Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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This study focuses on concrete flow in presence of obstacles and develops a mathematical model and a computational approach for SCC flow through reinforced formworks. In order to decrease high computational times needed to simulate castings through reinforced elements, an innovative approach to model the reinforced sections as porous media is proposed here. In the previous work, this numerical model is proved able to simulate the free-surface flow of non-Newtonian fluids through the reinforcement networks. In the present study, the applicability of the model on the concrete flow will finally be proved. The large-scale form-filling experiments with SCC will be conducted and the experiments will be simulated using the proposed numerical model. The numerical model will then be validated through the comparison of the experimental results and the results of the numerical simulations.
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain patch specially adapted for long-term and high-strain applications has been developed and characterized. The design concept for the patch is based on a glass-fiber reinforced plastic (gfrp) carrier material. The developed concept for the FBG integration into the carrier material was derived from reliable integration procedure of FBG sensors into composite structures. The patches' temperature sensitivity, strain gauge factor, fiber–matrix interface adhesion and fatigue behavior were characterized. As a result, FBG strain patches with linear temperature and strain behavior, as well as excellent fatigue resistance, were developed and can be used as part of a monitoring system for advanced composite materials in aerospace structures or wind turbine power plants.
We use a dynamic scanning electron microscope (DySEM) to analyze the movement of oscillating micromechanical structures. A dynamic secondary electron (SE) signal is recorded and correlated to the oscillatory excitation of scanning force microscope (SFM) cantilever by means of lock-in amplifiers. We show, how the relative phase of the oscillations modulate the resulting real part and phase pictures of the DySEM mapping. This can be used to obtain information about the underlying oscillatory dynamics. We apply the theory to the case of a cantilever in oscillation, driven at different flexural and torsional resonance modes. This is an extension of a recent work (Schr¨oter et al 2012 Nanotechnology 23 435501), where we
reported on a general methodology to distinguish nonlinear features caused by the Imaging process from those caused by cantilever motion.
Due to the growing environmental awareness worldwide, containment provisions for CO2 emissions in mobility systems and increasing performance requirements the demands on mechanical systems and their materials continuously rise. These high demands require the implementation of new technical approaches, for example of light-weight strategies in automotive powertrains, and directly raise questions about the suitability of the most promising technical solution. Two basic parameters, the surface hardness of the tooth flanks and the core fatigue strength of the tooth root, illustrate exemplarily increasing demands on material grades used for gear wheels in automotive powertrains. In addition to light-weight strategies, a reduction in friction and an increase of the fatigue lifetime are two other major development directions to strive the mentioned targets. It is clear that any kind of solution must show an equal application profile, preferably an improvement, compared to the state-of- the-art solutions. For tribological systems, the following paths may offer lower friction and higher load carrying capabilities: 1. Alternative base oils and additives (such as esters, polyglycols), 2. Thin film coatings (e.g. DLC) and/or 3. Novel steel metallurgies. In previous investigations on the slip-rolling resistance of thin film coatings (a-C, ta-C, Zr(C,N)) the substrates were mainly made of the bearing steels 100Cr6H and Cronidur 30. Applying contact pressures of up to P0max = 2.9 GPa (FN = 2,000 N), the samples were tested up to 10 million load cycles in endurance tests. The aim of the present work is to broaden the research by varying the input parameters. Newly developed engine oil mixtures, high performance thin film coatings and alternative steel solutions are intensively investigated in highly stressed slip-rolling contacts at lubricant temperatures of 120°C. Specifically, in using new steel metallurgies, i.e. the high toughness and high strength steels V300 and NC310YW (Aubert & Duval) as well as CSS-42L (Latrobe Specialty Steel Company), in combination with thin film coatings, even if they compete in the uncoated state, the Hertzian contact pressures could be increased up to P0max = 4.2 GPa (FN = 5,000 N) without any surface failures of coating or substrate. It was shown that selected thin film coatings can minimize the wear rates down to nearly ‘zero-wear’ in highly stressed contacts [Woy08] [Woy11]. In addition, the studies revealed not only the high potential in slip-rolling resistance, but also a possible friction reduction down to 0.047 by use of uncoated steels with increased toughness. Compared to steels like 100Cr6H and Cronidur 30 this means a reduction in friction of approximately 40% under identical testing conditions. Different test series with newly developed base oil-additive formulations were investigated with specific emphasis on the frictional behavior of selected bio-no-tox EP/AW additives and friction modifiers. Additional influencing factors like the structural and surface conditions of the steels/coatings before and after the tests were analyzed by means of REM, EDX, XRD and TEM.
