Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (3)
- Vortrag (2)
- Sonstiges (2)
- Dissertation (1)
Schlagworte
- Immunoassay (8) (entfernen)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (2)
Immunoanalytical Techniques, i.e., antibody-based analytical methods, have been used for decades in clinical diagnostics. What makes them attractive for other fields of application is their short time-to-result and high sensitivity. Microplate-based assays such as ELISA have been adopted early in environmental and food analysis. Yet, to make immunoassays even faster, more sensitive, robust, and, most desirable, portable, advanced materials, sometimes developed for other purposes, can be profitably used to achieve these goals. Materials can be novel labels, e.g., chemical or particle labels, such as fluorophores or nanoparticles. Carrier particles, such as magnetic or polymer beads, make it possible to adopt the assays to meso- or microfluidic set-ups and encoding them opens the path to multiplex analysis. Specialty electrodes can enable for higher sensitivity in electrochemical detection. All this broadens the scope of application and lowers effort and cost for analysis at the point-of-need.
In 2019 over 30 000 people were killed or injured by explosions caused by explosives like TNT, PETN, HMX and RDX. Therefore, highly sensitive assays for the detection of TNT are needed. In this study we compared two commercially available TNT antibodies: A1.1.1 and EW75C with a highly optimized indirect competitive ELISA based on a BSA-TNA conjugate. As a result, a precision profile for both antibodies was determined with a LOD of 170 pmol L-1 for the clone A1.1.1 and a LOD of 3,2 nmol L-1 for the clone EW75C. The measurements showed that the clone A1.1.1 is a highly sensitive antibody for the detection of TNT while the clone EW75C does show medium performance at most.
In the cross-reactivity characterization of both antibodies many substances, closely related to the structure of TNT were tested. Both antibodies showed strong cross reactivity with trinitroaniline and trinitrobenzene. For the clone A1.1.1, which is known to originate from immunization of mice with an TNP-glycine-KLH conjugate, this has to be expected. Interestingly the clone EW75C, which was not characterized yet, showed similar behavior. This suggests a TNA-conjugate as immunogen for the EW75C antibody as well. None of both antibodies showed cross-reactions to the high explosives PETN, HMX and RDX. Also, the cross-reactions of nitro musks with the antibodies were investigated. Despite their prohibition, nitro musks are still used in Asia especially and are particularly popular in India. The overall superior clone A1.1.1 showed a significant cross-reactivity to musk ambrette. For practical reasons the influence of musk ambrette on this assay when used in natural environment should be investigated.
In further experiments, the highly sensitive TNT antibody A1.1.1 was digested with papain to obtain monovalent Fab-fragments. Due to its high stability against the digestion, a custom protocol for the IgG1 subclass of mice, to which the clone A1.1.1 belongs, was developed, resulting in a quantitative digestion of the intact antibody to Fab fragments. The success of the digestion was determined with MALDI-TOF-MS and SDS-PAGE. It was shown that this protocol worked for many different antibodies of IgG1 subclass as well.
Electrochemical methods offer great promise in meeting the demand for user-friendly on-site devices for Monitoring important parameters. The food industry often runs own lab procedures, for example, for mycotoxin analysis, but it is a major goal to simplify analysis, linking analytical methods with smart technologies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, with photometric detection of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB),form a good basis for sensitive detection. To provide a straightforward approach for the miniaturization of the detectionstep, we have studied the pitfalls of the electrochemical TMB detection. By cyclic voltammetry it was found that the TMB electrochemistry is strongly dependent on the pH and the electrode material. A stable electrode response to TMB could be achieved at pH 1 on gold electrodes. We created a smartphonebased, electrochemical, immunomagnetic assay for the detection of ochratoxin A in real samples, providing a solid basis forsensing of further analytes.
Pentaerythrityltetranitrat (PETN), ein in jüngster Vergangenheit häufig von Terroristen verwendeter Sprengstoff, ist äußerst schwer zu detektieren. Ein verbesserter Antikörper gegen PETN wurde durch Anwendung des Konzepts des bioisosteren Ersatzes entwickelt,indem ein Nitroester durch einen Carbonsäurediester ersetzt wurde. Biostere Moleküle haben eine ähnliche Struktur wie die Referenzsubstanz und zeigen eine vergleichbare biologische Wirkung. Dieser Ansatz führte zu polyklonalen Antikörpern mit extrem guter Selektivität und Sensitivität. Die Nachweisgrenze des Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) beträgt 0,15 μg/L. Der Messbereich des Immunassays liegt zwischen 1 und 1000 μg/L. Die Antikörper sind sowohl hinreichend pH-stabil als auch robust gegen Lösungsmittelzusätze. Das Antiserum könnte auch für Schnelltests, Biosensoren, Mikro-Arrays und andere analytische Methoden verwendet werden.
