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Inorganic nanocrystals with linear and nonlinear luminescence in the ultraviolet, visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared like semiconductor quantum dots and spectrally shifting lanthanide-based nanophosphors have meanwhile found applications in the life and material sciences ranging from optical reporters for bioimaging and sensing over security barcodes to solid state lighting and photovoltaics. These nanomaterials commonly have increasingly sophisticated core/shell particle architectures with shells of different chemical composition and thickness to minimize radiationless deactivation at the particle surface that is usually the main energy loss mechanism [1]. For lanthanide-based spectral shifters, particularly for very small nanoparticles, also surface coatings are needed which protect near-surface lanthanide ions from luminescence quenching by high energy vibrators like O-H groups and prevent the disintegration of these nanoparticles under high dilution conditions. [2,3,4]. The identification of optimum particle structures requires quantitative spectroscopic studies focusing on the key performance parameter photoluminescence quantum yield [5,6], ideally flanked by single particle studies to assess spectroscopic inhomogeneities on a particle-to-particle level for typical preparation methods [7], Moreover, in the case of upconversion nanoparticles with a multi-photonic and hence, excitation power density (P)-dependent luminescence, quantitative luminescence studies over a broad P range are required to identify particle architectures that are best suited for applications in fluorescence assays up to fluorescence microscopy. Here, we present methods to quantify the photoluminescence of these different types of emitters in the vis/NIR/SWIR and as function of Pand demonstrate the importance of such measurements for a profound mechanistic understanding of the nonradiative deactivation pathways in semiconductor and upconversion nanocrystals of different size and particle architecture in different environments.
The concept of aggregation-induced emission represents a means to rationalise photoluminescence of usually nonfluorescent excimers in solid-state materials. In this publication, we study the photophysical properties of selected diaminodicyanoquinone (DADQ) derivatives in the solid state using a combined approach of experiment and theory. DADQs are a class of high-dipole organic chromophores promising for applications in non-linear optics and light-harvesting devices. Among the compounds investigated, we find both aggregation-induced emission and aggregation-caused quenching effects rationalised by calculated energy transfer rates. Analysis of fluorescence spectra and lifetime measurements provide the interesting result that (at least) two emissive species seem to contribute to the photophysical properties of DADQs. The main emission peak is notably broadened in the long-wavelength limit and exhibits a blue-shifted shoulder. We employ high-level quantum-chemical methods to validate a molecular approach to a solid-state problem and show that the complex emission features of DADQs can be attributed to a combination of H-type aggregates, monomers, and crystal structure defects.
Controlling thickness and tightness of surface passivation shells is crucial for many applications of core–shell nanoparticles (NP). Usually, to determine shell thickness, core and core/shell particle are measured individually requiring the availability of both nanoobjects. This is often not fulfilled for functional nanomaterials such as many photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QD) used for bioimaging, solid state lighting, and display technologies as the core does not show the applicationrelevant functionality like a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, calling for a whole nanoobject approach. By combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a novel whole nanoobject approach is developed representatively for an ultrabright oleic acid-stabilized, thick shell CdSe/CdS QD with a PL quantum yield close to unity. The size of this spectroscopically assessed QD, is in the range of the information depth of usual laboratory XPS. Information on particle size and monodispersity were validated with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared to data derived from optical measurements. In addition to demonstrating the potential of this novel whole nanoobject approach for determining architectures of small nanoparticles, the presented results also highlight challenges faced by different sizing and structural analysis methods and method-inherent uncertainties.
We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characteristics of two different sets of carbon dots (CDs) formed by hydrothermal reaction between citric acid and polyethylenimine (PEI) or 2,3-diaminopyridine (DAP). Although the formation of amide-based species and the presence of citrazinic acid type derivates assumed to be responsible for a blue emission is confirmed for both CDs by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, a higher abundance of sp2-hybridized nitrogen is observed for DAP-based CDs, which causes a red-shift of the n-π* absorption band relative to the one of PEI-based CDs. These CD Systems possess high photoluminescence quantum yields (QY) of ∼40% and ∼48% at neutral pH, demonstrating a possible tuning of the optical properties by the amine precursor. pH-Dependent spectroscopic studies revealed a drop in QY to < 9% (pH ∼ 1) and < 21% (pH ∼ 12) for both types of CDs under acidic and basic conditions. In contrast, significant differences in the pHdependency of the n-π* transitions are found for both CD types which are ascribed to different (de)protonation sequences of the CD-specific fluorophores and functional groups using Zeta potential analysis.
