Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2019 (976) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (443)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (257)
- Posterpräsentation (116)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (104)
- Sonstiges (18)
- Forschungsbericht (10)
- Buchkapitel (9)
- Dissertation (6)
- Monografie (3)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (3)
Sprache
- Englisch (731)
- Deutsch (235)
- Mehrsprachig (8)
- Russisch (1)
- Spanisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Additive Manufacturing (47)
- Corrosion (45)
- Korrosion (33)
- Additive manufacturing (29)
- Additive Fertigung (20)
- Microstructure (17)
- Nanoparticles (17)
- Fluorescence (16)
- Computed tomography (15)
- Mechanochemistry (14)
- Residual stress (14)
- Nanoparticle (13)
- Quantum yield (13)
- Boehmite (12)
- Glass (12)
- In situ (12)
- Laser implantation (12)
- Lifetime (12)
- MIC (12)
- Surface functionalization (12)
- Thermografie (12)
- Welding (12)
- 316L (11)
- Laser beam welding (11)
- TiB2 (11)
- Wasserstoff (11)
- Computed Tomography (10)
- Hydrogen (10)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (10)
- Nano (10)
- Nanocomposites (10)
- Nichtrostender Stahl (10)
- SAXS (10)
- Simulation (10)
- Thermography (10)
- Diffraction (9)
- Dye (9)
- Eigenspannungen (9)
- Friction (9)
- Surface texturing (9)
- TED-GC-MS (9)
- Wear (9)
- 3D printing (8)
- Carbon steel (8)
- Deckschichtbildung (8)
- Degradation (8)
- Korrosionsschutz (8)
- Magnetocaloric (8)
- Material Science (8)
- Nanomaterial (8)
- Photoluminescence (8)
- Qualitätssicherung (8)
- Steel (8)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (8)
- AISI D2 (7)
- Ageing (7)
- Applications (7)
- Gelartige Elektrolyte (7)
- Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle (7)
- Kaltrisse (7)
- Laser Metal Deposition (7)
- Mechanical properties (7)
- Methanogens (7)
- NIR (7)
- Neutron Diffraction (7)
- Numerical simulation (7)
- Polymer (7)
- Polymers (7)
- Quantum dot (7)
- Schweißen (7)
- Synthesis (7)
- 3D Druck (6)
- CCS (6)
- Ceramic (6)
- Duplex (6)
- Energy harvesting (6)
- Epoxy (6)
- Fatigue (6)
- Femtosecond laser (6)
- Femtosecond laser ablation (6)
- Gefahrgut (6)
- Gefahrstoff (6)
- Implant-Test (6)
- Ink (6)
- KorroPad (6)
- Lanthanide (6)
- Laserstrahlschweißen (6)
- Low Cycle Fatigue (6)
- MAG-Schweißen (6)
- Microplastics (6)
- Nanocomposite (6)
- Non-destructive testing (6)
- Normung (6)
- Oxidation (6)
- Pitting (6)
- Prüfmethode (6)
- Ringversuch (6)
- Sensor (6)
- Validierung (6)
- Water content (6)
- AIS (5)
- AKR (5)
- AM (5)
- Archaeometry (5)
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (5)
- CO2 (5)
- Calibration (5)
- Cement (5)
- Characterization (5)
- Coating (5)
- Crack growth (5)
- Creep-resistant steel (5)
- Crystallization (5)
- Cyclization (5)
- Electron microscopy (5)
- Explosionsschutz (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (5)
- Inks (5)
- Korrosionsprüfung (5)
- Künstliche Bewitterung (5)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (5)
- MALDI-TOF MS (5)
- Mechanical strength (5)
- Method (5)
- Modeling (5)
- Multiplexing (5)
- NDT (5)
- Non-Destructive testing (5)
- Photophysics (5)
- Polyaniline (5)
- Polylactide (5)
- Pyrotechnik (5)
- Quality assurance (5)
- Quantum dots (5)
- Reference materials (5)
- Residual Stress (5)
- Rigid amorphous fraction (5)
- SLM (5)
- Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen (5)
- Solidification cracking (5)
- Standardisation (5)
- Surface (5)
- Synchrotron (5)
- Ti-6Al-4V (5)
- Wärmeführung (5)
- X-ray refraction (5)
- X38CrMoV5-3 (5)
- XRD (5)
- Zink (5)
- Adjustment calculation (4)
- Aluminium (4)
- Analytische Zentrifuge (4)
- Assay (4)
- Bead (4)
- Biodiesel (4)
- Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (4)
- Catalysis (4)
- Composite (4)
- Copper (4)
- Coptic (4)
- Crevice corrosion (4)
- Direct energy deposition (4)
- Durability (4)
- ECA (4)
- EPDM (4)
- Eddy Current (4)
- Encoding (4)
- Environment (4)
- GMR (4)
- Geothermal (4)
- HNBR (4)
- Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding (4)
- Hybride Gemische (4)
- IR (4)
- Innenhydrophobierung (4)
- Keyhole mode welding (4)
- Klebfestigkeit (4)
- L-PBF (4)
- LBM (4)
- Laser-induced X-ray emission (4)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS (4)
- MOF (4)
- Manuscripts (4)
- Martensite (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Metals (4)
- Mikroplastik (4)
- Mikrostruktur (4)
- NMR (4)
- Neutron diffraction (4)
- Open data (4)
- Open science (4)
- Particle size distribution (4)
- Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (4)
- Porosity (4)
- Post weld heat treatment (4)
- Radiation protection (4)
- Raman Spectroscopy (4)
- Residual stresses (4)
- Schadensanalyse (4)
- Schleifen (4)
- Specific heat spectroscopy (4)
- Surface chemistry (4)
- Thin films (4)
- Traceability (4)
- Transmission electron microscopy (4)
- UHPC (4)
- Ultraschall (4)
- Ultrashort laser material interaction (4)
- X-Ray Imaging (4)
- X-Ray imaging (4)
- X-ray computed tomography (4)
- XPS (4)
- Zinküberzüge (4)
- AFM (3)
- ATR (3)
- Absorption edge tomography (3)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (3)
- Alloy 2618A (3)
- Analytik (3)
- Anerkennungen (3)
- Anisotropy (3)
- Archaea (3)
- Atmosphärische Korrosion (3)
- AuNP (3)
- Auslagerungsversuche (3)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (3)
- Austenitic stainless steels (3)
- Barcoding (3)
- Bending modulus (3)
- Bimetallkorrosion (3)
- Carbon capture (3)
- Carbon nanotubes (3)
- Catalyst (3)
- Ceramic spring (3)
- Ceramics (3)
- Chemical composition (3)
- Composites (3)
- Corrosion monitoring (3)
- Crosslinking (3)
- Cyclic R-curve (3)
- DCB (3)
- Damage detection (3)
- Deposition welding (3)
- Dielectric spectroscopy (3)
- Diesel (3)
- Digitalization (3)
- Diopside (3)
- Discotic Liquid Crystals (3)
- Dosimetry (3)
- EBSD (3)
- EPMA (3)
- Einstufung (3)
- Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support (3)
- Element transport (3)
- End crater (3)
- Energy transfer (3)
- Erstarrungsriss (3)
- Explosionsgrenzen (3)
- FAME (3)
- FKM (3)
- FTIR (3)
- Festlegungen (3)
- Flame retardant (3)
- Flash DSC (3)
- Freibewitterung (3)
- Full Penetration (3)
- Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT) (3)
- Geant4 (3)
- Graphene (3)
- Guideline (3)
- Haftfestigkeit (3)
- Harmonisation (3)
- Heat conduction (3)
- High power laser beam welding (3)
- High temperature corrosion (3)
- High-strength steels (3)
- Hot-Stamping (3)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (3)
- IgG (3)
- InP (3)
- Inconel 718 (3)
- Indium phosphide (3)
- Inter-laboratory comparison (3)
- Kunststoffe (3)
- LCF (3)
- LIBS TIG welding (3)
- LLG (3)
- LPA (3)
- Laminography (3)
- Large-scale test (3)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (3)
- Laser Pulver Auftragsschweißen (3)
- Laser beam melting (3)
- Laser metal deposition (3)
- Laserimplantation (3)
- MCS (3)
- Magnetohydrodynamics (3)
- Materials (3)
- Materials Science (3)
- Materials science (3)
- Microdosimetry (3)
- Micromagnetism (3)
- Moisture clog (3)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (3)
- Mueller-Matrix imaging ellipsometry (3)
- Nanofibers (3)
- Nanomaterialien (3)
- Non-destructiv testing (3)
- OECD (3)
- OOMMF (3)
- Orientation (3)
- Passivität (3)
- Phase transformation (3)
- Plastic (3)
- Polycarbonate (3)
- Polymer blends (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Polyurethane (3)
- Pores (3)
- Process monitoring (3)
- Protein G (3)
- Prüfrichtlinie (3)
- Prüfverfahren (3)
- Reflectography (3)
- Research data management (3)
- Restraint (3)
- Rheology (3)
- Richtlinien (3)
- Rigidity (3)
- Roughness (3)
- Rubber (3)
- Röntgenrefraktion (3)
- SWIR (3)
- Sauerstoff (3)
- Scanning electron microscopy (3)
- Selective Laser Melting (3)
- Selective laser melting (3)
- Sicherheitstechnische Bewertung (3)
- Slurry (3)
- Small-angle scattering (3)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Spectroskopic Imaging (3)
- Stress relief cracking (3)
- Structural health monitoring (3)
- Sulfidation (3)
- Superplasticizer (3)
- Synchrotron tomography (3)
- TEKKEN-Test (3)
- Temperature (3)
- Tensile properties (3)
- Testing (3)
- Thermoelectrics (3)
- Thick Materials (3)
- Tribology (3)
- Tunnel (3)
- Uncertainty (3)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (3)
- Utilization (3)
- Water speciation (3)
- Weld pool shape (3)
- X-ray diffraction (3)
- X-ray scattering (3)
- XRF (3)
- Zinc coatings (3)
- Zugeigenschaften (3)
- Zulassungen (3)
- µ-gravity (3)
- Überzüge (3)
- 1H-NMR (2)
- 3D (2)
- AISI 316L (2)
- AKR-Betonversuche (2)
- ALD-Hybridprozesse (2)
- ASR (2)
- Absolute fluorometry (2)
- Acoustic Emission (2)
- Acoustic levitation (2)
- Adhesive joint (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Adsorbed layer (2)
- Adsorption (2)
- Advanced Materials (2)
- Advanced high strength steel (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Al2O3-Schichten (2)
- Altern (2)
- Antibody coating (2)
- Antikörper (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Armaturenprüfung (2)
- Artificial weathering (2)
- Atomic Layer Deposition (2)
- Auftragschweißen (2)
- Ausgleichungsrechnung (2)
- BAMline (2)
- BDS (2)
- Baustoffe (2)
- Bauteilprüfung (2)
- Beständigkeit (2)
- Beständigkeitsbewertungen (2)
- Betonfahrbahn (2)
- Bioactive glass (2)
- Bioceramics (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biofilmbildung (2)
- Biosensor (2)
- Boundary element method (2)
- Brechungsindex (2)
- Brexit (2)
- Brittle fracture (2)
- Building Materials (2)
- Bulging effect (2)
- C3A (2)
- CAT-Technologie (2)
- CCU (2)
- CCUS (2)
- CFK (2)
- CFRP (2)
- CLP (2)
- CLP-Verordnung (2)
- CMAS (2)
- COD-AGE (2)
- CT (2)
- Capture (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Chaboche model (2)
- Chemikalienrecht (2)
- Chemisch instabile Gase (2)
- Cleavable probe (2)
- Coarsening (2)
- Compatibility (2)
- Compatibility evaluations (2)
- Composite-Druckgefäß (2)
- Compressive Cyclic loading (2)
- Condensate (2)
- Condensation (2)
- Contact resonance (2)
- Continuum mechanics (2)
- Copolymer (2)
- Corrosion Fatigue (2)
- Corrosion inhibition (2)
- Corrosion products (2)
- Corrosion rate (2)
- Corrosion testing (2)
- Crack Propagation (2)
- Crack propagation (2)
- Crevice (2)
