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Dissimilar metal weld overlays of nickel-base alloys on low-alloy steel components are commonly used in the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries to provide corrosion and oxidation resistance in a wide range of service Environments and temperatures. Traditionally, dissimilar weld overlays are produced using cold or hot wire gas tungsten arc welding.
This study aims to identify and evaluate potential advantages of low heat input gas metal arc welding processes over the conventional gas tungsten arc welding in the production of such overlays. Parts I and II of this publication series described characteristics of the heat-affected zone and the transition zone region of alloy 625 on grade 22 steel overlays. These results indicate a good resistance against hydrogen-assisted cracking, which is being verified within this third part of the publication series. To determine the hydrogen-assisted cracking susceptibility, welded samples are tested using the delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking test. Fractography is performed using scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results confirm the suitability and efficiency of low heat input gas metal arc welding for dissimilar weld overlays. Variation of the postweld heat treatment procedure bears potential for improvement in this respect.
The present research work encloses results of experimental investigations of the interaction between welding process parameters for laser-beam and hybrid-laser-arc as well as type of the filler metal and the achievable mechanical properties of the weld joints on steel grade X8Ni9+QT640 for cryogenic service containing 9% nickel. The results obtained contribute to the development and conversion in the industrial practice a new laser beam-based welding technology for the automated manufacturing of facilities for the liquefaction, storage and the transport of natural gases (LNG facilities). The results show, that the martensitic microstructure of the laser weld metal including low amount of retained austenite not exceeding 3.5% leads to the relatively low V-notch impact energy. The remarkable heterogeneity in the chemical composition of the weld metal through the weld thickness could be recognized in the case of hybrid-laser-arc welding with ERNiCrMo-3 austenitic filler metal, what also led to insufficient impact toughness of the weld metall. The most promising results could be achieved by using 11%Ni filler wire, which is similar to the base metal and provides a homogeneous microstructure with uniform distribution of Ni through the weld seam. It is remarkable, that a correlation between Charpy impact toughness and wire feeding speed and respectively process heat input exists. The highest toughness values were 134±58 J at -196C. The both laser as well as laser-hybrid welds passed the tensile test. The failure stress of 720±3 MPa with a fracture location in the base material was achieved for all samples tested.
Niobium carbide is a ceramic material which can be used with excellent results to replace tungsten carbide with cobalt binder. Furthermore, it might be manufactured by classic ceramic technologies and even colloidal processing. To achieve high toughness and strength, it is necessary to have a perfect mix of hard phase and binder, which is mainly achieved by ball milling. Mechanical and physical properties as well as results on different tribological and application-oriented machining tests are presented. The results have been compared with results obtained with NbC grades with Co and Fe3Al binders as well as with pure binderless hot-pressed NbC and SPS sintered Nb2O5.
Full densification of Fe, Co and Ni bonded NbC based cermet’s was achieved by pressure less liquid phase sintering in vacuum for one hour at 1420°C. The hardness and toughness of the NbC matrix cermet’s can be mainly tailored by the binder composition and secondary carbide additions. Ni binder based NbC cermet’s allow the combination of high hardness and improved toughness. The addition of lesser amounts of VC/Cr3C2 in a NbC partially substituted WC-Co cemented carbide increased significantly the hardness in combination with a moderate fracture toughness.