionen) lässt sich das Risiko für galvanische Korrosion durch entsprechende Planung und konstruktive Gestaltung aber auch minimieren. Die Grundlagen der galvanischen Korrosion und Einflussgrößen vor allem auf die Bimetallkorrosion werden dargestellt und deren praktische Bedeutung anhand von Beispielen verdeutlicht.
Die Oberflächen nichtrostender Stähle sind durch eine Passivschicht geschützt. Ist diese beschädigt oder unvollständig ausgebildet, sind Anlagenkomponenten in Gefahr, durch Korrosionsangriffe zerstört zu werden.
KorroPads liefern ein valides Prüfergebnis zum Zustand der Passivschicht. Der Schnelltest dauert nur 15 min.
Die Passivschicht von Anlagenkomponenten aus nichtrostendem Stahl Ist nicht nur durch den rauen Industriealltag gefährdet. Bereits im Neuzustand können Schäden entstehen, etwa durch Schleifvorgänge oder ungenügende Entfernung von Anlauffarben nach dem Schweissen. TIJV Süd Chemie Service beteiligte sich an der Prüfung eines von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelten Schnelltests.
KorroPads liefern in 15 Minuten eine valide Aussage zur Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Passivschicht.
The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromium carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation
(EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heattreated states. The results show that a work hardening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion.
Keine Panik bei der Passivschicht - Schnelltest auf Korrosionsgefahr an nichtrostenden Stählen
(2018)
Anlagenkomponenten aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind durch eine Passivschicht auf der Oberfläche vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist diese schadhaft oder unvollständig ausgebildet, geht der Schutz verloren. Korropad bietet eine Möglichkeit, dies zu überprüfen. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Schnelltest, der in nur 15 min ein valides Prüfergebnis liefert.
Rohrsysteme und Behälter aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind prinzipiell vor Korrosion geschützt.
Ist die Passivschicht auf der Stahloberfläche jedoch beschädigt, geht dieser Schutz verloren. Das KorroPad-Verfahren ist ein Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Passivschicht. Die Anwendung ist einfach und dauert nur 15 Minuten.
Trotz teilweise nicht exakter Formulierungen und Terminologie bietet dieses Buch der angesprochenen Leserschaft einen umfassenden Einstieg in die Korrosionsthematik. Die am Ende jedes Kapitels aufgeführte Literatur liefert Beispiele zum vertiefenden Studium.
Erwähnenswert ist auf jeden Fall die haptisch interessante Einbandgestaltung, die die Neugierde auf dieses Buch fördert.
Aging of passive film formed on UNS N08031 was investigated as a function of passivation time in Green-Death solution at 40°C. The specimen surface was in a stable passive state in the solution.
The passive current density increased with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analyses revealed that a more defective n-type
semiconductive passive film formed as the potential increased while the film became stable as the defects in the film decreased at potential lower than 1.0 VSSE. The increase of the applied potential and the polarisation time are likely reasons for the change in passive film stability.
Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) represent a novel, innovative class of materials with great potential in various applications from high-performance gas separation membranes to electronic devices. Here for the first time, for PIM-1, as the archetypal PIM, fast scanning calorimetry provides definitive evidence for a glass transition (Tg=715 K, heating rate 3·10^4 K/s) by decoupling the time-scales responsible for glass transition and decomposition. As the rigid molecular structure of PIM-1 prevents any conformational changes, small-scale bend and flex fluctuations must be considered the origin of its glass transition. This result has strong implications for the fundamental understanding of the glass transition and for the physical aging of PIMs and other complex polymers, both topical problems of materials science.
Unpigmented HDPE jerrycans filled with nitric acid (55%) and water respectively had been exposed to outdoor conditions for one Berlin summer season. As both liquids underwent equal temperature progression, exposure effects of UV radiation and nitric acid as well as of their combination can be separated and compared. On the basis of various property changes after these exposures, synergistic action is evaluated and compared to a damaged Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) from a transport accident.
It is found that carbonyl formation goes along with lightness increase in color measurement due to microcracking and with a worsening in mechanical behavior, all of them showing synergistic effects of UV and nitric acid exposure. In contrast, embedding nitrogen compounds goes along with yellowing of the material but cannot be correlated to oxidation.
The reason for intensified damaging is the decomposition of the 55-percent nitric acid and formation of nitrogen oxides even at ambient temperatures, caused by UV radiation. Thus, damaging effects become similar to those caused by fuming nitric acid exposure at temperatures above 60 °C, with the result of strong oxidative degradation of the polyethylene.
In contrast, exclusive exposure to the 55-percent nitric acid at 40 °C does not cause any failure.