- Crystal plasticity (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- Cytotoxicity (2)
- DED (2)
- DIN EN 16516 (2)
- DLO (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA damage (2)
- Damage (2)
- Dangerous goods (2)
- Database (2)
- Deckschichten (2)
- Defokussierung (2)
- Dehnungsfehler (2)
- Delayed addition (2)
- Desiccation (2)
- Desinfection (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digital (2)
- Digital image correlation (2)
- Digital material representation (2)
- Digital twin (2)
- Dilatometry (2)
- Direct Energy Deposition (2)
- Direct Laser Metal Deposition (2)
- Distributed fibre optic sensing (2)
- Drinking (2)
- Druckbehältern (2)
- Dual phase steel (2)
- Duplexstahl (2)
- EOS (2)
- EPR (2)
- EU FP7 project NanoValid (2)
- Early hydration (2)
- Early oxidation (2)
- Elastic constants (2)
- Electron energy (2)
- Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) (2)
- Electronic Detonators (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Elemental composition (2)
- Ellipsometrie (2)
- Ellipsometry (2)
- End-crater (2)
- Endkrater (2)
- Energetic Materials (2)
- Energy deposit (2)
- Energy distribution (2)
- Environmental Simulation (2)
- Erdboden (2)
- Exchange interaction (2)
- Explosivstoffe (2)
- Extensometer (2)
- FT-IR (2)
- Faserverbund (2)
- Faserverbundwerkstoff (2)
- Fatigue crack growth (2)
- Fatigue crack propagation (2)
- FeCr- alloys (2)
- Ferromagnetism (2)
- Fiber reinforced polymer (2)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (2)
- Formaldehyd (2)
- Fracture mechanics (2)
- Fracture surface analysis (2)
- Fragmentation (2)
- Fraktografie (2)
- Frequenzanalyse (2)
- Fräsen (2)
- Fume (2)
- Funtional Groups (2)
- GFK (2)
- GFRP (2)
- GHS (2)
- GTN model (2)
- Gas-Staub-Gemische (2)
- Gefährliche Stoffe (2)
- Gel-type electrolytes (2)
- Geothermal energy (2)
- Glass transition (2)
- Glass-ceramic (2)
- Gold (2)
- HAZPRED (2)
- HI-Tension (2)
- HPC (2)
- Haftvermittler (2)
- Harmonised Standards (2)
- Hazardous substances (2)
- Heat treatment (2)
- Heizöl (2)
- Heißriss (2)
- Herceptin (2)
- High Alloyed Steel (2)
- High Temperature Testing (2)
- High temperature (2)
- High-entropy alloys (2)
- High-performance concrete (2)
- High-pressure (2)
- High-strength concrete (2)
- High-strength steel (2)
- Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl (2)
- Hot cracking (2)
- Hot steam (2)
- Hybrid composite pressure vessel (2)
- Hydrogen assisted cracking (2)
- Hydrogen-assisted cracking (2)
- Hydrothermal treatment (2)
- Höherfester Feinkornbaustahl (2)
- IN 718 (2)
- Immunoassay (2)
- Immunocapture (2)
- Immunoglobulins (2)
- Immunoprecipitation (2)
- Immunosensor (2)
- Impurities (2)
- In situ Monitoring (2)
- In situ measurement (2)
- Innovation (2)
- Integrated analysis (2)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy (2)
- Integrierte Analyse (2)
- Interlaboratory comparison (2)
- Internal friction (2)
- Interphase (2)
- Iridium-titanium mixed oxides (2)
- Iron (2)
- Irradiation (2)
- Kaltrissprüfung (2)
- Kavitation (2)
- Kennzeichnung (2)
- Keyhole mode laser beam welding (2)
- Kikuchi pattern (2)
- Kleb- und Haftfestigkeit (2)
- Kleinprobenprüfung (2)
- Kontinuumsmechanik (2)
- Korrosionsuntersuchungen (2)
- Kältemittel (2)
- LEE (2)
- LIMS (2)
- LMD (2)
- LME (2)
- LTT (2)
- Lamb waves (2)
- Landau Lifshitz equation (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser Beam Melting (2)
- Laser Beam Welding (2)
- Laser cladding (2)
- Laser dispersing (2)
- Laserhybridschweißen (2)
- Laserschutz (2)
- Layer formation (2)
- Layerwise (2)
- Lean Duplex (2)
- Lebensdauerversuche (2)
- Localised corrosion (2)
- Lochkorrosion (2)
- Longitudinal Wave (2)
- Lubricants (2)
- MHD (2)
- MVT (2)
- Magnesium alloy (2)
- Magnetic moment (2)
- Magnetocaloric effect (2)
- Marktüberwachung (2)
- Mass spectrometry (2)
- Material degradation (2)
- Material science (2)
- Materialbearbeitung (2)
- Mehrprobenprüfung (2)
- Melting (2)
- Mesoporous thin films (2)
- Messunsicherheit (2)
- Metallene Werkstoffe (2)
- Metallic seal (2)
- Metallische Materialien (2)
- Metal–organic frameworks (2)
- Methane (2)
- Metrology (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microcracking (2)
- Microhardness (2)
- Mikroskaliert (2)
- Mixed Ca-K-Na phosphates (2)
- Modelling (2)
- Moisture transport (2)
- Molecular masses (2)
- Molten pool dynamics (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Multi-layered system (2)
- Multiple cracks (2)
- Müller-Matrix-Ellipsometrie (2)
- NEXAFS (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Na and K rhenanites (2)
- NanoSIMS (2)
- Nanocharacterisation (2)
- Nanomechanics (2)
- Nanoplastics (2)
- Nanoskaliert (2)
- Nanostructure (2)
- NiCrBSi (2)
- Nichtmetallische Materialien (2)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (2)
- Non destructive testing (2)
- Non-metallic inclusions (2)
- Nondestructive testing (2)
- Normen (2)
- OH radicals (2)
- Oberflächenenergie (2)
- Oberflächengeometrie (2)
- Object oriented micromagnetic framework (2)
- On-site mixed Explosives (2)
- Online Process Monitoring (2)
- Optical Tomography (2)
- Organic peroxides (2)
- Oriented immobilization (2)
- PEG (2)
- POD (2)
- Papyrus (2)
- Partial penetration (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Phase composition (2)
- Phase diagram (2)
- Phase transformations (2)
- Phononischer Kristall (2)
- Photon counting detector (2)
- Photoresist (2)
- Physikalische Gefahren (2)
- Pipeline (2)
- Pipeline steel X120 (2)
- Pipelines (2)
- Pitting corrosion (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plasma-Transferred-Arc (2)
- Plume (2)
- Polyamide 12 (2)
- Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) (2)
- Polyethylene (2)
- Polyethylene glycol (2)
- Polyethylene, PE-HD (2)
- Polymer bilayer coatings (2)
- Polymer materials (2)
- Polymer matrix composites (2)
- Polymer nanocomposites (2)
- Powder (2)
- Powder Bed Fusion (2)
- Presshärten (2)
- Probe (2)
- Probengrößeneffekt (2)
- Process simulation (2)
- Protein A (2)
- Proximity-enhanced reaction (2)
- Prozesskette (2)
- Prüfmethoden (2)
- Pufferschichten (2)
- Pyrotechnics (2)
- QSPR (2)
- Quantitative Analysis (2)
- RSW (2)
- Radiationtherapy (2)
- Radioactive decay (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Reheat cracking (2)
- Resistance spot welding (2)
- Resonance frequency (2)
- Rissbildung in Stahl (2)
- Round robin test (2)
- Rubber seal (2)
- Rundnaht (2)
- Röntgenbeugung (2)
- Röntgenemission (2)
- Scale-bridging (2)
- Scaled Boundary FEM (2)
- Schadenserkennung (2)
- Schallemission (2)
- Schallemissionsprüfung (2)
- Schallerzeuger (2)
- Schwingfestigkeit (2)
- Schädigung (2)
- Seal performance (2)
- Sekundärstrahlung (2)
- Selected Laser Melting (2)
- Self-reactive substances (2)
- Semiconductor nanocrystal (2)
- Sensibilisierung (2)
- Sensitization (2)
- Shore hardness (2)
- Silica beads (2)
- Silica nanoparticles (2)
- Silicon (2)
- Single particle spectroscopy (2)
- Sintering (2)
- Small angle scattering (2)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (2)
- Soda-lime silicate glass (2)
- Soda-lime-silica glass (2)
- Software (2)
- Solidification (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Spectral sensitivity (2)
- Speed of sound (2)
- Stainless (2)
- Stainless Steel (2)
- Stainless steel (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Standards (2)
- Stochastic Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation (2)
- Storage (2)
- Structural anomalies (2)
- Structural inhomogenities (2)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (2)
- Superelliptic Lamé curves (2)
- Surface crystallization (2)
- Surface modification (2)
- Sustainability (2)
- Synthetic air (2)
- TMDSC (2)
- Tausalzeintrag (2)
- Technical Specification (2)
- Temeprature scaling (2)
- Temperature dependency (2)
- Temperature field (2)
- Temperaturschwankungen (2)
- Tensile Properties (2)
- Ternary quantum dots (2)
- Test method (2)
- Testing method (2)
- Thermal degradation (2)
- Thermal treatment (2)
- Thin polymer films (2)
- Thin polymeric films (2)
- Ti64 (2)
- TiAl5V4 (2)
- Titan (2)
- Titanium (2)
- Topografie (2)
- Tribofilm (2)
- Tribologie (2)
- Tungsten carbide (2)
- UN-GHS (2)
- UV degradation (2)
- Ultrakurze Laserpulse (2)
- Ultraschallunterstütztes Zerspanen (2)
- Ultrasonic Transducer (2)
- Ultrasonic testing (2)
- Upconversion (2)
- Upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- Utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology (2)
- VAMAS (2)
- VSSA (2)
- Validation (2)
- Variational calculus (2)
- Variationsrechnung (2)
- Verbundfestigkeit (2)
- Verifizierung (2)
- Virtual experiments (2)
- Water (2)
- Wear resistance (2)
- Weathering (2)
- Weld metal (2)
- Weld pool behavior (2)
- Weld pool shape approximation (2)
- Wellenprüfung (2)
- Werkstoffprüfung (2)
- Wind energy (2)
- Wirbelstromprüfung (2)
- X-ray CT (2)
- X-ray and electron diffraction (2)
- X-ray refraction techniques (2)
- X-ray-CT (2)
- Zero-g (2)
- Zerspanbarkeitsanalysen (2)
- Zinc coated steel (2)
- Zinkdeckschichten (2)
- Zirconia (2)
- Zonation (2)
- Zugversuch (2)
- Zuverlässigkeit (2)
- Zündenergie (2)
- Zündquellen (2)
- additive manufacturing (2)
- corrosion (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- low energy electrons (2)
- particle scattering (2)
- Überlappbereich (2)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 18HLT01 MetVes II (1)
- 1D-Simulation (1)
- 2,6-diaminopyridine (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) (1)
- 3D imaging (1)
- 3D inspection (1)
- 3D-Printing (1)
- 3d structuring (1)
- 5G (1)
- 60 °C-Betonversuch (1)
- ABID (1)
- ACM (1)
- ADN Tabelle C (1)
- AEROSIL® OX50 (1)
- AET (1)
- AFM based test methods (1)
- AFM-IR (1)
- AFM-Kraft-Abstand-Kurven (1)
- AGIL (1)
- AIS QD (1)
- AISI 304L (1)
- AISI 321 stainless steel (1)
- AKR, Betonfahrbahndecke, Tausalzeintrag, Innenhydrophobierung (1)
- AM IN718 alloy (1)
- AXRD (1)
- Abrasion (1)
- Abrasive belt (1)
- Abtragende Glasbearbeitung (1)
- Accelerator (1)
- Acetone (1)
- Acoustic Emission (AE) (1)
- Acoustic emission (1)
- Acoustic emission analysis (1)
- Acoustic insulation (1)
- Acrylamide (1)
- Activation energy (1)
- Active Matter (1)
- Active thermography (1)
- Actuating materials (1)
- AdCo Explosives (1)
- Additiv (1)
- Additives (1)
- Admixture (1)
- Admixtures (1)
- Advanced high strength steels (1)
- Advanced materials (1)