The efficient and sensitive detection of pathogenic microorganisms in aqueous environments, such as water used in medical applications, drinking water, and cooling water of industrial plants, requires simple and fast methods suitable for multiplexed detection such as flow cytometry (FCM) with optically encoded carrier beads. For this purpose, we combine fluorescent Cd-free Ag−In−S ternary quantum dots (t-QDs) with fluorescence Lifetimes (LTs) of several hundred nanoseconds and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (SPIONs) with mesoporous CaCO3 microbeads to a magneto-fluorescent bead platform that can be surface-functionalized with bioligands, such as antibodies. This inorganic bead platform enables immuno-magnetic separation, target enrichment, and target quantification with optical readout. The beads can be detected with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM). Moreover, they are suited for readout by time gated emission. In the following, the preparation of these magneto-fluorescent CaCO3 beads, their spectroscopic and analytic characterization, and their conjugation with bacteria-specific antibodies are presented as well as proof-of-concept measurements with Legionella pneumophila including cell cultivation and plating experiments for bacteria quantification. Additionally, the possibility to discriminate between the long-lived emission of the LT-encoded capture and carrier CaCO3 beads and the short-lived Emission of the dye-stained bacteria with time-resolved fluorescence techniques and single wavelength excitation is demonstrated.
In summary, we report a highly modular solid TTA-UC system comprising of a crystalline, thermally stable PCN222(Pd) MOF with CA-coated MOF channels and with a DPA annihilator embedded in a solution-like environment in the MOF channels. This solid material displays blue upconverted delayed emission with a luminescence lifetime of 373 us, a threshold value of 329 mW*cm-2 and a triplet–triplet energy transfer efficiency of 82%. This optical application adds another facet to the versatile chemistry of PCN-222 MOFs. The design concept is also applicable to other TTA-UC pairs and enables tuning of the UCL color, for example, by replacing DPA with other dyes as exemplarily shown for 2,5,8,11-tetra-tert-butyl-perylene, that yields UCL at 450 nm. Current work aims to reduce the oxygen sensitivity and to increase the retention of the trapped annihilators in organic environments, for example, by tuning the chain length of the carboxylic acid and by coating the MOF surface. In addition, the TTA-UC efficiency will be further enhanced by reducing the reabsorption of the UC emission caused by Pd(TCPP) and by optimizing the sensitizer/annihilator interface.
We present a series of results that demonstrate that the broadband photoluminescence (PL) of aqueous glutathione-capped Ag−In−S (AIS) nanocrystals (NCs) is an inherent property of each NC, rather than a collective characteristic of an NC ensemble. By analyzing parameters affecting the PL features such as the postsynthesis annealing and the deposition of a passivating ZnS shell, we found no correlation between the spectral width of the PL band of AIS (AIS/ZnS) NCs and the density of the lattice defects. Analysis of the PL spectra of a series of size-selected AIS/ZnS NCs revealed that the PL width of fractionated NCs does not depend on the NC size and size distribution. The PL measurements in a broad temperature window from 320 to 10 K demonstrated that the PL width does not decrease with decreasing temperature as expected for an emission arising from thermally activated detrapping processes. Also, we show that the model of the self-trapped exciton can be versatilely applied to reconstruct the PL spectra of different AIS NCs and can account for the effects typically attributed to variations in defect state energy. Measurements of the PL properties of single AIS/ZnS NCs highlighted the broadband nature of the emission of individual NCs. The presented results show that the broadband PL of ternary NCs most probably does not originate from lattice defects but involves the NC lattice as a whole, and, therefore, by tailoring the NC structure, PL efficiencies as high as those reported for binary cadmium or lead chalcogenide NCs can be potentially reached.
