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Weathering reference materials are used to characterize the harshness of an exposure, aiming on either reproducibility of a specific exposure or on the comparability between various kinds of weathering exposure.
The materials that are used as weathering reference materials differ in their sensitivities (as well as in interactions and interferences of the latter), conditioned by the different processes which lead to the respective property change. It is also essential to take into account the necessary measurement equipment for the respective property change, in order to allow timely intervention.
What are the key issues on choosing a weathering reference material?
What can be learned from the weathering reference materials, investigated so far?
Possibilities and limitations are discussed on the basis of existing weathering reference materials. Conclusions are drawn, for establishing new weathering reference materials.
This paper investigates GMAW with respect to energy consumption and its associated environmental impacts. Different material transfer modes and power levels for Single Wire GMAW (SGMAW) and Tandem GMAW (TG-MAW) are evaluated by means of the indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency. Furthermore, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is measured in order to describe the total energy consumption from the grid. The results show that energy efficiency is highly affected by the respective process and can be significantly enhanced by a TGMAW process. The wall-plug efficiency of the equipment shows no significant dependency on the power range or the material transfer mode. Moreover, the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is adopted in order to investigate the influences of energy efficient welding on the environmental impacts. In the comparative LCA study, the demand of electrical energy is reduced up to 24%. In consequence, the indicator values for GlobalWarming Potential (100), Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential that are applied to express the environmental impacts are reduced up to 11%.