- Affinity chromatography (1)
- Affinitätschromatographie (1)
- Affinitätsextraktion (1)
- Africa (1)
- Ageing behaviour (1)
- Ageing treatment (1)
- Aggressive environment (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Aktive Thermographie (1)
- Akustischer Isolator (1)
- Al-Composite (1)
- Al-Cu-Li alloys (1)
- Al/SiO2 composite (1)
- Alcohols (1)
- Alite (1)
- Alkali-Kieselsäure Reaktion (1)
- Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (1)
- Alkali-activated materials (1)
- Alkali-silica reaction (1)
- Alkali-silica-reaction (1)
- Alkoxysilanes (1)
- Alpha (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Alumina (1)
- Aluminium-Druckguss (1)
- Aluminiumlegierungen (1)
- Aluminosilicate glasses (1)
- Aluminum alloy (1)
- Ameisensäure (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Anatase (1)
- Aneurism (1)
- Anisotropy estimate (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antifouling surface coatings (1)
- Antifriction coefficient (1)
- Antimicrobial (1)
- Antiviral activity (1)
- Anwendungen (1)
- Approval (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Arbitrary trajectories (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Arrhenius (1)
- Artungleiche Werkstoffe (1)
- Atemluftflasche (1)
- Atemschutz (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Atomic fraction (1)
- Atomization (1)
- Aufbau von Festkörpern (1)
- Auftriebskräfte (1)
- Ausbildung (1)
- Auslaugung (1)
- Austenitic stainless steel (1)
- Autocorrelation (1)
- Automated expansion measurement (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automatische Dehnungsmessung (1)
- Automobilindustrie (1)
- BAM-Liste (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BREXIT (1)
- BTS (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Ball milling (1)
- Baumusterprüfungen (1)
- Bead-based assay (1)
- Beamline (1)
- Beanspruchungsanalyse (1)
- Beförderung gefährlicher Güter (1)
- Benannte Stellen (1)
- Bench braking sequence (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit (1)
- Beständigkeit in Biokraftstoffen (1)
- Beständigkeitsbewertung (1)
- Beta decay (1)
- Betriebsfestigkeit (1)
- Bewegtes Gitter (1)
- Bindemittel (1)
- Binnenwasserstraßen (1)
- Bio-based concrete (1)
- Biochip (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biofunctional Molecules (1)
- Biogene Brennstoffe (1)
- Biogeochemical cycling (1)
- Biomineralisation (1)
- Biopolymer (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Bloch wall (1)
- Blähen (1)
- Boehmite alumina (1)
- Boehmite nanoparticles (1)
- Bondline (1)
- Borosilikatglas (1)
- Brachytherapy (1)
- Braking load history (1)
- Brass (1)
- Breakdown strength (1)
- Brightness (1)
- Broadband dielectric microscopy (1)
- Bruchflächenanalyse (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Bubble formation (1)
- Build Angle (1)
- Bulge (1)
- Bulging (1)
- Bulk material (1)
- Bulk properties ageing (1)
- Bulk temperature (1)
- Bundesoberbehörden (1)
- Böden (1)
- Böhmit (1)
- C-C coupling (1)
- C. lap-shear (1)
- C3S (1)
- CAFTP (1)
- CALPHAD (1)
- CALPHAD databases analysis (1)
- CE-ICP-MS (1)
- CO2 Corrosion (1)
- CO2 separation membranes (1)
- CO2-Corrosion (1)
- CO2-Speicherung (1)
- CO2-storage (1)
- COK-12 (1)
- Cable (1)
- Calcination (1)
- Calcium cobaltite (1)
- Calcium peroxid (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Calculation time (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cancer treatment (1)
- Carbide (1)
- Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) (1)
- Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon dot (1)
- Carbon fibers (1)
- Carbon storage (1)
- Carrier gas hot extraction (1)
- Catalysts (1)
- Catch and release assay (1)
- Catechol (1)
- Cationic photocuring (1)
- Cavitation (1)
- Cell (1)
- Cell size (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cement admixtures (1)
- Cement hydration (1)
- Cement paste (1)
- Central Taurus (1)
- Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (1)
- Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) (1)
- Centrifugal Force (1)
- Certification Standard 22 (1)
- Certified reference materials (1)
- Certified standards (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Chargenprüfung (1)
- Chemical admixtures (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemically Complex Alloy (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chemo-mechanical coupling (1)
- Chloridbelastete Stahlbetonbauwerke (1)
- Chunky graphite (1)
- Circumferential weld (1)
- Circumferential welds (1)
- Civil Engineering (1)
- Classification (1)
- Cleavable linker (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Co (1)
- Co-axial monitoring (1)
- Co-crystal (1)
- CoO (1)
- Coal dust (1)
- Coarse-grained heat-affected zone (1)
- Cob (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cobalt and zinc oxides (1)
- Cocrystal (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- Coherent exchange (1)
- Cohesive Elements (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Combinatorial chemistry (1)
- Combinatorial polymer libraries (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Comparability of Measurement Results (1)
- Compatibility evaluation (1)
- Complex concentrated alloy (CCA) (1)
- Composite pressure vessel (1)
- Compression behavior (1)
- Compression set (1)
- Compression test (1)
- Compressive Stress (1)
- Computed tomography (CT) (1)
- Computer-Tomographie (1)
- Computertomographie (1)
- Concrete Prism Test at 60 °C (1)
- Concrete bridges (1)
- Concrete motorway pavements (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductometry (1)
- Conference (1)
- Conjugates (1)
- Contact angle (1)
- Contact fatigue (1)
- Content of calcium peroxide (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Convection coefficient (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Coputed tomography (1)
- Cordierite (1)
- Core/shell quantum dot (1)
- Corrosion and storage (CCUS) technology (1)
- Corrosion pits (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corrosion resistance (1)
- Coupled corrosive and mechanial load (1)
- Coupled corrosive/mechanical load (1)
- Crack (1)
- Crack arrest (1)
- Cracking (1)
- Creep (1)
- Cristobalite frameworks (1)
- Critical pitting temperature (1)
- Critical strain (1)
- Crosslinker (1)
- Crosslinking density (1)
- Cryogenic Engineering (1)
- Cryogenic Steel (1)
- Crystal Plasticity Modelling (1)
- Crystal Texture (1)
- Crystal orientation (1)
- Crystalline cones (1)
- Curie temperature (1)
- Curing (1)
- Curved surfaces (1)
- Cyclic (1)
- Cyclic J-integral (1)
- Cyclic R-curve analysis (1)
- Cyclic softening (1)
- Cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (1)
- Cycloalyphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (1)
- D. aging (1)
- D. creep D. viscoelasticity (1)
- DED-L (1)
- DFG SPP 2005 (1)
- DIC assisted compression (1)
- DIN 50929-3 (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018 (1)
- DMA (1)
- DPA (1)
- DRIFTS (1)
- Damage detection and localisation (1)
- Damage tolerant component design (1)
- Damping factor (1)
- Dangerous Goods (1)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) (1)
- Data Processing (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Data processing (1)
- Data storage (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Dealloying (1)
- Declarations of conformity (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defect detection (1)
- Defect photoluminescence (1)
- Defects (1)
- Defekte Eigenspannung (1)
- Definition of nanomaterial (1)
- Deformation behavior (1)
- Denkmalpflege (1)
- Dense phase (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Destabilization (1)
- Deuterium (1)
- Diagnostic antibodies (1)
- Dichtmaterial (1)
- Dichtungswerkstoffe (1)
- Dielectric breakdown (1)
- Dielectric strength (1)
- Diesel Fuel (1)
- Digital Volume Correlation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dipole moment (1)
- Directed Energy Deposition (1)
- Directed energy deposition (1)
- Dislocations (1)
- Dispersion of nano materials (1)
- Dissimilar metal weld overlays (1)
- Distortion (1)
- Distortion simulation (1)
- Distributed fiber optic sensing (1)
- Distributed fiber optic sensors (1)
- Distributed humidity sensor (1)
- Distributed sensor (1)
- Domain wall (1)
- Double complex salts (1)
- Drinking water (1)
- Drop test (1)
- Droplet (1)
- Droplet corrosion (1)
- Druckgasbehälter (1)
- Druckstabilität (1)
- Drug (1)
- Dual Energy Imaging (1)
- Dual energy (1)
- Dual sensing (1)
- Dual-Energy (1)
- Dual-energy (1)
- Ductile iron (1)
- Durability testing (1)
- Dye degradation (1)
- Dye labeling (1)
- Dynamic heterogeneity (1)
- Dynamic mechanical analysis (1)
- Dynamisch Mechanische Analyse (1)
- Dünne Schichten (1)
- E10 (Kraftstoff mit bis zu 10% Ethanol) (1)
- EASA (1)
- EC4SafeNano (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EIS (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EMPIR (1)
- EMPIR project (1)
- ESI MS (1)
- Early sulfidation (1)
- Eddy current testing (1)
- Editorial (1)
- Editorial Board (1)
- Education (1)
- Eexisting structures (1)
- Efficient modelling (1)
- Eigenschaften (1)
- Eigenspannung (1)
- Einspanngrad (1)
- Einstufungskriterien (1)
- Elastic Constants (1)
- Elastin (1)
- Elastomerdichtung (1)
- Elastomere (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electro-fused zirconia (1)
- Electro-thermomechnical model (1)
- Electrochemical characterisation (1)
- Electrochemical deposition (1)
- Electrochemical deposition (ECD) (1)
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (1)
- Electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (1)
- Electrochemical sensing (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Electrode geometry (1)
- Electromagnetic radiation (1)
- Electromagnetic scattering (1)
- Electromagnetic stirring (1)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (1)
- Electromicroscopy (1)
- Electrospun fibers (1)
- Elektromagnetische Porenreduktion (1)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung (1)
- Elektromagnetsiche Schmelzbadbeeinflussung (1)
- Elektronische Zündesysteme (1)
- Elemenet transport (1)
- Elevated temperatures (1)
- Ellipsometric porosimetry (1)
- Emerging technologies (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Endurance Limit (1)
- Energiedissipation im Kontakt (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy systems (1)