Grain refinement is an important opportunity to improve mechanical properties of fusion welds and the weldability (cracking sensitivity) of the base metal. In this thesis, grain refinement was achieved for aluminium welds by additions of a grain refiner. For this purpose, inserts consisting of aluminium base metal and small additions of commercial Al Ti5B1 grain refiner were cast, deposited in base metal plates, and fused in a gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding process. As a result, higher grain refiner additions increased the weld’s titanium and boron content resulting in a significant decrease in the weld metal mean grain size up to 86%. This grain size reduction led to a transition from predominantly columnar to equiaxed grain shape (columnar to equiaxed transition CET). The grain refinement was thereby found to be strongly dependent upon the base metal chemical composition. Accordingly, the grain refining efficiency was the highest in commercial pure Al (Alloy 1050A, Al 99.5), followed by Alloy 6082 (Al Si1MgMn) and Alloy 5083 (Al Mg4.5Mn0.7). In this regard, the parameters P and Q were applied to investigate the influence of alloying elements on the supply of constitutional undercooling during solidification and on final grain size. Also, WDS (wavelength dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analysis found an increasing number of particles rich in Ti and B. These substrates are probably TiB2 particles coated by Al3Ti likely nucleating Al grains during solidification. The variation in torch speed showed that increasing torch speeds support the CET effect leading to many small and equiaxed grains at high torch speed. To give explanations for this observation, the thermal conditions, that are controlled by welding parameters such as torch speed, were determined with temperature measurements via thermocouples. These measurements revealed that solidification parameters like solidification growth rate, cooling rate, (local) thermal gradient and solidification time vary significantly along the solidification front (from weld centreline to weld fusion line). In a further step, the solidification parameters were related to the corresponding grain size and shape. On the basis of this comparison, an analytical approach was used to model the CET. This allowed the prediction of critical values for both solidification growth rate and thermal gradient, at which the CET occurs in aluminium weld metal. The influence of grain refinement on the weld mechanical properties was investigated in tensile tests. Accordingly, the ductility of Alloy 5083 welds was increased through grain refinement whereas no improvement in weld metal strength was observed. Furthermore, tear tests with notched specimens revealed for Alloy 1050A that the resistance against initiation and propagation of cracks in the weld metal can be enhanced through grain refinement. In addition, when welding Alloy 6082, weld metal grain refinement prevented the formation of centreline solidification cracking that was present only in welds with unrefined grain structure. On the basis of the above experiments, the Ti/B contents needed in commercial filler wires or rods to allow optimum weld metal grain refinement were estimated. Accordingly, this work gives specific recommendations to filler material producers through a simple calculation that considers the influence of base alloy and welding process. The results show that the Ti/B contents defined by the corresponding standards for filler alloys are too low to allow weld metal grain refinement.
In Deutschland fallen mittelfristig erhebliche Mengen von Mauerwerkbruch an. Aus dem jährlichen Bauschuttanfall und den Produktionszahlen von Wandbausteinen lassen sich die Mengen an Mauerwerksrestmassen ableiten, die als Rückbaumaterial bei Abriss-, Umbau und Sanierungsarbeiten in Deutschland anfallen werden. Hiernach ist pro Jahr mit bis zu 10 Millionen Tonnen heute vornehmlich heterogen anfallendem Mauerwerkbruch zu rechnen [1a]. Im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Kreislaufwirtschaft sind diese Restmassen zukünftig einem möglichst hochwertigen Recycling zuzuführen. In diesem Spannungsfeld führt die deutsche Mauersteinindustrie das breit aufgestellte gemeinschaftliche Forschungsprojekt "SIM Stoffkreislauf im Mauerwerksbau" durch. In insgesamt acht mauersteinübergreifenden IGFForschungsvorhaben wurden und werden technisch orientierte Lösungsmöglichkeiten für das Recycling von Mauerwerk erarbeitet und Anwendungsbereiche für Mauerwerksrestmassen aufgezeigt. Eine grundsätzliche Entscheidung über die Eignung von Mauerwerksrestmassen für bestimmte Recyclingwege kann es letztlich nicht geben. Es wird immer eine Einzelfallentscheidung bleiben, die wesentlich durch komplexe technische sowie ökologische und ökonomische Randbedingungen geprägt wird.