Für die Umweltanalytik von Trinitrotoluol (TNT) wurde eine Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC)-kompatible Affinitätssäule hergestellt. Druckbeständiges, poröses Glas hat sich als ein hervorragendes Trägermaterial herauskristallisiert. Um selektive anti-TNT-Antikörper für die Herstellung der Affinitätssäule aus den beiden verwendeten TNT-Seren zu isolieren, wurde eine Trennung an einer Dinitrophenyl-Affinitätssäule durchgeführt. Zur Optimierung der Immobilisierungsmethode wurden orangefarbene Dabsyl -Proteine synthetisiert und auf der Oberfläche gebunden. Die Färbung wurde als Indikator für die Immobilisierungsdichte verwendet. Wegen der hohen Affinitätskonstanten der polyklonalen anti-TNT-Antikörper der beiden Seren (5,1 bzw. 2,3∙109 L/mol) lässt sich TNT durch eine typische saure Elution der TNT-Affinitätssäule nur schwer eluieren. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine neuartige Elutionsmethode entwickelt, die irreversible, denaturierende, thermische Online -Elution.
Diese eröffnet ein weites Anwendungsfeld, da so Affinitäten, die klass ischerweise aufgrund zu hoher Bindungskonstanten zwischen Ligand und Rezeptor nicht für die Affinitätschromatographie genutzt werden können, für die Analytik besser handhabbar werden. Die maximale Kapazität einer im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellten Affinitätssäule (64,8 μL) betrug 650 ng TNT bzw. 10 μg/mL Säulenvolumen.
Um die Immobilisierungsdichte der produzierten Affinitätssäulen zu bestimmen, wurde ein neues Verfahren entwickelt, da die üblichen spektroskopischen Proteinbestimmungsmethoden aufgrund der hohen unspezifischen Wechselwirkung mit dem Trägermaterial zur Proteinbestimmung nicht geeignet waren. Zur Quantifizierung von Proteinen oder Peptiden,die auf festen Trägern immobilisiert sind, wurde auf Grundlage einer HPLC-Trennung der aromatischen Aminosäuren Tyrosin (Tyr) und Phenylalanin (Phe) ohne vorherige Derivatisierung eine gegenüber der klassischen Aminosäureanalytik vereinfachte HPLC/UV-Methode entwickelt. Die Hydrolyse der Proteine und Peptide wurde durch Einsatz von Mikrowellentechnik beschleunigt, sodass nur 30 Minuten statt ca. 22 Stunden für das Standardprotokoll benötigt wurden, bei dem ein Hydrolyseröhrchen verwendet wird. Zur internen Kalibrierung wurden zwei Standardverbindungen, Homotyrosin (HTyr) und 4-Fluorphenylalanin (FPhe) verwendet. Die Nachweisgrenze (limit of detection, LOD) bei 215 nm ist sowohl für Tyr als auch für Phe 0,05 μM (~ 10 μg/L). Dieses neue Verfahren, das als Aromatische Aminosäureanalyse (Aromatic Amino Acid Analysis, AAAA) bezeichnet werden kann, wurde zur Proteinbestimmung von homogenen Proben mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) des Nationalen Instituts für Standards und Technologie der USA (NIST) validiert, wobei die Nachweisgrenze für Proteine mit 16 mg/L (~ 300 ng BSA) mit gängigen spektroskopischen Verfahren vergleichbar ist. Es liefert incl. der Hydrolysestufe eine verbesserte Genauigkeit mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von ca. 5%.