- Engine oil design (1)
- Engine oil testing (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Engineering applications (1)
- Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) (1)
- Environmental simulation (1)
- Environmental stress cracking (1)
- Environmental stress cracking (ESC) (1)
- Environmentally assisted cracking (1)
- Epoxy conversion degree (1)
- Epoxy-Anhydrid Duroplast (1)
- Equivalent heat source (1)
- Ermüdung (1)
- Europium (1)
- Europäisches Übereinkommen (1)
- Evolution of bulk properties (1)
- Exchange length (1)
- Excitation power density (1)
- Experimental design (1)
- Explosion limits (1)
- Explosion protection (1)
- Explosionsartiges Abplatzen (1)
- Explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften (1)
- Explosive spalling (1)
- Explosivplattieren (1)
- Explosivstoofe (1)
- Exposed metal sites (1)
- Extracellualr vesicles (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extracellular vesicles (EV) (1)
- FIB/SEM (1)
- FLIM (1)
- FPLC (1)
- FRET (1)
- FSDC (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- Fabrication (1)
- Facades (1)
- Facilitated activation (1)
- Fahrbahndeckenbetone (1)
- Failure test (1)
- Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (1)
- Faserkunststoffverbunde (1)
- Fast scanning calorimeter (1)
- Fast scanning calorimetry (1)
- Fast scanning calormetry (1)
- Fatigue Crack Propagation (1)
- Fatigue Life Evaluation (1)
- Fatigue S-N curve (1)
- Fatigue Testing (1)
- Fatigue crack propagation stages (1)
- Fatigue strength (1)
- Fatigue strength and life (1)
- Fatigue tests (1)
- Fe (1)
- Fe-Ni (1)
- Fe2TiO5 (1)
- Feinkornbaustahl (1)
- Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (1)
- Ferritic steels (1)
- Ferritic–martensitic steel (1)
- Ferumoxytol (1)
- Festphasenextraktion (1)
- Feuerwehr (1)
- Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) (1)
- Fibres (1)
- Filtered back projection (1)
- Filters (1)
- Fine Powder (1)
- Fine-grained Steel (1)
- Fingerprint (1)
- Finite element analysis (1)
- Finite elements (1)
- Finite-element method (1)
- Fire (1)
- Fire damp (1)
- Flammability (1)
- Flammable Gas (1)
- Flammable Liquid (1)
- Flow Chemistry (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Flowability (1)
- Fluid-flow (1)
- Fluorescence standard (1)
- Fluorescent label (1)
- Flüssigkeitssensor (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Focused Ion Beam (1)
- Force distance curve (1)
- Force distance curves (1)
- Force-distance diagram (1)
- Formation (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Four-point bending test (1)
- Fractography (1)
- Freeze Drying (1)
- Freeze casting (1)
- Fresnoit (1)
- Friction Stir Welding (1)
- Frozen state photopolymerization (1)
- Full penetration (1)
- Fully aromatic frameworks (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Functionalized nanographene (1)
- Fusion zone (1)
- Fügetechnologie (1)
- GMA welding (1)
- GMAW (1)
- GUM-compliance (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Gallium doping (1)
- Gamma (1)
- Gas Barrier Properties (1)
- Gas analytic (1)
- Gas permeability (1)
- Gas separation membranes (1)
- Geant4-DNA (1)
- Gefahrenklasse (1)
- Gefahrgruppen (1)
- Gefahrgutregeln (1)
- Gefahrstoffverordnung (1)
- Gefügeuntersuchung (1)
- Gelartige Elektolyte (1)
- Gelelektrolyte (1)
- Geology (1)
- Gesteinskorrosion (1)
- Ggraphene polymer nanocomposite (1)
- Glas (1)
- Glasmonolith (1)
- Glass ceramic (1)
- Glass paints (1)
- Glass powder (1)
- Glass scanning (1)
- Glass screening device (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glue (1)
- Gold Nanoparticle (1)
- Gold Nanoparticles (1)
- Gold nanoclusters (1)
- Grain boundary (1)
- Grain size (1)
- Grain structure (1)
- Graphene Oxide (1)
- Graphene polymer nanocomposite (1)
- Graphite modules (1)
- Grating (1)
- Grenzfläche als Material (1)
- Grinding (1)
- Grünfolieneigenschaften (1)
- HAZ (1)
- HDPE Soprption (1)
- HDPE Sorption (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HSLA (1)
- HVO (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hamonisierung (1)
- Hard machining (1)
- Hardmetal (1)
- Hardness (1)
- Heat control (1)
- Heat saturation function (1)
- Heated concrete (1)
- Heating oil (1)
- Heating oil - biodiesel - blend (1)
- Heating oil tanks (1)
- Heating oil with 10 % FAME (1)
- Heating oil with 10% biodiesel (1)
- Heating oil with 20% biodiesel (1)
- Heating oil-Biodiesel-Blend (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Heissrisse (1)
- Heizöl mit 10% Biodiesel (1)
- Heizöl mit 20 % Biodiesel (1)
- Heizöl mit 20% Biodiesel (B20) (1)
- Heizöl-FAME-Blends (1)
- Heißgaskorrosion (1)
- Heißrisse (1)
- Hierarchical porosities (1)
- High Molecular Polyethylene (1)
- High alloyed steel (1)
- High entropy alloys (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High specific surface area (1)
- High-power laser beam (1)
- High-temperature corrosion (1)
- High-temperature oxidation (1)
- High-voltage testing (1)
- Highspeed plasma (1)
- Hochentropielegierungen (1)
- Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen (1)
- Hot Cracking (1)
- Hot crack (1)
- Hot stamping (1)
- Human antibodies (1)
- Human umbilical cell adhesion (1)
- Hybrid components (1)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (1)
- Hybrider Werkstoffverbunde (1)
- Hydration (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC) (1)
- Hydrogen Embrittlement (1)
- Hydrogen assisted stress corrosion cracking (1)
- Hydrogen dependent mechanical properties (1)
- Hydrogen diffusivity (1)
- Hydrogen methane (1)
- Hydrogen-containing hot gas (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hydrophobin (1)
- Hydrothermal synthesis (1)
- Hydrothermale Calcinierung (1)
- Hygrothermal (1)
- Hyperbranched (1)
- Hysteresis measurement (1)
- Härte (1)
- IAEA fire (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- IEQ (1)
- IIT (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 14577 (1)
- ITS region (1)
- ImAFM (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Immobilisierung (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunglobulin (1)
- Immunoaffinity extraction (1)
- Impact behaviour (1)
- Impact damage (1)
- Impedance spectroscopy (1)
- Implant test (1)
- Implant-test (1)
- Implants (1)
- Impurity segregation (1)
- In situ measurement, (1)
- In situ testing (1)
- In-Situ X-ray CT (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- Inclusion cluster (1)
- Inclusion size (1)
- Inconel 625 (1)
- Inconel 686 (1)
- Incremental lifetime models (1)
- Indenter modulus (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Inertisierung (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Infrared Thermography (1)
- Infrared nano AFM (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Initial crack size (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Inline NMR Spectroscopy (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Insitu test (1)
- Institut Laue Langevin (1)
- Instrumented Indentation Testing (1)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (1)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (IIT) (1)
- Integrated Processes (1)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy, (1)
- Inter-laborator comparison (1)
- Interdisciplinary (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial forces (1)
- Intergranular cracking (1)
- Intermodulation (1)
- Intermodulation AFM (1)
- Intermodulation-AFM (1)
- Internal Surfaces (1)
- Internal oxidation (1)
- Introduction (1)
- Inverse Problems (1)
- Ionic porosity (1)
- Ions (1)
- Iron isotope fractionation (1)
- Iron meteorite (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Journal (1)
- Kabeltrenner (1)
- Kathodische Korrosionsschutz (1)
- Keramische Folien (1)
- Kieselsol (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Klebeverbindungen (1)
- Knoevenagel condensation (1)
- Knotenweise Zwangsbedingungen (1)
- Kobaltlegierung (1)
- Kompaktierbarkeit (1)
- Kompressibilität (1)
- Konformitätsbewertung (1)
- Konformitätserklärung (1)
- Kontaktkorrosion (1)
- Korosi (1)
- Korrelationsmatrix (1)
- Korrosionsbeständigkeit (1)
- Korrosionsschnelltest (1)
- Korrosionsschäden (1)
- Korrosionsüberwachung (1)
- Korund (1)
- Kraftstoffabbau (1)
- Kraftstoffbehälter (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- Kriechen (1)
- Kriechverhalten (1)
- Kristallisation (1)
- Kristallsystem (1)
- Kunststoff (1)
- Kunststoff und Röntgen-Rückstreuung (1)
- Kurz- und Langriss-Ermüdungsbruchmechanik (1)
- Kurzfaser-verstärkte Thermoplaste (1)
- Kurzrisswachstum (1)
- LC / MALDI-TOF-MS coupling (1)
- LC x ESI-TOF-MS (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LCC (1)
- LCCC (1)
- LEVASIL 50/50 (1)
- LIBS (1)
- LL equation (1)
- LPBF (1)
- LT-FCM (1)
- LTCC multilayer (1)
- LTT filler material (1)
- LTT-Zusatzwerkstoff (1)
- La(Fe,Si)13 phase (1)
- Labelling (1)
- Lack-of-fusion (1)
- Lactide (1)
- Ladetankausrüstung (1)
- Laminates (1)
- Laminographie (1)
- Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation (1)
- Large-pore (1)
- Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Melting (1)
- Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM) (1)
- Laser hybrid welding (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser surface texturing (1)
- Laser welding (1)
- Laser-Hybridschweißen (1)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-induced slip casting (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Laserauftragschweißen (1)
- Laserbearbeitung (1)
- Laserdispergieren (1)
- Laserpulverauftragschweißen (1)
- Laserscanningmikroskopie (LSM) (1)
- Laserstrahlhybridschweißen (1)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen im Pulverbett (1)
- Lattice structure (1)
- Layer system (1)
- Layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- Layerwise Slurry Deposition (1)
- Layerwise slurry deposition (1)
- Leaching of alkalis (1)
- Lead isotope composition (1)
- Lead-free (1)
- Leak-tightness (1)
- Lean duplex (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lebensdauer (1)
- Legierung (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Leichtbau (1)
- Levitation (1)
- Ligand (1)
- Linear polyglycerol (1)
- Liquid Crystals (1)
- Liquid crystals (1)
- Liquid metal embrittlement (1)
- Load history (1)
- Load partition (1)
- Local fatigue spproaches (1)
- Localized Laser Dispersing (1)
- Long-term storage (1)