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Rahmen des IGF-Forschungsvorhabens 17022 N der Forschungsvereinigung Porenbetonindustrie e.V., Berlin die Nachhaltigkeit verschiedener Recyclingoptionen für Mauerwerkbruch ganzheitlich untersucht und bewertet. Unter Einbeziehung der Hauptwandbausteinarten Ziegel, Kalksandstein, Porenbeton und Leichtbeton wurden dabei material- und verfahrenstechnische sowie ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Aspekte berücksichtigt. Auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurde ein EDV-gestütztes Analysetool (Web-Tool) zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung für das Mauerwerksrecycling entwickelt. Mit dem Web-Tool sollen Anwender (Planer, Architekten, Recycler) die Möglichkeit erhalten, für verschiedene Untersuchungsfälle unter Einbeziehung regional und sachlich bedingter Parameter, wie Materialqualität, Stoffmengen, Logistik, Aufbereitungstechnik, Anwendungsbereiche, Kosten und Erlöse, objektspezifische Aussagen zur Nachhaltigkeit treffen zu können. Auf diesem Wege können im Sinne der aktuellen gesetzlichen Vorgaben nachhaltige Stoffkreisläufe im Mauerwerksbau geschlossen und somit letztlich die Deponierung von Mauerwerksrestmassen vermieden werden.
Alle vier Wandbaustoffarten haben sich im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens als recyclingfähig und hinsichtlich der Nachhaltigkeit als gleichwertig erwiesen. Das Ziel des Vorhabens wurde damit erreicht.
Before the development of computational science, heat conduction problems were mainly solved by analytical techniques. Analytical solutions are exact solutions of differential equations; the investigated physical phenomena, for instance the temperature, are solved locally for one single point independently of the rest of the investigated structure resulting in extremely short computational times. These analytical solutions are however only valid for some simple geometries and boundary conditions making their applications for complex industrial geometries directly not possible. Numerical techniques, such as the Finite Element Method, enable overcoming this problem. However, the numerical simulation of the structural heat effect of welding for complex and large assemblies requires high computational effort and time. Therefore, the wide application of welding simulation in industry is not established, yet. The aim of this study is to combine the advantages of analytical and numerical simulation methods to accelerate the calibration of the thermal model of structure welding simulation. This is done firstly by calibrating automatically the simulation model with a fast analytical temperature field solution and secondly by solving the welding simulation problem numerically with the analytically calibrated input parameters. In order to achieve this goal, the analytical solution of the heat conduction problem for a point source moving in an infinite solid was extended and validated against reference models until a solution for a volumetric heat source moving on a thin small sheet with several arbitrary curved welding paths was found. The potential of this analytical solution by means of computational time was subsequently demonstrated on a semi-industrial geometry with large dimensions and several curved welds. The combined method was then transferred to an industrial assembly welded with four parallel welds. For this joint geometry, it was possible to apply the extended analytical solution. The calibration of the simulation model was done automatically against experimental data by combining the extended fast analytical solution with a global optimisation algorithm. For this calibration, more than 3000 direct simulations were required which run in less computational time than one corresponding single numerical simulation. The results of the numerical simulation executed with the analytically calibrated input parameters matched the experimental data within a scatter band of ± 10 %. The limit of the combined method is shown for an industrial assembly welded with eight overlap welds. For this joint geometry, a conventional numerical approach was applied, since no analytical solution was actually available. The final simulation results matched the experimental data within a scatter band of ± 10 %. The results of this work provide a comprehensive method to accelerate the calibration of the thermal model of the structure welding simulation of complex and large welded assemblies, even though within limitation. In the future, the implementation of this method in a welding simulation tool accessible to a typical industrial user still has to be done.
A method for the determination of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in air was developed and successfully tested for methanol and ethanol. Carbotrap300® (a multi-bed tube using Carbopack C®, Carbopack B® and Carbosive SIII®) was selected as sorption material for thermal desorption and tested for its suitability for emission test chamber measurements. The adsorption behaviour and the chromatographic results are influenced negatively by spiking aqueous solutions on the adsorption medium for calibration purposes. The latter effect can be reduced by blowing dry air across the adsorbent to remove the adsorbed water. Detection and quantification limits were determined for a GC-FID system and compared to GC-MS. The applicability of the method was tested with a methanol eliminating silane modified polymeric adhesive (SMP-adhesive for parquet) in an emission test chamber