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This work investigates the microstructure formed in friction stir welds of FCC alloys, focused on two multiprincipal alloys: a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) and a CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA). A commercial stainless steel AISI 304 is used for comparison. The largest nugget was formed in the MEA, while the smallest was formed in the HEA. Grain refinement occurs in the stirred zone in all welds. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation is the predominant restoration mechanism during friction stir welding of the three investigated alloys. A sharp decrement in the Σ3 boundary fraction occurs in the stirred zone of the AISI 304 and HEA welds, while comparable values with the base metal are found for the MEA weld. The peak in the maximum index of crystallographic texture is observed on the advancing side of the stirred zone of the AISI 304 weld. A strong <001> θ-fibre texture is formed in the advancing side of the nugget in the AISI 304 from a well-established {123} <634> S-type texture in the base metal. Multiple crystallographic texture components without specific fibres are identified in most regions of the welds, indicating the complex shear path history during friction stir welding.
High entropy alloys (HEA) are a new class of materials. In contrast to conventional alloys, HEA are single-phase alloys with at least five alloying elements. HEAs have enormous application potential due to (postulated) excellent structural property combinations from low to high temperatures. For HEA-application as structural materials in real components, a key issue is the suitability for joining processing. Requirements for the reliable and safe joining of these materials are crucial regarding economical component manufacture for future applications. In this context, friction stir welding (FSW) is a promising joining process due to the welding process temperature below the material melting point avoiding major issues, e. g. formation of (hard and brittle) intermetallic phases, which may have detrimental influences on the weld joint properties.
This study presents elementary research about the FSW process influences on a CoCrFeMnNi-HEA with focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties. For that purpose, the FSW joint of the HEA is compared to that of an austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. The microstructures of the welds were investigated and characterized by means of light microscopy, SEM, EBSD and XRD. Hardness and tensile testing were applied to determine influences on the mechanical properties. Generally, a comparable weldability of HEA and AISI 304 in terms of metallurgical characteristics and resulting mechanical properties exhibited. For the weld joints of both materials typical characteristics regarding FSW were observed within the weld metal and thermo-mechanically influenced zone: fine-grained stirred zone with increased hardness and reduced fracture elongation compared with the respective base material.