- Low Reynolds number swimmers (1)
- Low Temperature Toughness (1)
- Low Transformation Temperature (1)
- Low cycle fatigue (1)
- Low heat input GMA welding (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Lubrication (1)
- Luminescence (1)
- MAG (1)
- MALDI TOF MS (1)
- MALDI-TOF (1)
- MEMUS (1)
- MOF-74 (1)
- MPI (1)
- MPLS (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Magmatic and hydrothermal processes (1)
- Magnet coupling (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetic Nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetic anisotropy (1)
- Magnetic domains (1)
- Magnetic field (1)
- Magnetic interacion (1)
- Magnetic nanoparticle (1)
- Magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- Magnetic swimmers (1)
- Magnetische Domänen (1)
- Magnetization dynamics (1)
- Magnetocoloric (1)
- Magnetoelastic effect (1)
- Magnetoelastischer Effekt (1)
- Magnéli phase (1)
- Maintenance (1)
- Manual of Tests and Criteria (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Maskinteknik (1)
- Mass spectrometry of polymers (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Masterbatch (1)
- Material characterization (1)
- Material defects (1)
- Materialien (1)
- Materialkreislauf (1)
- Materialprüfung (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical Engineering (1)
- Mechanical Properties (1)
- Mechanical behavior (1)
- Mechanical property (1)
- Medical implants (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Prüfverfahren (1)
- Mehrachsige Verformung (1)
- Melt pool behaviour (1)
- Melt-extraction technique (1)
- Mesoporous Silica (1)
- Mesoporous iridium-titanium mixed oxides (1)
- Mesoporous mixed metal oxide films (1)
- Messing (1)
- Messtechnik (1)
- Metal Matrix Composite (1)
- Metal carbides (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metal organic framework (1)
- Metal phosphonates (1)
- Metal powder characterization (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metal-organic-frameworks (1)
- Metalldichtung (1)
- Metallkorrosion (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metallurgie (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Method validation (1)
- Methos comparision (1)
- Micro-shrinkages (1)
- Microanalysis (1)
- Microarray (1)
- Microbeam analysis (1)
- Microbial (1)
- Microbially induced corrosion (1)
- Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microencapsulation (1)
- Microparticle (1)
- Microparticles (1)
- Microplastic (1)
- Microstructural analysis (1)
- Microstructure Characterization (1)
- Microstructure analysis (1)
- Microstructure characterisation (1)
- Microstructure evolution (1)
- Microwave synthesis (1)
- Mikrostrukturuntersuchung (1)
- Milling (1)
- Mis-match (1)
- Mittelrippendefekt (1)
- Mixed-linkers (1)
- Modell der konstanten Flammentemperaturen (1)
- Modified Varestraint-/Transvarestraint test (1)
- Modular Production (1)
- Module (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Molecular mobility (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monte-Carlo (1)
- Mortar (1)
- Mortel (1)
- Moving mesh (1)
- Mueller-Matrix Ellipsometry (1)
- Multiaxial deformation (1)
- Multiphoton laser structuring (1)
- Multiple-layered scaffold (1)
- Multivariate data analysis (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- Mussel-inspired adhesives (1)
- NBR (1)
- NDT Monitoring (1)
- NIR dyes (1)
- NP (1)
- Nahtgeometrie (1)
- Nano particle (1)
- Nano screening (1)
- NanoValid (1)
- Nanocasting (1)
- Nanoconfinement (1)
- Nanocrystal (1)
- Nanohybrid (1)
- Nanoindentation (1)
- Nanokomposit (1)
- Nanomaterial Properties (1)
- Nanomechanical properties (1)
- Nanometrology (1)
- Nanoparticle Characterization (1)
- Nanoparticle characterization (1)
- Nanoparticle size measurement (1)
- Nanoparticular TiO2 (Anatase) (1)
- Nanoporous (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanoscale (1)
- Nanosecond laser (1)
- Nanosecond laser irradiation (1)
- Nanostructure quantification (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Natural (1)
- NbC (1)
- Nd excitation (1)
- Neel wall (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Neutron imaging (1)
- Neutronen Abschirmmaterial (1)
- Neutronenbeugung (1)
- Neutronenradiographie (1)
- Neutronentomographie (1)
- New standards (1)
- Next Generation Sequencing (1)
- Ni (1)
- Ni-Resist (1)
- Nicht-lineare Regression (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nickel alloys (1)
- Nickellegierung (1)
- Niedrigenergie-Polymeren (1)
- Niobium alloying (1)
- Nitrene[2+1]cycloaddition (1)
- Nitride (1)
- Nitrides (1)
- Nitrieren (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-destructuve testing (1)
- Non-spherical shape (1)
- Nonclassical crystallization (1)
- Nosema ceranae (1)
- Notified bodies (1)
- Numerical Simulation (1)
- Numerical analysis (1)
- Numerical modelling (1)
- Numerische ISmulation (1)
- Numerische Simulation (1)
- OTDR (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenanalytik (1)
- Oberflächenmesstechnik (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Oberflächensteifigkeit (1)
- Oberflächentechnik (1)
- Oil and gas industry (1)
- Ooxidation (1)
- Optical Emission Spectroscopy (1)
- Optical assay (1)
- Optical criterion (1)
- Optical emission spectroscopy (1)
- Optical fiber sensor (1)
- Optical fibers (1)
- Optical measurment technique (1)
- Optical near field (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical spectroscopy (1)
- Optical tomography (1)
- Optische Fasern (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- Ordered mesoporous silica (1)
- Ore provenance (1)
- Organic–inorganic nanostructures (1)
- Orientation relationship (1)
- Oscillating magnetic field (1)
- Osmia bicornis (1)
- Outokumpu: Stainless steel (1)
- Oxidation protection (1)
- Oxocobaltates (1)
- Oxygen Evolution Catalyst (1)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (1)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (1)
- Oxygen permability (1)
- Oxygen reduction reaction (1)
- Oxygen sensitive (1)
- P25 (1)
- P92 (1)
- PC characterisation (1)
- PDT (1)
- PE-HD Sorption (1)
- PEAK (1)
- PH (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PTFE (1)
- PUR (1)
- Package (1)
- Package testing (1)
- Paint (1)
- Pair Distribution Functions (1)
- Papierasche (1)
- Parabolic flight (1)
- Paramagnetism (1)
- Parchment (1)
- Partial penetration laser hybrid welding (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle accretion (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Partikelgrößenverteilung (1)
- Passivschicht (1)
- Path planning (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pentaerythritol (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Peptide Library (1)
- Peptide mass fingerprinting (1)
- Peptides (1)
- Performance assessment (1)
- Performance test (1)
- Performance validation (1)
- Periodic inspections (1)
- Peritectic reaction (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permitted explosives (1)
- Perovskite (1)
- Phage Display (1)
- Phase mask (1)
- Phase transition (1)
- Phase-field (1)
- Phase-field simulation (1)
- Phasenumwandlung (1)
- Phononic crystal (1)
- Phononische Kristalle (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphinine (1)
- Phosphonates (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Photocatalyst (1)
- Photocuring (1)
- Photogrammetry (1)
- Photoluminescence quantum yield (1)
- Photon Counting Detectors (1)
- Photon counting detectors (1)
- Photonenzählende Detektoren (1)
- Photooxidation (1)
- Photostability (1)
- Plasmon resonance (1)
- Plasmonic nanofocusing spectroscopy (1)
- Plastic deformation (1)
- Plastikstrategie (1)
- Platinum-group-metals (1)
- Polarisation (1)
- Polarization spectroscopy (1)
- Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (1)
- Poly(vinyl chloride) (1)
- Polyamid 12 (1)
- Polycaprolactone (1)
- Polyethylen hoher Dichte (1)
- Polyethylene Glycol (1)
- Polymer Testing (1)
- Polymer aging (1)
- Polymer composites (1)
- Polymer optical fiber (1)
- Polymer particle (1)
- Polymer-based nanocomposites (1)
- Polymere Werkstoffe (1)
- Polymeric materials (1)
- Polymeric membrane (1)
- Polyphosphoester (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Pore size tailoring (1)
- Pore solution (1)
- Porosität (1)
- Porous ceramics (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Portland cement (1)
- Post-modification by L-cysteine (1)
- Potential (1)
- Potentiometry (1)
- Powder analysis (1)
- Practical aspects (1)
- Pre-standardisation (1)
- Preceramic polymer (1)
- Precipitation hardening (1)
- Precision polymer sequencing (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Pressure-assisted sintering (1)
- Pressverbindung (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Priam's treasure (1)
- Primär- und Sekundärspannungen (1)
- Process Analytical Technology (1)
- Process Monitoring (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process parameters (1)
- Processing window (1)
- Projection matrix (1)
- Projektmanagement (1)
- Propagation modes (1)
- Propane gas fire test facility (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protection (1)
- Protein (1)
- Proton cunductor (1)
- Prozessmanagement (1)
- Prozessmonitoring (1)
- Prozesssimulation (1)
- Prozessüberwachung (1)
- Prüftechnik (1)
- Pseudo peptides (1)
- Pulsed thermography (1)
- Pultruded fiber rods (1)
- Quality assurcance (1)
- Qualitätsmanagement (1)
- Quantum yields (1)
- Quinones (1)
- REACH (1)
- REM (1)
- RME (1)
- ROPPOC (1)
- RRT (1)
- Radiation damage (1)
- Radioactive NP (1)
- Radioactive material (1)
- Radioactive sources (1)
- Radiographie (1)
- Radiography (1)
- Radiological inspections (1)
- Raman microscopy (1)
- Rayleigh scattering (1)
- Reaction Monitoring (1)
- Real-time infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Reconstructed ion chromatograms (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Recycling-by-design (1)
- Reference Nanomaterials (1)
- Reference material (1)
- Reference methods (1)
- Reference particles (1)
- Referenzmaterial (1)
- Referenzorganismus (1)
- Referenzverfahren (1)
- Refraction (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Relaxation fatigue (1)
- Repair patch (1)
- Representative material properties (1)
- Repräsentative Werkstoffeigenschaften (1)
- Residual Stresses (1)
- Residual stress analysis (1)
