Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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- 2014 (4) (entfernen)
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- Assessment (1)
- Composite (1)
- Cone calorimeter (1)
- Cylinder (1)
- Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) (1)
- Fire behavior (1)
- Flame retardancy (1)
- Flammability (1)
- GMA welding (1)
- Graphene (1)
Today’s light weight design trends lead to a growing application of high-strength structural steels (yield strength ≥ 690 MPa). The mechanical properties of the weld and the component safety have to meet the increased requirements of these steel grades. However, high residual stresses in welded components are detrimental to their safety and integrity. Analyses concerning weld stresses in high-strength steels welded under component related restraint conditions revealed that heat control significantly affects global and local stresses. This occurs especially in highly restrained joints due to superimposing local and global stresses and may cause crack-critical stress-levels. In this study weld tests were performed with plates of high-strength steel in a special test facility. The experimental setup allowed transferring defined restraint conditions to the test welds similarly to real components. Temperature and reaction forces due to restraint were observed online while welding and cooling of multilayer-component MAG-welds. Mobile X-ray diffraction was used for local stress determination in the weld seam areas of the restrained specimens. It was found that interpass temperature has a major influence on the local and global welding forces and stresses. Thus, among the analysed results especially transverse residual stresses of the heat affected zone were strongly affected.
Emergency response units increasingly use pressure cylinders made from fibre composites for breathing air as elements of personal protective equipment (PPE). Such applications expose the composite cylinders to harsh temperature and handling conditions. At least in Europe, standards have been used for certifying PPE, which are designed and mandatory for the approval of pressure receptacles for the transport of dangerous goods. Therefore, service conditions specific to PPEs are not accounted for in these standards. In this paper, BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) investigates the residual safety of a composite cylinder design at the end of their designated service life of 15 years. The cylinders (test pressure PH 450 bars; 6.8 Litres) are of one design type with aluminium liner and fully wrapped with carbon fibres, which is commonly considered a “Type III” cylinder. All cylinders were used as PPE by the Berlin fire department and randomly picked in three samples of 25 cylinders each before tested.
At BAM, the cylinder samples underwent hydraulic load cycle tests (LCT), conventional burst tests (BT) and so called slow burst tests (SBT). A concept for quantification of strength degradation already introduced by BAM was applied. This concept is based on a probabilistic assessment of the average strength and scatter of each sample of cylinders. The strength distributions of the used PPEcylinders is shown and analysed. Some unexpected effects are shown and a refinement of the statistical assessment is introduced.
Fibre Reinforced Plastics (e.g. CFRP, GFRP) characteristically show nonlinear stress-strain behaviour due to intralaminar shear loading. The determination of the in-plane shear stiffness and strength for this class of material is difficult and common test standards and methods of analysis are partially inaccurate. The identification of the in-plane shear properties was made with an especial designed “picture frame test device” which enables shear loading up to 950N/mm. Therefore the strength limit can be reached at specimens with adequate thickness and a high safety factor against buckling. Due to the chosen design the maximum of the shear loading and the final failure occur in the centre of the specimen. The experiments match with the numerical analysis.
Nanotechnology is one of the key technologies of the 21st century. The exploitation of 'new' effects that arise from materials structured on the nano-scale has also been proposed successfully for flame retardancy of polymers since the end of the 90s. Of all of the approaches these include, at this time the use of nanocomposites offers the best potential for industrial application, also some other ideas are sketched, such as using electrospun nanofibers mats or layer-by-layer deposits as protection coatings, as well as sub-micrometer multilayer coatings as effective IR-mirrors. The general phenomena, inducing a flow limit in the pyrolysing melt and changing the fire residue, are identified in nanocomposites. Key experiments are performed such as quasi online investigation of the protection layer formation to understand what is going on in detail. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed and their impact on fire behaviour quantified. With the latter, the presentation pushes forward the state of the art. For instance, the heat shielding is experimentally quantified for a layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposite proving that it is the only import mechanism controlling the reduction in peak heat release rate in the investigated system for different irradiations. The flame retardancy performance is assessed comprehensively illuminating not only the strengths but also the weak points of the concepts. Guidelines for materials development are deduced and discussed. Apart from inorganic fillers (layered silicate, boehmite, etc.) not only carbon nanoobjects such as multiwall carbon nanotubes, multilayer graphene and graphene are investigated, but also nanoparticles that are more reactive and harbor the potential for more beneficial interactions with the polymer matrix.