Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (7)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (8) (entfernen)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (8)
Schlagworte
- Electronic Detonators (2)
- Explosivstoffe (2)
- Harmonised Standards (2)
- Lagergruppenzuordnung (2)
- On-site mixed Explosives (2)
- Pyrotechnik (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Technical Specification (2)
- Transportklassifizierung (2)
- AdCo Explosives (1)
- Class 1 (1)
- Classification (1)
- Coal dust (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Feuerwerk (1)
- Fire damp (1)
- Marktüberwachung (1)
- Permitted explosives (1)
- Primer caps (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- TNT/PETN - Equivalent (1)
- UN-test methods (1)
- Underwater Tests (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 2.4 Prüfung und Bewertung von Explosivstoffen/Pyrotechnik (8) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (7)
A technical-safety evaluation of the detonation effects of pyrotechnic compositions can be performed on the basis of TNT/PETN equivalence. The equivalence determination can be carried out by characterization of the blast wave generated because of detonation in free field tests, which however can be highly resource intensive and prone to uncertainties. Here, we present underwater ‘small-scale’ experiments for the determination of such equivalents.
Underwater experiments, as described in the European standard EN 13763-15:2004, are performed to test the capability of detonators to initiate secondary explosives by determining the released energy. At BAM this test was modified to compare the energy output of the pyrotechnic mixtures (those used in air bag gas generators and firework flash compositions) and thus to determine their equivalents of high explosives like TNT or PETN. In the modified tests, small cylindrical copper containers were filled with pyrotechnic substances, which were then attached to standard detonators. This explosive charge assembly was then lowered into a water tank of about 1000 l capacity. At the same depth as the charge assembly, a piezoelectric pressure sensor was immersed in the water at a horizontal distance of about 400 mm from the charge. By recording the time-dependent pressure during the test, the shock energy as well as the energy associated with the expanding gas bubble were determined.
Benefits of Digitization
(2023)
Classification tests (UN 6a and 6c) of firework batteries and composite fireworks in metal wire cages were presented. The cages are intended to be used during transport to prevent the occurrence of projections in the event of a fire. However, the results of this investigation showed that, particularly in the case of articles with whistle effects packed in this way, confinement phenomena occurred that lead to mass explosions and must be considered in future classification.
This is a short review on ongoing work and interests in Division 2.6 of BAM with a focus on transport regulations and related testing. The behaviour of primer caps in different packaging configurations is addressed and the new apparatus for the "Minimum Burning Pressure" test is presented. Further topics regarding classification are touched with the aim to attract comments and stimulate cooperation internationally.
Since the early drafting of the European standards for civil explosives, harmonised under directive 93/15/EEC and 2014/28/EU, blasting technology has developed notably. This is particularly evident for electronic detonators and electronic firing systems, and the EU commission agreed to initiate a standardisation initiative, also noting that the currently existing document on electronic detonators is “only” a Technical Specification (CEN/TS). This paper addresses the current activities in the area of standardisation. The EU is about to launch a formal standardisation request to cover the most recent technological developments not addressed by the current standards. The request would also include various adjustments of references to the new Directive for civil explosives, and in addition the task of developing a Technical Specification for on-site mixed explosives and corresponding manufacturing units. The latter has been included to address the nowadays frequently found mobile production on the basis of ammonium nitrate prills or emulsions.
Several decades have passed since the initial drafting of the European standards for explosives subject to European Directive 2014/28/EU, and this field as experienced some substantial technical innovations. While at the turn of the millenium the concept of electronic detonators had just been conceived, and it is mentioned in a Technical Specification, today electronic detonators exist in many variants, also regarding communication means between shotfirer and the detonating cap. Questions regarding safe functioning and prevention of inadvertent ignition have to be asked in a quite different way, where delicate electronic circuits are used, and where information is transmitted by radio waves. In addition, the safety of functioning is partly found in software components and the corresponding standards need to be reviewed thoroughly on these grounds.
A different but in recent times more and more popular technology, is the on-site production of explosives, being mostly emulsion explosives, ANFO, or combined products. Also here software in the machinery is starting to play an important role. The on-site produced explosive must fulfil safety requirements and has to be, in addition, quality controlled. This cannot solely be left to the hopefully proper design of the software and machinery, but needs to be made accessible to verification. Since this area seems broader in approach, it is not going to be addressed by a new standard. The state of the art technology shall be described in a Technical Specification with a perspective from requirements of the above mentioned European Directive.
Permitted explosives have a tradition of many decades in Germany and had been designed to the needs of the underground coal mining in the Ruhr. In neighboring countries of Germany similar provisions were made to prevent hazards from fire damp and coal dust explosions in underground coal mines. Due to the termination of coal mining in Germany and most other European countries, also the testing facilities are disappearing. This presentation outlines the current situation of testing regimes and facilities.
During a European convention of the authorities for market surveillance (AdCO) for explosives the activities of the notified bodies are presented, putting a focus on matters concerning market surveillance.
The presentation outlined in detail, which verifications are possible
with explosives, while practical tests involving initiation of
explosives are excluded. Elements of labeling and the conclusions in
view of quality control were explained, and typical failures by
manufacturers to comply were orally described.