It can therefore be assumed that also the damaged IBC had been exposed to both UV radiation and nitric acid, probably outdoors.
Korrosionsgefahr schnell aufdecken: Zerstörungsfreier Oberflächentest für nichtrostende Stähle
(2018)
Eine Passivschicht schützt die Oberflächen nichtrostender Stähle vor Korrosion. Ist diese unvollständig ausgebildet oder beschädigt, sind Anlagenkomponenten in Gefahr, durch Materialauflösung zerstört zu werden. KorroPads geben schnell Aufschluss über den Zustand der Passivschicht. In nur 15 Minuten liegt ein valides Prüfergebnis vor.
Elastomers are usually mechanically reinforced with high loadings of carbon black (CB) to achieve the properties demanded; high amounts of mineral flame retardants are used to fulfill fire safety requirements. In this study, multilayer graphene (MLG), a nanoparticle made of only 10 graphene sheets, is applied in low loadings, 3 parts per hundred rubber (phr) to reduce the total amount of filler or boost performance in hydrogenated acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber (HNBR). In the HNBR/MLG nanocomposites, 3 phr MLG replaced 15 phr CB, 3 phr aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), or 15 phr CB + 3 phr ATH. The nanocomposites were prepared via master batch by ultrasonically assisted solution mixing and subsequent conventional two-roll milling. A comprehensive study is presented, illustrating the impact of MLG on curing and mechanical properties; e.g. replacing 2.5 phr ATH with 3 phr MLG increased the Young's modulus by over 60% and hardness by 10%, while improving flame retardancy, and reducing the total heat evolved by 10%. MLG is a multifunctional filler, as demonstrated by various enhancements in terms of the mechanical and flame retardancy properties of the rubber composites.
Calcium cobaltite is one of the most promising oxide p-type thermoelectric materials. The solid-state reaction (or calcination, respectively), which is well known for large-scale powder synthesis of functional materials, can also be used for the synthesis of thermoelectric oxides. There are various calcination routines in literature for Ca3Co4O9 powder synthesis, but no systematic study has been done on the influence of calcination procedure on thermoelectric properties. Therefore, the influence of calcination conditions on the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity was studied by modifying calcination temperature, dwell time, particle size of raw materials and number of calcination cycles. This study shows that elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations during powder synthesis do not improve but deteriorate the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite. Diffusion during calcination leads to idiomorphic grain growth, which lowers the driving force for sintering of the calcined powder. A lower driving force for sintering reduces the densification. The electrical conductivity increases linearly with densification. The calcination procedure barely influences the Seebeck coefficient. The calcination procedure has no influence on the phase formation of the sintered specimens.
Dynamic characterisation of historic bell-tower using a sensitivity-based technique for model tuning
(2018)
The most relevant results of the vibration-based investigations performed on a historic masonry tower in Italy namely the Santa Maria a Vico bell-tower is here presented. The first part of the study involves preliminary full-scale ambient vibration measurements in operational conditions and dynamics-based finite element (FE) modelling. At first, a manual tuning of the uncertain parameters of the model was carried out to adjust material properties, soil-structure interaction and constraining effect of the neighbouring structures. Then, based on the sensitivity analysis, only the most sensitive parameters were chosen as updating parameters. Finally, a model updating technique based on a sensitivity-based method was used to minimise the error between experimental vibration data and numerical response values. To this aim, a residual vector defined as the weighted difference between the measured quantities and calculated quantities was used. The uncertain structural parameters of the FE model were identified by minimising a robust penalty function. The calibrated model was used as an important tool for the seismic assessment of the structure using pushover analysis. Since the assumed value of the masonry compressive strength is the most sensitive parameter of non-linear behaviour, a sensitivity analysis was performed considering reference values in the range of interest. The seismic safety corresponding to increasing levels of the seismic hazard was finally investigated.
Severe fires at the Friedrichshain flak bunker in May 1945 destroyed or severely damaged an important part of the collection of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin, today’s Bode Museum. Fragments of two marble sculptures by Tullio Lombardo, sculptor of the Italian renaissance, have survived and are now stored in the Bode Museum. In preparation for restoration, the condition of the sculptures has been documented in detail in 2010. The study revealed that the fragments are not stable enough to exhibit them in a horizontal nor in an upright position. The intention of a further study in 2012 was to find a correlation between ultrasonic velocity and mechanical properties of burned Carrara marble as a basis for stabilization measures. The results and numerous supplementary experiments show that the current condition of the sculptural fragments can not only be explained by the exposure to fire.
