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Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material upon irradiation with linearly polarized radiation. With the availability of ultrashort laser pulses, LIPSS have gained an increasing attraction during the past decade, since these structures can be generated in a simple single-step process, which allows a surface nanostructuring for tailoring optical, mechanical, and chemical surface properties. In this study, the current state in the field of LIPSS is reviewed. Their formation mechanisms are analyzed in ultrafast time-resolved scattering, diffraction, and polarization constrained double-pulse experiments. These experiments allow us to address the question whether the LIPSS are seeded via ultrafast energy deposition mechanisms acting during the absorption of optical radiation or via self-organization after the irradiation process. Relevant control parameters of LIPSS are identified, and technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
Titanium nitride (TiN) was coated on different substrate materials, namely pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and steel (100Cr6), generating 2.5 μm thick TiN layers. Using femtosecond laser pulses (30 fs, 790 nm, 1 kHz pulse repetition rate), large surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm) of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with sub-wavelength periods ranging between 470 nm and 600 nm were generated and characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In tribological tests, coefficients of friction (COF) of the nanostructured surfaces were determined under reciprocating sliding conditions (1 Hz, 1.0 N normal load) against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel during 1000 cycles using two different lubricants, namely paraffin oil and engine oil. It turned out that the substrate material, the laser fluence and the lubricant are crucial for the tribological performance. However, friction and wear could not be significantly reduced by LIPSS on TiN layers in comparison to unstructured TiN surfaces. Finally, the resulting wear tracks on the nanostructured surfaces were investigated with respect to their morphology (OM, SEM), depth (WLIM) and chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and, on one hand, compared with each other, on the other hand, with non-structured TiN surfaces.
Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the picosecond to femtosecond range. During the past few years significantly increasing research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical or chemical properties. In this contribution current applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
Applications of femtosecond laser processed surfaces are reviewed. This includes the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the reduction of cell adhesion on novel pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
Nature provides countless examples of surface structures featuring extraordinary properties such as directional fluid transport. In order to mimic the morphology and outstanding wetting behaviour of bark bugs, ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the fs- to ps-range were employed for large area surface processing of steel. By scanning the laser beam across the surface of initially polished flat sample surfaces and systematically varying the laser processing parameters (peak fluence, scan velocity, line overlap), different regimes associated with characteristic surface morphologies (laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), grooves, spikes, etc.) could be identified. Additionally, different laser processing strategies were applied, varying laser wavelength, pulse duration and repetition rates, which allowed to achieve a range of morphologies that resemble different structures found on bark bugs. For identifying the ideal combination of parameters for mimicking such bug-like structures, the surfaces were inspected by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Complementary to the morphology study, the wetting behaviour of the surface structures for water and oil was examined intensively in terms of fluid transport and philic/-phobic nature. Additionally, with these results in hand, tribological tests investigating the wear resistance of the laser-induced nano- and microstructures were carried out. Our results demonstrate that the functionality of surface structures found in nature could be transferred to technologically relevant materials, such as steel, providing a huge potential for industrial applications for instance in friction and wear reduction.
Ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the fs- to ps-range were used for large area surface processing of steel aimed at mimicking the morphology and extraordinary wetting behaviour of bark bugs (Aradidae) found in nature. The processing was performed by scanning the laser beam across the surface of initially polished flat sample surfaces. A systematic variation of the laser processing parameters (peak fluence, scan velocity, line overlap) allowed the identification of different regimes associated with characteristic surface morphologies (laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), grooves, spikes, etc.). Additionally, we show that different laser processing strategies, varying laser wavelength, pulse duration and repetition rates, allowed to achieve a range of morphologies that resemble different structures found in bark bugs. For identifying the ideal combination of parameters for mimicking bug-like structures, the surfaces were inspected by optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Complementary to the morphology study, the wetting behaviour of the surface structures for water and oil was examined intensively in terms of philic/-phobic nature and fluid transport. With these results in hand, tribological tests were carried out investigating the wear resistance of the laser-induced nano- and microstructures. Our results demonstrate a route towards reproducing complex structures inspired by nature and their functional response in technologically relevant materials.
Applications of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) upon irradiation of solid materials by fs-laser pulses are reviewed. This includes the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting, the mimicry of the natural texture of animal integuments for realizing specific fluid transport functionalities, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, and the improve-ment of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) can be generated by irradiation of almost any material with linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses.
Within this work, different types of steel were irradiated at optimized conditions for the processing of large surface areas. For these nanostructured surfaces, the coefficient of friction (COF) using different lubricants was determined and the corresponding wear tracks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our experiments provide a qualification of the tribologicalperformance of the fs-LIPSS on different steel surfaces, which are relevant for technical applications.
Laser-induced Nanostructures as Biomimetic Model of Fluid Transport in the Integument of Animals”, aims on laser-fabrication of biomimetic surfaces with unique wetting properties, which are inspired by the hierarchical micro- and/or nano- structures of animal body surfaces. LiNaBioFluid is a Research and Innovation Action funded by the European Commissions’ Horizon 2020 - FET Open Programme, which supports early-stage research on any idea for a new technology (Grant Agreement no: 665337). It brings together 7 partners from 4 different countries and is strongly interdisciplinary combining renowned experts from the fields of zoology, physics, mechatronics, life sciences, materials sciences, laser-matter interaction, production technology, tribology, and biomimetics. www.laserbiofluid.eu/
The chemical characteristics of two different types of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), so-called high and low spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL and LSFL), formed upon irradiation of titanium surfaces by multiple femtosecond laser pulses in air (30 fs, 790 nm, 1 kHz), are analyzed by various optical and electron beam based surface analytical techniques, including micro-Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The latter method was employed in a high-resolution mode being capable of spatially resolving even the smallest HSFL structures featuring spatial periods below 100 nm. In combination with an ion sputtering technique, depths-resolved chemical information of superficial oxidation processes was obtained, revealing characteristic differences between the two different types of LIPSS. Our results indicate that a few tens of nanometer shallow HSFL are formed on top of a ∼150 nm thick graded superficial oxide layer without sharp interfaces, consisting of amorphous TiO2 and partially crystallized Ti2O3. The larger LSFL structures with periods close to the irradiation wavelength originate from the laser-interaction with metallic titanium. They are covered by a ∼200 nm thick amorphous oxide layer, which consists mainly of TiO2 (at the surface) and other titanium oxide species of lower oxidation states underneath.
Periodic self-organization of matter beyond the diffraction limit is a puzzling phenomenon, typical both for surface and bulk ultrashort laser processing. Here we compare the mechanisms of periodic nanostructure formation on the surface and in the bulk of fused silica. We show that volume nanogratings and surface nanoripples having subwavelength periodicity and oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization share the same electromagnetic origin. The nanostructure orientation is defined by the near-field local enhancement in the vicinity of the inhomogeneous scattering centers. The periodicity is attributed to the coherent superposition of the waves scattered at inhomogeneities. Numerical calculations also support the multipulse accumulation nature of nanogratings formation on the surface and inside fused silica. Laser surface processing by multiple laser pulses promotes the transition from the high spatial frequency perpendicularly oriented nanoripples to the low spatial frequency ripples, parallel or perpendicular to the laser polarization. The latter structures also share the electromagnetic origin, but are related to the incident field interference with the scattered far-field of rough non-metallic or transiently metallic surfaces. The characteristic ripple appearances are predicted by combined electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical approaches and supported by SEM images of the final surface morphology and by time-resolved pump-probe diffraction measurements.