Carbon dots have attracted much attention due to their unique optical, chemical and electronic properties enabling a wide range of applications. The properties of carbon dots can be effectively adjusted through modifying their chemical composition. However, a major challenge remains in understanding the core and surface contributions to optical and electronic transitions. Here, three blue luminescent carbon dots with carboxyl, amino and hydroxyl groups were comprehensively characterized by UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The influence of the surface functionality on their fluorescence was probed by pH-dependent photoluminescence measurements. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding interactions between water and the surface groups of carbon dots were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that both core and surface electronic states of blue luminescent carbon dots contribute to electronic acceptor levels while the chemical nature of the surface groups determines the hydrogen bonding behavior of the carbon dots. This comprehensive spectroscopic study demonstrates that the surface chemistry has a profound influence on the electronic configuration and surface–water interaction of carbon dots, thus affecting their photoluminescence properties.
"The optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (SCNC) are controlled by constituent material, particle size, and surface chemistry, specifically the number of dangling bonds favoring nonradiative deactivation. This can lead to a distribution of photoluminescence Quantum yields (PL QY) amongst the SCNC particles, i.e., mixtures of “bright” and “grey” or “dark” SCNCs.
Particularly the number of absorbing, yet not emitting particles can have a significant effect on the PL quantum yield obtained in ensemble measurements, leading to ist underestimation. The “dark fraction” is not assessable in common ensemble measurements; it can be probed only on a single particle level using a confocal laser scanning microscope coupled with an AFM. Such a setup was used to study core‐shell CdSe SCNCs with different shells and surface chemistries. Special emphasis was dedicated to correlate brightness, blinking, dark fraction, and decay kinetics of the single SCNCs with the ensemble PL QY and the PL decay kinetics. The results of this study can help to identify new synthetic routes and surface modifications to colloidally and photochemically stable SCNCs with a PL QY of close to unity."
Here, we report on the recent advancements in the synthesis and optical properties of novel core-shell CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals (SCNC) with either a thick monolithic shell of CdS or thin multi-shells of succeeding CdS and ZnS monolayers, characterized by steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy at the ensemble level. SCNC samples, chosen upon the size of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY), were subsequently investigated at the single particle level using a custom build confocal laser scanning microscope to obtain information on brightness, blinking behavior, and decay kinetics of single SCNCs and correlate these properties with their surface morphology. The results of this study can help to identify new synthetic routes and surface modifications to colloidally and photochemically stable SCNCs with a PL QY of close to unity.
The optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (SCNCs) depend on constituent material, particle size, and surface chemistry, with the size of the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) and the PL decay kinetics being largely controlled by the number of dangling bonds, which have to be properly passivated for high quality materials. Hence, PL measurements can provide insight not only in SCNC photophysics, yet can be also used for quality control of SCNC synthesis and surface modification. In this respect, steady state and time-resolved fluorometry and confocal microscopy with time correlated single photon counting were used to study the PL properties of core-shell CdSe SCNCs with different shells and surface chemistries on ensemble and single particle level, thereby focusing on a correlation of ensemble PL QY and PL decay kinetics with particle brightness, PL time traces, and the On-time fraction of single SCNCs. Additionally, confocal PL images were correlated with AFM measurements in order to derive the amount of absorbing, yet non-emissive ”dark” SCNCs, the presence of which resulting in an underestimation of ensemble PL quantum yields. The results of this study can help to identify synthetic routes and surface modifications, which minimize the fraction of dark SCNCs.
The optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (SCNC) are controlled by constituent material, particle size, and surface chemistry, specifically the number of dangling bonds favoring nonradiative deactivation, and hence also by particle synthesis. In this respect, the fluorescence properties of coreshell CdSe SCNCs with different shells and surface chemistries were studied on ensemble and single particle level, using steady state and timeresolved fluorometry and confocal microscopy with time correlated single photon counting detection. Special emphasis was dedicated to correlate ensemble photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields and decay kinetics with particle brightness, PL time traces, and the Ontime fraction of the single SCNCs. Additionally, the confocal PL images were correlated with AFM measurements in order to derive the amount of absorbing, yet nonemisssive ”dark” SCNCs, the presence of which leading to an underestimation of ensemble PL quantum yields. The results of this study can help to identify synthetic routes and surface modifications minimizing the fraction of dark SCNC, thereby closing the gap to the ultimate goal of colloidally and photochemically stable SCNCs with a PL quantum yield of close to unity.