- Residual stressMultiphase compositesInteractionMicromechanical schemesAnisotropy (1)
- Resonance (1)
- Resonance testing (1)
- Restlebensdauer (1)
- Restoration and conservation (1)
- Reverse microemulsion (1)
- Rh-Ir alloys (1)
- Rheological properties (1)
- Rietveld (1)
- Ring-expansion polymerization (1)
- Ring-opening polymerization (1)
- Rissarrest (1)
- Risstrajektorie (1)
- Rod structure (1)
- Rohrprobekörper (1)
- Rosin (1)
- Rotorblatt (1)
- Round robin tests (1)
- Round-Robin-Tests (1)
- Rundnähte (1)
- Rührreibschweißen (1)
- SBFEM (1)
- SDC (1)
- SEC (1)
- SEM (1)
- SEM/EDS/STRATAGem (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SKPM (1)
- SRB (1)
- STEM (1)
- SWIR photoluminescence (1)
- Safety (1)
- Safety characteristics (1)
- Sailplane Development Panel (1)
- Salicylate (1)
- Salt melt (1)
- Samarium doped ceria (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Saure Hydrolyse (1)
- Scaffolds (1)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (1)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (1)
- Scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scavenging effect of iron (1)
- Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung (1)
- Schallemmission (1)
- Schmiedeteile (1)
- Schmiermittel (1)
- Schwarzpulverähnliches Reinigungspulver (1)
- Schweißeigenspannungen (1)
- Schweißeigenspannungs-Tiefen-Profile (1)
- Schweißen von kaltzähen Stählen (1)
- Schweißstruktursimulation (1)
- Schädigungsverhalten (1)
- Science (1)
- Sciences (1)
- Scratches (1)
- Screening (1)
- Seal failure (1)
- Security (1)
- Segmentation (1)
- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (1)
- Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) (1)
- Selektives Lasersintern (1)
- Self-assembly (1)
- Self-lubricating coating (1)
- Semi-metallic friction material (1)
- Semi-metallic sintered material (1)
- Semiconductor (1)
- Semiconductor materials (1)
- Sensitisation (1)
- Sensoren (1)
- Sequence-defined oligomer (1)
- Sequencing (1)
- Service life (1)
- Setting (1)
- Shale (1)
- Shape (1)
- Shape-controlled (1)
- Shear behavior (1)
- Shore Hardness (1)
- Shore-Härte (1)
- Short-distance diffusion (1)
- Shrinkage (1)
- Shrinkages (1)
- Si-Ge (1)
- SiO2 Nanoparticle (1)
- Sicherer Betrieb (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Sicherheitsdatenblatt (1)
- Silane (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silica coating (1)
- Silicoborate glasses (1)
- Silicon Carbide (1)
- Silver indium sulfide (1)
- SimCoLas (1)
- Single cell-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Single molecule (1)
- Single particle-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Single-dot spectroscopy (1)
- Single-source precursors (1)
- Singlet oxygen (1)
- Sintern (1)
- Size (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Sliding wear (1)
- Slidng wear (1)
- Slow Crack Growth (SCG) (1)
- Slow crack growth (1)
- Small Angle Neutron Scattering (1)
- Small angle neutron scattering (1)
- Small-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Soda-lime-silica (1)
- Sodium ion batteries (1)
- Soil (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Sol-gel coating (1)
- Solidification Cracking (1)
- Solubilizer (1)
- Sonochemical synthesis (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Spaltkorrosion (1)
- Spannungsrelaxationsrisse (1)
- Spannungsriss (1)
- Spannungsrisskorrosion (1)
- Spar cap design (1)
- Spark plasma sintering (1)
- Speciation analysis (1)
- Specific Surface Area (BET) (1)
- Spectral irradiation (1)
- Spectroscopic Imaging (1)
- Spektrale Ellipsometrie (SE) (1)
- Spin (1)
- Spontaneous emulsification (1)
- Spring constant (1)
- Spring constant (1)
- SrTiO3 (1)
- Stabilität von Eigenspannungen (1)
- Stabilization (1)
- Stabstruktur (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stahl und Aluminium (1)
- Stained glass (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Stand der Normung (1)
- Standardization of Ellipsometry (1)
- Stanzen (1)
- Static Mixing (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Stepwise growth (1)
- Stereocomplex (1)
- Stimuli-responsive polymers (1)
- Stochastic Landau Lifshitz equation (1)
- Stress analysis (1)
- Stress intensity factor (1)
- Stress-strain behavior (1)
- Structural analysis (1)
- Structural defects (1)
- Structural integrity (1)
- Structural safety (1)
- Structural sealant glazing (1)
- Structural steel (1)
- Structure-property relationship (1)
- Structured light scanning (1)
- Structures under extreme conditions (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Struvite (1)
- Sub-oxide (1)
- Subcritical crack growth (1)
- Substitution (1)
- Sulfur (1)
- Superalloy (1)
- Superconducting magnet (1)
- Supercritical CO2 (1)
- Supercritical/dense phase CO2 (1)
- Superimposed loading (1)
- Supermartensit (1)
- Supermartensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS) (1)
- Superparamagnetism (1)
- Surface Chemical Transformation (1)
- Surface Chemistry (1)
- Surface analysis (1)
- Surface characterization (1)
- Surface charge (1)
- Surface group (1)
- Surface group analysis (1)
- Surface group quantification (1)
- Surface roughness (1)
- Surface roughness analysis (1)
- Surface structures (1)
- Surfaces (1)
- Survey (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (1)
- Swarming (1)
- Swept wavelength interferometry (1)
- Switch (1)
- Sychrotron tomography (1)
- Synchrotron CT (1)
- Synchrotron Energy Dispersive Diffraction (1)
- Synchrotron Röntgen Refraktion (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray tomography (1)
- Synchrotron X‐ray refraction radiography (1)
- Synchrotron computed tomography (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- Synchrotronbeugung (1)
- TGA-FTIR (1)
- THz-TDS (1)
- TMF (1)
- TaC (1)
- Tafel Plot (1)
- Tankschifftyp (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Tantalum carbide (1)
- Tara Mediterranee (1)
- Technical crack detection (1)
- Technological innovation (1)
- Temperature effects (1)
- Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tensile Stress (1)
- Tensile testing (1)
- Themral cycles (1)
- Therapeutic antibodies (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal arrier coatings (1)
- Thermal barrier coatings (1)
- Thermal conductivity device (1)
- Thermal expansion (1)
- Thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (1)
- Thermal testing (1)
- Thermally-induced moisture transport (1)
- Thermische Belastung (1)
- Thermische Betriebsbelastungen (1)
- Thermische Dehnung (1)
- Thermo-fluid dynamics (1)
- Thermo-fluid flow (1)
- Thermo-responsive polymers (1)
- Thermodynamic analysis (1)
- Thermoelectric properties (1)
- Thermograhy (1)
- Thermogravimetry (1)
- Thermomechanics (1)
- Thermomechanik (1)
- Thermoplastic polyurethane (1)
- Thermoplastics (1)
- Thick materials (1)
- Thick shells (1)
- Thick-walled Structures (1)
- Thick-walled steel (1)
- Thick-walled steels (1)
- Thin film (1)
- Thin film systems (1)
- Thin magnetic films (1)
- Thiol-ene click chemistry (1)
- TiO2 (1)
- TiO2 nanoparticle (1)
- Time-gated emission (1)
- Time-resolved flow cytometry (1)
- Time-temperature superposition (1)
- Tin(II)octanoate (1)
- Titan-Halterung (1)
- Titanium dioxide (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Tomographie, (1)
- Tool steel (1)
- Topometry (1)
- Topotactic phase transitions (1)
- Torsional fatigue (1)
- Total scattering analysis (1)
- Toughness (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Transformation pathways (1)
- Transient heat transfer (1)
- Transport und Lagerung von Chemikalien (1)
- Trastuzumab (1)
- Tribologische Datenbank (1)
- Tribologsches Charakterisierungsdienste (1)
- Trilobite compound eyes (1)
- Trinkwasserinstalltion (1)
- Triplet-triplet annihilation (1)
- Trojan silver artefacts (1)
- Tubular X-joints (1)
- Tuff (1)
- Tungsten-Rhenium (1)
- Tunnelatmosphöre (1)
- Two-Photon Polymerization (1)
- Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) (1)
- UCST polymers (1)
- UHMWPE (1)
- UN-Test O.3 (1)
- UV Vis (1)
- UV Weathering (1)
- UV-Bestrahlungsstärke (1)
- UV/VIS spectroscopy (1)
- Ultra-high strength steel (1)
- Ultrafast scattering (1)
- Ultraschallmessung (1)
- Ultraschallsensor (1)
- Ultraschallwellen (1)
- Ultrashort laser pulses (1)
- Ultrasonic measurement (1)
- Ultrasound (1)
- Uncertainty budget (1)
- Uncertainty budgets (1)
- Ungleichgewicht (1)
- Uniaxial compression tests (1)
- Unlegierter Baustahl (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Upconverstion (1)
- VM12 SHC (1)
- Vacuum (1)
- Vacuum hot extraction (1)
- Varestraint (1)
- Verfleckungen (1)
- Vernetzung (1)
- Verschleiß (1)
- Verwitterung (1)
- Vickers (1)
- Vickers indentation (1)
- Viscoelastic model (1)
- Viscoplastic (1)
- Viscoplasticity (1)
- Viscous sintering (1)
- Viskosität (1)
- Vitual computer tomography simulation (1)
- Vorgehensweise (1)
- Vorhaben (1)
- WAXS (1)
- Warmfester Stahl (1)
- Wartung (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasserstoffspeicher (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water migration (1)
- Weathering resistance (1)
- Weißlichtinterferenzmikroskopie (WLIM, 3D) (1)
- Weld pool (1)
- Welding process simulation (1)
- Werkstoffauswahl (1)
- Werkstoffe (1)
- Werkstoffmechanische Prüfung (1)
- Wetting (1)
- White light interference microscopy(WLIM) (1)
- Wiederkehrende Prüfung (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Wind rotor blade (1)
- Wirbelstrom (1)
- Wirbesltrom (1)
- Wood materials (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray imaging (1)
- X-ray microspectroscopy (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X8Ni9 (1)
- XAFS (1)
- XANES (1)
- Yb(III) complex (1)
- Year in Review (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Young´s modulus (1)
- Zement (1)
- Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (1)
- Zeta potential (1)
- ZfP (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- ZnO (1)
- Zug-Druck-Schubprüfung (1)
- Zugprüfungen (1)
- abtragende Glasbearbeitung (1)
- alumina (1)
- anion-exchange (1)
- antibody (1)
- arbidic austempered ductile iron (1)
- arbon capture (1)
- attraktive Wechelwirkung (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacteria detection (1)
- beta particle (1)
- bioactive (1)
- biokompatibel (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- bone (1)
- carbon steel (1)
- ceramics (1)
- clustered nanoparticles (1)