Heterogeneous sandwich immunoassays are widely used for biomarker detection in bioanalysis and medical diagnostics. The high analyte sensitivity of the current “gold standard” enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) originates from the signal-generating enzymatic amplification step, yielding a high number of optically detectable reporter molecules. For future point-of-care testing (POCT) and point-of-need applications, there is an increasing interest in more simple detection strategies that circumvent time-consuming and temperature-dependent enzymatic reactions. A common concept to aim for detection limits comparable to those of enzymatic amplification reactions is the usage of polymer nanoparticles (NP) stained with a large number of chromophores. We explored different simple NP-based signal amplification strategies for heterogeneous sandwich immunoassays
that rely on an extraction-triggered release step of different types of optically detectable reporters. Therefore, streptavidinfunctionalized polystyrene particles (PSP) are utilized as carriers for (i) the fluorescent dye coumarin 153 (C153) and (ii) hemin (hem) molecules catalyzing the luminol reaction enabling chemiluminescence (CL) detection. Additionally, (iii) NP labeling with hemin-based microperoxidase MP11 was assessed. For each amplification approach, the PSP was first systematically optimized regarding size, loading concentration, and surface chemistry. Then, for an immunoassay for the inflammation marker C- eactive protein (CRP), the analyte sensitivity achievable with optimized PSP
ystems was compared with the established ELISA concept for photometric and CL detection. Careful optimization led to a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng/mL for MP11-labeled PSP and CL detection, performing similarly well to a photometric ELISA (0.13 ng/mL), which demonstrates the huge potential of our novel assay concept.
Analytical methods based on the selectivity of antibodies, often called immunoassays, are a back-bone of clinical laboratory diagnostics. To bring them to the field, i.e., to make immunoanalytical methods portable, hopefully even faster, more sensitive, and robust, advanced materials are re-quired. Materials can be novel labels, e.g., chemical or particle labels, such as fluorophores or na-noparticles. Carrier particles, such as magnetic or polymer beads, make it possible to adopt the as-says to meso- or microfluidic set-ups and encoding them opens the path to multiplex analysis. Spe-cialty electrodes can enable for higher sensitivity in electrochemical detection. Without research into better materials, efforts to bring analysis to the point-of-need will not bear fruit.
Preactivation Crosslinking - An Efficient Method for the Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies
(2019)
Crosslinking of proteins for their irreversible immobilization on surfaces is a proven and popular method. However, many protocols lead to random orientation and the formation of undefined or even inactive by-products. Most concepts to obtain a more targeted conjugation or immobilization requires the recombinant modification of at least one binding partner, which is often impractical or prohibitively expensive. Here a novel method is presented, which is based on the chemical preactivation of Protein A or G with selected conventional crosslinkers. In a second step, the antibody is added, which is subsequently crosslinked in the Fc part. This leads to an oriented and covalent immobilization of the immunoglobulin with a very high yield. Protocols for Protein A and Protein G with murine and human IgG are presented. This method may be useful for the preparation of columns for affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, antibodies conjugated to magnetic particles, permanent and oriented immobilization of antibodies in biosensor systems, microarrays, microtitration plates or any other system, where the loss of antibodies needs to be avoided, and maximum binding capacity is desired. This method is directly applicable even to antibodies in crude cell culture supernatants, raw sera or protein-stabilized antibody preparations without any purification nor enrichment of the IgG. This new method delivered much higher signals as a traditional method and, hence, seems to be preferable in many applications.
Preactivation crosslinking – An efficient method for the oriented immobilization of antibodies
(2019)
Crosslinking of proteins for their irreversible immobilization on surfaces is a proven and popular method. However, many protocols lead to random orientation and the formation of undefined or even inactive by-products. Most concepts to obtain a more targeted conjugation or immobilization requires the recombinant modification of at least one binding partner, which is often impractical or prohibitively expensive. Here a novel method is presented, which is based on the chemical preactivation of Protein A or G with selected conventional crosslinkers. In a second step, the antibody is added, which is subsequently crosslinked in the Fc part. This leads to an oriented and covalent immobilization of the immunoglobulin with a very high yield. Protocols for Protein A and Protein G with murine and human IgG are presented. This method may be useful for the preparation of columns for affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, antibodies conjugated to magnetic particles, permanent and oriented immobilization of antibodies in biosensor systems, microarrays, microtitration plates or any other system, where the loss of antibodies needs to be avoided, and maximum binding capacity is desired. This method is directly applicable even to antibodies in crude cell culture supernatants, raw sera or protein-stabilized antibody preparations without any purification nor enrichment of the IgG. This new method delivered much higher signals as a traditional method and, hence, seems to be preferable in many applications.