A key limitation of the most constitutive models that reproduce a Degradation of quasi-brittle materials is that they generally do not address issues related to fatigue. One reason is the huge computational costs to resolve each load cycle on the structural level. The goal of this paper is the development of a temporal Integration scheme, which significantly increases the computational efficiency of the finite element method in comparison to conventional temporal integrations.
The essential constituent of the fatigue model is an implicit gradient-enhanced formulation of the damage rate. The evolution of the field variables is computed as amultiscale Fourier series in time.On a microchronological scale attributed to single cycles, the initial boundary value problem is approximated by linear BVPs with respect to the Fourier coefficients. Using the adaptive cycle jump concept, the obtained damage rates are transferred to a coarsermacrochronological scale associated with the duration of material deterioration. The performance of the developedmethod is hence improved due to an efficient numerical treatment of the microchronological problem in combination with the cycle jump technique on the macrochronological scale. Validation examples demonstrate the convergence of the obtained solutions to the reference simulations while significantly reducing the computational costs.
Slags from the nonferrous metals industry have great potential to be used as feedstocks for the production of alkali-activated materials. Until now, however, only very limited information has been available about the structural characteristics of these materials. In the work presented herein, synthetic slags in the CaO–FeOx–SiO2 system, representing typical compositions of Fe-rich slags, and inorganic polymers (IPs) produced from the synthetic slags by activation with alkali Silicate solutions have been studied by means of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge. The iron in the slags was largely Fe2+, with an average coordination number of approximately 5 for the iron in the amorphous fraction. The increase in average oxidation number after alkali-activation was conceptualized as the consequence of slag dissolution and IP precipitation, and employed to calculate the degrees of reaction of the slags. The degree of reaction of the slags increased with increasing amorphous fraction. The iron in the IPs had an average coordination number of approximately 5; thus, IPs produced from the Fe-rich slags studied here are not Fe-analogs of aluminosilicate geopolymers, but differ significantly in terms of structure from the latter.
Powder X-ray diffraction is a time-consuming and challenging task, especially for preparation of sensitive phases like ettringite and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phases. Fine-grained ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) with an average grain size <100 μm could be investigated directly without time-consuming milling. As a proof of concept, small UHPC cylinders with plain surfaces were investigated with a newly designed sample holder. The comparison with conventionally prepared powder shows the feasibility of fast qualitative phase analysis using this approach. As a great benefit, a depth-dependent analysis, as well as a comparison of surface layers and core material, was carried out.
Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in gas separation membranes. Here, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity, is investigated by means of inelastic neutron scattering. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid). The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers. For an annealed PIM-1 sample, the Boson peak shifts to higher frequencies in comparison to the un-annealed sample. These changes in the VDOS of the annealed PIM-1 sample are related to changes in the microporous structure as confirmed by X-ray scattering.
In this paper, a comparative study on the initial shear strength of
masonry with earth mortars is presented. Triplet tests were carried out to characterise the shear bond strength of five different types of earth mortar, three purely mineral and two with vegetable additives (wood and straw chaff), using calcium silicate blocks. In spite of their lower bulk densities, mortars with chaffs reached a value of compressive strength comparable to the values shown by the purely mineral mortars. The characteristic initial shear strengths of all the tested earth mortars were between two and five times higher than the minimum values for initial shear strengths required by standards.
To assess the influence of blocks pre-wetting, a comparison between calcium silicate blocks and earth blocks was performed to evaluate the results obtained from the standard test procedure compared to the more common practice of using earth mortars in combination with earthen blocks.
Nine different stainless steel alloys were exposed for 5 years under marine environment and their corrosion behaviour was compared and assessed. The investigation of four different surface finishes for all alloys tested further enabled to consider industry-specific features of the surface finish for the material comparison. The results of the exposure tests yield conclusions regarding the influence of alloy composition, surface finish and exposure duration under marine environment. The three duplex stainless steels revealed excellent corrosion resistance even in case of crevices during the 5 years of exposure under the given exposure conditions. Also the molybdenum-alloyed ferritic steel 1.4521 showed good corrosion resistance comparable to the classical austenitic materials 1.4301 and 1.4404.
This paper focuses on the experimental evaluation of one of the key microstructural Parameters of a short-fiber reinforced composite – the orientation distribution of fibers. It is shown that computed tomography (CT) produces results suitable for reconstruction of the orientation distribution function. This function is used for calculation of the effective elastic properties of polymer-fiber reinforced concrete. Explicit formulas are derived for overall elastic moduli accounting for orientation distribution in the frameworks of the noninteraction approximation, the Mori–Tanaka–Benveniste scheme, and the Maxwell scheme.
The approach illustrated can be applied to any kind of composite material.