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Polymers that help tailoring rheological properties during the casting process have become inevitable constituents for all kinds of high-performance concrete technologies. Due to lacking industries, these typically crude-oil based admixtures are not readily available in many parts of the world, which limits the implementation of more sustainable high-performance construction technologies in these regions. Alternative polymers, which often demand for less processing, can be derived from local plant-based resources. The paper provides experimental data of flow tests of cement pastes with polysaccharides from Triumfetta pendrata A. Rich, acacia gum and cassava without and in the presence of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer. The flow tests are amended by observations of the zeta potentials and the hydrodynamic diameters in the presence of and without calcium ions in the dispersion medium. The results show that in the presence of and without calcium ions all polysaccharides provide negative zeta potentials, yet, they affect flowability and thixotropy in different ways. Cassava starch, acacia gum, and the gum of Triumfetta pendrata A. Rich qualified well for robustness improvement, strong stiffening, and additive manufacturing, respectively. The reason for the different effects can be found in their average sizes and size distribution. Due to the promising results, a flow chart for local value chains is derived on the example of yet unused cassava wastes, which can be converted in parallel.
Chemical admixtures are widely used to adjust properties of the cementitious mixtures. Different superplasticizers (SP) are typically added to improve the flowability of the fresh cement paste. Their working period is the initial stage of the cement hydration from its beginning until stiffening. Currently, polycarboxylate-based SP (PCE-SP) are the most effective ones. They can act beyond their aimed function causing changes in the hydration course, e. g. retardation effects. The exact mechanisms and influencing factors are still under investigation. However, the occurrence of the retardation effect indicates the involvement of PCE in the hydration reactions. Some observations indicate, that the retardation depends on the type, molecular structure and concentration of PCE, and the presence of other admixtures (stabiliser, ST). These factors influence further the working time of admixture and its amount related efficacy in the flow improvement.
We investigate the cement hydration process in situ in levitated droplets. High resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction allows gathering temporal course of the hydration reactions. The measurement setup is based on an ultrasonic levitator allowing in situ investigation of the temporal changes of the phase composition in the hydrating cementitious system. Further, the hydration can be followed ab initio avoiding the time loss for the sample preparation and filling in the sample holder. The collected data allows to conclude about the mechanisms of the admixture action and their involvement into the ongoing hydration process.