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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Materials used in military applications have to withstand multiple threats like ballistics and explosions. Thus, high-strength low alloyed (HSLA) steels are used. The main joining technique for metals is welding. Therefore, analysing the dynamic impact behaviour of high-strength welds is very important to fulfil these demands.
Investigation of welds at high strain rates has rarely been conducted in the past. To determine the dynamic impact behaviour of hybrid laser-arc welds, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique was used. The base material was a quenched and tempered fine-grained armour steel with yield strength of 1100 MPa.
First, a full hybrid laser-arc weld was investigated by extracting specimens consisting of weld metal and heat affected base material. The influence of two variables, the cooling time between 800 °C and 500 °C (t8/5) and strength of filler material, on the impact behaviour was studied. The cooling time t8/5 was varied by preheating to influence the microstructure in the HAZ and to analyse the effect on the hardness and dynamic compressive strength.
Subsequent analysis to detail the original Investigation was carried out by dilatometer heat treatment of specimens to create homogenous subzones of the weld. These specimens have a homogenous microstructure of HAZ and were tested by SHPB to determine the stress-strain characteristics for the different microstructures of HAZ.
The results of the weld specimen showed the effect of preheating and filler material strength on the dynamic compressive behaviour. The analysis of the different microstructures of the HAZ indicated that especially the tempered microstructure caused a reduction in dynamic compressive strength.
The phase transformation under various cooling rates and in different HAZ regions for high strength armour steel was analysed by dilatometry. To develop a Continuous Colling Transformation (CCT) diagram, the samples were heated up to a peak temperature of 1250 °C to achieve a coarse grained microstructure and then cooled down with a cooling time t8/5 varying from 3 s to 240 s. Analysis of dilatation curves revealed the austenite decomposition process, during which transformation temperatures were determined. The results showed martensitic transformations for all welding relevant cooling times.
Furthermore, to analyse different heat affected subzones of the weld, the peak temperature was varied between 550 °C and 1250 °C at a constant cooling time t8/5 of 6 s. The simulated coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ) showed only martensitic transformations with transformation temperatures below 400 °C. The steel exhibited an inhomogeneous hardness with hardening in the CGHAZ and FGHAZ and softening in the intercritical and subcritical HAZ. The physically simulated microstructure was validated by a real hybrid laser-arc weld microstructure.
The use of high-strength steels is wide spread in vehicle and crane manufacturing due to light weight reasons. These steels are used for impact of crash loaded components and therefore it is important to investigate high-strength welds at dynamic impact. Investigations of welds at high strain rates have been rarely conducted in the past.
To determine the dynamic impact behaviour of hybrid laser-arc welds, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique was used. The base material was a quenched and tempered fine-grained structural steel with yield strength of 1100 MPa. The influence of two variables, cooling time t8/5 and strength of filler material, on the impact behaviour was studied. A matching and an under matching filler material were used. The cooling time t8/5 was varied to influence the microstructure in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and to analyse the effect on hardening and softening. Hardness measurements and optical microscopy was used to analyse the weld microstructure before and after the SHPB test. The investigations showed a correlation between the overall hardness of the weld, influenced by filler material and cooling time, on the maximum stress level during dynamic impact.