- condensate (1)
- copper (1)
- degradation (1)
- deposition welding (1)
- dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- digital image correlation (1)
- dual phase steel (1)
- electrochemical characterization (1)
- ethylene vinyl acetate (1)
- fatigue crack growth (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- gamma ray (1)
- gas separation membranes (1)
- geothermal energy (1)
- gesintert (1)
- high pressure (1)
- highspeed plasma laser cladding (1)
- i-Tribomat (1)
- immunoseparation (1)
- impurities (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- leakage (1)
- lifetime (1)
- magnetic nanoparticle (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- method (1)
- microstructure analysis (1)
- molecular mobility (1)
- nanoindentation (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- pH (1)
- particle (1)
- performance test (1)
- phosphate glasses (1)
- pitting corrosion (1)
- polymers (1)
- polymers of intrinsic microporosity (1)
- polynorbornenes (1)
- product specification (1)
- quantum dot (1)
- quantum yield (1)
- radiolysis (1)
- resistance spot welding (1)
- rubber (1)
- screening tes (1)
- selective laser melting (1)
- shape control (1)
- single cell-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- single particle-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- steel (1)
- temeprature dependent exchange length (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology (1)
- volume resistivity (1)
- water speciation (1)
- µ-XRF (1)
- Äquivalente Wärmequelle (1)
- μCT (1)
- кратер шва (1)
- кристаллизация, (1)
- плавление, (1)
- сварочная ванна (1)
- температурное поле (1)
- функция теплонасыщения (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 6 Materialchemie (229)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (215)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (164)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (164)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (161)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (118)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (96)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (84)
- 6.6 Physik und chemische Analytik der Polymere (70)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (68)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (443)
Der Vortrag vermittelt einen Überblick über die physikalischen Gefahren nach der CLP-Verordnung (Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008), die Schnittstelle zum global harmonisierten System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung auf Grundlage des UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, die Bedeutung der Qualitätssicherung bei Prüfungen auf physikalische Gefahren, sowie die Prüf- und Bewertungsstrategien und welche Tests dabei unverzichtbar sind.
The efficient and sensitive detection of pathogenic microorganisms in aqueous environments, such as water used in medical applications, drinking water, and cooling water of industrial plants, requires simple and fast methods suitable for multiplexed detection such as flow cytometry (FCM) with optically encoded carrier beads. For this purpose, we combine fluorescent Cd-free Ag−In−S ternary quantum dots (t-QDs) with fluorescence Lifetimes (LTs) of several hundred nanoseconds and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (SPIONs) with mesoporous CaCO3 microbeads to a magneto-fluorescent bead platform that can be surface-functionalized with bioligands, such as antibodies. This inorganic bead platform enables immuno-magnetic separation, target enrichment, and target quantification with optical readout. The beads can be detected with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM). Moreover, they are suited for readout by time gated emission. In the following, the preparation of these magneto-fluorescent CaCO3 beads, their spectroscopic and analytic characterization, and their conjugation with bacteria-specific antibodies are presented as well as proof-of-concept measurements with Legionella pneumophila including cell cultivation and plating experiments for bacteria quantification. Additionally, the possibility to discriminate between the long-lived emission of the LT-encoded capture and carrier CaCO3 beads and the short-lived Emission of the dye-stained bacteria with time-resolved fluorescence techniques and single wavelength excitation is demonstrated.
Charakterisierung von Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen durch Zug- und Ermüdungsversuche an Kleinproben
(2019)
Die Verwendung von miniaturisierten Probengeometrien in der mechanischen Prüfung ermöglicht die Entnahme des Probenmaterials direkt aus kritischen Bereichen wie Fügeverbindungen und ermöglicht die Prüfung von kleinen Bauteilen wie additiv gefertigten Strukturen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden exemplarisch die Ergebnisse von vergleichenden Zug- und niederzyklischen Schwingversuchen (LCF) an dem austenitischen Stahl AISI 316L und der Nickelbasislegierung IN718 vorgestellt. Die Prüfergebnisse der Kleinproben aus AISI 316L weisen die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs auf, und die Analyse der Zug- und Ermüdungsdaten führt zu Werten, die den Literaturdaten weitgehend entsprechen. Der direkte Vergleich mit Standardprobendaten zeigt jedoch systematische Abweichungen bei Zugfestigkeit, Dehngrenze und Gleichmaßdehnung, die in diesem Beitrag diskutiert werden.
AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken - ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
(2019)
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion(AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCI-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiÖ2 zunimmt und die von AI2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löse versuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügbaren Gesteinskörnungen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliempfindlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt.
Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Aufträge der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorhaben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letzteren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundären Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
Für die Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung (AM) werden Sensoren und Messsysteme zur Kontrolle der Energiequelle, des Bauraums, des Schmelzbades und der Bauteilgeometrie zumindest im metallbasierten AM schon kommerziell angeboten. Weitere Verfahren der Optik, Spektroskopie und zerstörungsfreien Prüfung werden in der Literatur als geeignet für die in-situ Anwendung bezeichnet, es finden sich aber nur wenige Berichte über konkrete praktische Umsetzungen.
Ein neues Projekt der BAM im Themenfeld Material hat daher das Ziel, Verfahren des Prozessmonitorings zur in-situ Bewertung der Qualität additiv gefertigter Metallbauteile in AM-Prozessen mit Laser- bzw. Lichtbogenquellen zu entwickeln. Dies beinhaltet neben passiver und aktiver Thermografie die optische Tomografie, die optische Emissionsspektroskopie, die Wirbelstromprüfung, die Laminografie, die Röntgenrückstreuung und photoakustische Verfahren. Diese Verfahren werden in verschiedenen AM-Systemen zum selektiven Laserschmelzen, zum Laser-Pulver-Auftragsschweißen und zum Lichtbogenschweißen mit Drahtzuführung zum Einsatz gebracht. Für die zum Teil sehr großen Datenmengen werden Algorithmen für ein effizientes Preprocessing entwickelt und Merkmale der Messdaten in Korrelation zu Fehlern und Inhomogenitäten extrahiert, welche mit Referenzverfahren wie Computertomografie und Ultraschall-Tauchtechnik ermittelt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Einzelverfahren werden fusioniert und mit den Fertigungsparametern korreliert. Diese Prozessüberwachung soll eine deutliche Reduzierung aufwändiger und zeitintensiver, zerstörender oder zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen nach der Fertigung des Bauteiles und zugleich eine Verringerung von Ausschussproduktion bewirken.
Im Beitrag wird zunächst das Projekt als Ganzes vorgestellt und dann der Fokus auf die Thermografie mit Detektoren in verschiedenen Wellenlängenbereichen gelegt. Anforderungen an die Messtechnik für verschiedene AM-Systeme werden diskutiert und experimentelle Ergebnisse im Vergleich zur optischen Tomografie und weiterer Verfahren präsentiert.
Für Bauteile (Komponenten) von Versorgungsanlagen für flüssige Brenn- und Kraftstoffe muss die Beständigkeit der metallenen Werkstoffe und Polymere nachgewiesen werden. Im Anwendungsfall von Heizöl mit 20 % biogenen Anteilen in Form von Rapsölfettsäuremethylester (FAME, Biodiesel) ist es für eine konservative Beurteilung des Korrosionssystems Werkstoff/Medium/Umgebung wichtig, die Alterungseffekte des Mediums einzubeziehen.
Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für die Untersuchung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymeren in Heizöl und Heizöl-FAME-Blends, das für eine Vorauswahl der Werkstoffe und zum Nachweis der Beständigkeit im Hinblick auf die bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungsverfahren geeignet ist. Ein Schwerpunkt wird bei den metallenen Werkstoffen auf der Erprobung von Messmethoden liegen, mit denen sich in kurzer Versuchszeit ein Korrosionsangriff detektieren lässt.
Die untersuchten Werkstoffe Aluminium, Stahl 1.0037, 1.4301, Kupfer, Messing (CuZn40Pb) und Zink (ZP0410) sind in B0, B20, B100 und in 6 Jahre altem B100 beständig.
Auch in einem Jahr alten B20 und in einem Jahr alten B100 sind die Werkstoffe beständig.
Bei Kupfer blieb die Korrosionsrate in der Flüssigphase sowohl in B20 (0 μ m/ a) als auch in B100 (4 μ m/ a) nach einem Jahr unverändert. Für das 6 Jahre alte B100 stieg die Korrosionsrate des Kupfers an (16 μ m/a). Im Gegensatz dazu sank bei Messing die Korrosionsrate in der Flüssigphase mit dem Alter des Brennstoffs, nach einem Jahr für B20 von 4 μ m/ a auf 1 μ m/a und für B100 von 36 μ m/ a auf 6 μ m/ a, im 6 Jahre alten B100 lag die Korrosionsrate des Messings bei 0 μ m/ a.
In 8 Jahre altem B10 trat bei Zink in der Flüssigphase Flächenkorrosion auf, es ist in dem Medium demnach nicht beständig. Messing zeigte örtliche Korrosion in der Gasphase, es ist folglich unbeständig und für den Einsatz in stark gealterten B10 nicht geeignet.
