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Polychromatic and wavelength-selective neutron transmission radiography were applied during bead-on-plate welding on 5 mm thick sheets on the face side of martensitic low transformation temperature (LTT) steel plates using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The in situ visualization of austenitization upon welding and subsequent α’-martensite formation during cooling could be achieved with a temporal resolution of 2 s for monochromatic imaging using a single neutron wavelength and of 0.5 s for polychromatic imaging using the full spectrum of the beam (white beam). The spatial resolution achieved in the experiments was approximately 200 µm. The transmitted monochromatic neutron beam intensity at a wavelength of λ = 0.395 nm was significantly reduced during cooling below the martensitic start temperature Ms since the emerging martensitic phase has a ~10% higher attenuation coefficient than the austenitic phase. Neutron imaging was significantly influenced by coherent neutron scattering caused by the thermal motion of the crystal lattice (Debye–Waller factor), resulting in a reduction in the neutron transmission by approx. 15% for monochromatic and by approx. 4% for polychromatic imaging.
Neutron imaging
(2016)
Neutron imaging methods are appropriate to investigate hydrogen distributions in several metallic systems. The large total neutron cross section of hydrogen compared to those of elements or isotopes, respectively, in usual structural materials like steels or zirconium alloys allows the detection even of small amounts of hydrogen in such materials. The dependence of the total macroscopic neutron cross section of the sample or component on the hydrogen concentration can be determined experimentally by means of calibration specimens with known hydrogen concentrations. Such a calibration allows for a full quantitative determination of the local hydrogen concentration with a spatial resolution better than 20 μm. Because neutron radiography is fast and non-destructive, in situ investigations of time-dependent processes like hydrogen absorption and release or hydrogen bulk diffusion can be performed. This chapter gives an introduction into the main neutron imaging methods, radiography and tomography, and gives as examples results of neutron imaging investigations of hydrogen in different steels and in zirconium alloys,respectively.