Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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Submerged arc welded (SAW) components of creep-resistant low-alloyed Cr-Mo-V steels are used for thick-walled heavy petrochemical reactors (wall-thickness up to 475 mm) as well as employed in construction of modern high-efficient fossil fired power plants. These large components are accompanied by significant restraints during welding fabrication, especially at positions of different thicknesses like welding of nozzles. As a result, residual stresses occur, playing a domi-nant role concerning so-called stress relief cracking (SRC) typically during post weld heat treat-ment (PWHT). Besides specific metallurgical factors (like secondary hardening due to re-precipitation), high tensile residual stresses are a considerable influence factor on SRC. For the assessment of SRC susceptibility of certain materials mostly mechanical tests are applied which are isolated from the welding process. Conclusions regarding the influence of mechanical factors are rare so far. The present research follows an approach to reproduce loads, which occur during welding of real thick-walled components scaled to laboratory conditions by using tests designed on different measures. A large-scale slit specimen giving a high restraint in 3 dimensions by high stiffness was compared to a medium-scale multi-pass welding U-profile specimen showing a high degree of restraint in longitudinal direction and a small-scale TIG-re-melted specimen. The small-scale specimens were additionally subjected to mechanical bending to induce loads that are found during fabrication on the real-scale in heavy components. Results show for all three cases compa-rable high tensile residual stresses up to yield strength with high gradients in the weld metal and the heat affected zone. Those high tensile stresses can be significant for cracking during further PWHT.
High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength ≥ 690 MPa have increasing importance in steel construction and civil engineering. However, weld processing of those steels is a major challenge. The susceptibility for degradation of mechanical properties of weld joints significantly increases in presence of hydrogen and can result in hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). Generally, risk for HAC increases with increasing yield strength of HSLA steels. To minimize the incidence of HAC, it is essential to gain knowledge about both the (1) absorbed hydrogen amount and its distribution in the weld seam and (2) options to lower
the amount of introduced hydrogen. Existing standards recommend heat treatment procedures (interpass temperature or post weld heat treatment) to reduce the diffusible hydrogen concentration in weldments. In this context, different weld seam geometries should be considered. For HSLA steel fabrication weld processing with seam opening angles of 45° to 60° is typical. Modern weld technologies allow welding with seam opening angles of 30° - reduced welding time and costs. In the present study, the hydrogen distribution in multi-layer welds of a 960 MPa HSLA steel was analysed. Influence of different seam opening angles as well as heat input, interpass temperature and post weld heat treatments were investigated. The welded samples were quenched in ice water immediately after welding and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen. After defined warming up, small specimens were machined from the weld seam by water jet cutting. The diffusible hydrogen concentration was measured by carrier gas hot extraction with coupled mass spectrometer. The results showed, that low heat input and post weld heat treatment procedures can lower hydrogen concentrations in welds. Furthermore, a gradient of the hydrogen concentration was
identified with increasing weld pool depth. By varying the seam opening angles different hydrogen concentrations were
measured.
Hydrogen absorption and diffusion in T24 steel weld joints and effect on mechanical properties
(2018)
The present contribution summarizes results obtained from experiments with low-alloyed boiler steel grades T24 (CrMoV alloy), T22 (CrMo) and thermally simulated T24 HAZ microstructure and pure weld metal. The hydrogen absorption and diffusion behavior was investigated by permeation experiments and thermal desorption analysis (TDA). The results showed significant weld microstructure influence on diffusion by hydrogen trapping. Trapped hydrogen was determined in the T24 BM at temperatures up to 120 °C compared to 75 °C in the T22. In addition, the T24 HAZ showed decreased diffusion coefficients (at room temperature) of approximately one magnitude compared to the BM. For the mechanical properties, tensile tests were conducted with electrochemically hydrogen charged specimens and compared to results obtained from slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in high-temperature water up to 200 °C. The as-welded HAZ had remarkably increased susceptibility compared to the BM already at low hydrogen concentration of 1-2 ppm. The SSRT were conducted for free corrosion and acidic environment and confirmed this behavior at elevated temperatures for both HAZ microstructures of T24 and T22. Summarized, each weld microstructure has specific diffusion coefficients and shows different susceptibility to degradation of the mechanical properties, i.e. delayed hydrogen assisted cracking or stress corrosion cracking.