Aluminium, 1.0037, 1.4301 und Kupfer sind in dem 8 Jahre alten B10 beständig.
Die Änderung der Zugfestigkeit und der Reißdehnung von ACM, HNBR und FKM in Heizöl, B20 und gealterten B10 beträgt < 15 %. Diese Werkstoffe sind in Heizöl, B20 und in gealterten B10 unter Berücksichtigung des von der BAM zur Beurteilung der Beständigkeit festgelegten Grenzwertes von 15 % bei 40 °C als beständig zu bewerten.
PUR ist bei 40 °C nicht beständig in B20 und in gealtertem B10. Bei 70 °C ist HNBR nicht in B20 beständig aufgrund der Verringerung der Zugfestigkeit (40 %) und der Reißdehnung (50 %). FKM ist bei 70 °C in Heizöl und in B20 beständig.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have become important materials for a variety of chemical technologies. The enhanced surface-area-to-volume ratio of NPs, making them excellent for use as catalyst, in analytical assays, and for antimicrobial applications.
Nickel NPs have exhibited immense potential as important catalyst for the Sabatier reaction, i.e. converting waste to energy via transformation of CO2 into CH4, and could replace the rare earth elements such as Ru, PT, or Rh. In this work we describe the solvothermal synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic nickel nanoparticles.
Monodisperse monometallic Ni NPs were synthesized using Oleylamin as solvent and reducing agent. The nanoparticles were investigated using small angle scattering (SAXS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), showing that the NPs are stable while the surface is not entirely covered. However, Ni has a high propensity to undergo oxidation, and becoming deactivated by coke formation. Hence, we further explore the preparation of bimetallic NPs, where a second metal is added to stabilize the Ni.
Bimetallic Cu-Ni NPs were synthesized by simultaneous solvothermal reduction. These bimetallic NPs exhibit excellent catalytic properties are promising candidates to be used as catalysts for efficient energy storage.
Der Fachbereich Mechanik der Polymerwerkstoffe befasst sich mit der Charakterisierung der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Degradation von Polymeren und Faserverbundwerkstoffen, die in hochbeanspruchten, sicherheitsrelevanten Konstruktionen wie jenen des Flugzeugbaus, des Automobilbaus und der Windenergie-Industrie eingesetzt werden. Auch die Analyse der chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Polymeren zählt zu unserem Aufgabenbereich.
Das Spektrum reicht von der statischen Festigkeit über die Betriebsfestigkeit, die Messung bruchmechanischer und viskoelastischer Parameter bis hin zur Formulierung molekularer Schädigungsmechanismen.
We present the synthesis of monodisperse monometallic Ni nanoparticles (NPs) and bimetallic NiCu respectively NiCo NPs. The NPs were investigated using SAXS, STEM, EDX, and XANES, showing that the NPs are size tunable and stable while the surface is not entirely covered. Nickel NPs have exhibited immense potential as important catalyst for the Sabatier reaction, i.e. converting waste to energy via transformation of CO2 into CH4.
Nanoparticles (NP) have become important materials for a variety of chemical technologies. The enhanced surface-area-to-volume ratio of NPs, making them excellent for use as catalyst, in analytical assays, and for antimicrobial applications.
Nickel NPs have exhibited immense potential as important catalyst for the Sabatier reaction, i.e. converting waste to energy via transformation of CO2 into CH4, and could replace the rare earth elements such as Ru, PT, or Rh. In this work we describe the solvothermal synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic nickel nanoparticles.
Monodisperse monometallic Ni NPs were synthesized using Oleylamin as solvent and reducing agent. The nanoparticles were investigated using small angle scattering (SAXS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), showing that the NPs are stable while the surface is not entirely covered. However, Ni has a high propensity to undergo oxidation, and becoming deactivated by coke formation. Hence, we further explore the preparation of bimetallic NPs, where a second metal is added to stabilize the Ni.
Bimetallic Cu-Ni NPs were synthesized by simultaneous solvothermal reduction. These bimetallic NPs exhibit excellent catalytic properties are promising candidates to be used as catalysts for efficient energy storage.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks [1-2]. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink [3] and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [4]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] S. Centeno, J. Shamir Journal of Molecular Structure, 873 (2008), 149-159
[4] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
Ink recipes from the islamic era: Texts, manuscripts, ink reproductions and scientific analyses
(2019)
Ink recipes can often be found in Arabic manuscripts. They may be included in treatises of diverse subjects – from handbooks for secretaries or calligraphers to books on arts and crafts, to alchemical and astrological essays. Recipes can also appear, with or without relation to the main text in the manuscript, in the form of lists or collections or even added in empty spaces as single entries. Why were these recipes written down? Were they used by the many professionals dealing with inks in their every-day work? Or were they part of the literary genre of adab with little or no practical application? To answer these questions a research project was set up: ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources, their feasibility has been assessed and some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, most non-invasive and non-destructive, and the results compared to the data obtained by the application of the same analyses on concrete manuscripts. The codicological characteristics of the manuscripts have also been studied. My aim in this talk is to show how such an interdisciplinary approach could be beneficial for the study of material culture.
Fifty shades of black: Typologies and terminology of black inks in the light of new discoveries
(2019)
The identification of the materials constituting an artefact is the basis of any correct conservation project. For this reason (among others) in the last 50 years analytical techniques have been applied to the study of manuscripts. Unfortunately, the scientific investigation of Arabic books is still uncommon, focusing mainly on single case studies of illuminated manuscripts where the black media used to write the text is largely overlooked. This lack of knowledge prompted a recent research in which black ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources, their feasibility has been assessed, and some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive and non-destructive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and to verify the detection limits of the equipment employed. Finally, the results were compared to the data collected from historical manuscripts.
In this talk I will focus on the ink typologies and the terminology (ancient and modern) used to describe them. In particular I will highlight how even the modern classification fails to capture the variety encountered in both recipes and manuscripts, particularly in the light of recent discoveries. I will address especially the terminological and conceptual issues of mixed inks – in the form of carbon inks and tannins, of carbon and iron gall inks, and of carbon and metallic salts –, iron gall inks made without vitriol and iron gall inks made with sources of tannins different from gall nuts.
Papyrus was in use in the Islamic world until the 11th century and few ink recipes collected from treatises about the art of the books are dedicated to this support. But papyrus was also burnt in order to obtain soot used as an ingredient for a particular type of ink (midād al-qarāṭīs). In this talk I will give an overview of the recipes – in particular those by ar-Rāzī –, their context and transmission in order to evaluate this double nature of papyrus, which is considered at the same time a writing support and a material to be recycled. Moreover, I will discuss what kinds of ink are most likely to be found, according to these literary sources, on Arabic manuscripts and documents written on papyrus and compare them to the typologies mentioned for paper and parchment. These results are the premises of a research project starting at the beginning of 2019, in which a number of dated fragments from several European institutions will be analysed with non-destructive techniques in order to establish a profile of the main writing media used in the early centuries of the Islamic Era.
Statistically the mean time between damage events on rotor blades is 6 years (Deutscher Windenergie Report 2006). Due to imperfection in the production the shell structures get cracks after a few years fare before the designed life time. A shell test rig was built at BAM for efficient research on the effects of defects in production.
In-situ and ex-situ NDT give a better understanding from degradation processes in composite materials.
With advanced methods in the research on the fatigue behaviour of FRP it was found a load level of infinite life for GFRP and CFRP. This is in the range of typical strain values of airliners and rotor blades in normal operation.
Due to the fibre-composite nature NDT techniques have to be suitable to a wide length scale to image micro cracking as well as bigger defects. Therefore different techniques have to be applied and developed.
Even for the basic measurements of material data for design and engineering of composite structures there is a need to upgrade standards. With a new shear frame test rig more precise values can be obtained.
With advanced methods in the research on the fatigue behaviour of FRP it was found a load level of infinite life for GFRP and CFRP. This is in the range of typical strain values of airliners and rotor blades in normal operation.
Statistically the mean time between damage events on rotor blades is 6 years (Deutscher Windenergie Report 2006). Due to imperfection in the production the shell structures get cracks after a few years fare before the designed life time. A shell test rig was built at BAM for efficient research on the effects of defects in production.
Test blades of ~10m are an efficient way for SHM research and evaluation of NDT-methods and blade geometry.
The Interdisciplinary Alchemist: Reproduction and Study of Black Inks from the Islamicate World
(2019)
The identification of the materials constituting an artefact is the basis of any correct conservation project, for this reason (among others) in the last 50 years analytical techniques have been applied to the study of manuscripts. Unfortunately, the scientific investigation of Arabic books is still uncommon, focusing mainly on single case studies, often producing unclear results, especially for black inks. This lack of knowledge prompted a recent research in which black ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources on bookmaking, their feasibility has been assessed, and finally some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive and non-destructive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed. In this talk I will present some instances of how this approach can help textual criticism, for example in evaluating variants and determining the competence of authors and compilers. At the same time the research highlights how much this scientific work depends on textual studies, especially concerning the identification of ingredients. Moreover, I will focus on some of the problematics I faced both during the textual interpretation and the actual reproduction of the recipes and how they influenced the results of the scientific analyses. In particular I’ll look into the role played by the degree of purity of the components and the function (real and perceived) of some of the ingredients.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
First, we will provide an overview of the sources [1-2] employed in the study – dating from 9th to 14th century, although the manuscripts in which they can be found dates up to the 20th century – with an eye on the ink typologies (real and perceived by the compilers). Then we will show how, by reproducing the recipes, it was possible to shed light on some oddities in the procedures and the choice of ingredients. In the end we will discuss problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [3]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol and the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
Functional materials for energy conversion are important technology drivers needed for the implementation of low carbon energy. Therefore, researchers commonly focus on improving the intrinsic properties of a functional material. However, for applications, the extrinsic properties are at least as important as the intrinsic ones. Consequently, it is important to investigate and understand the external and internal structure of semi-finished products and especially defect dependent properties. The extrinsic properties may change during application and the life cycle of the material as well as through processing and molding steps.
Our studies show how X-ray tomographic (XCT) investigations can contribute to structure investigations in composites and massive samples using the example of magnetic materials for energy conversion. The components are tested non-destructively in 3D in order to localize and characterize cracks, pores, inclusions as well as other defects and their influence on the functional properties and also “in-time” during the life cycle of the material. Exsitu and in-situ experiments performed with non-destructive XCT are predestinated to follow damaging mechanisms of materials under certain load conditions, atmospheres or liquids, e.g. went through several working cycles of a functional material. By combining microtomography with other methods of magnetic and classical material characterization, unique statements about the structure and the functional properties can be made.
From the applications point of view, sometimes complex, three-dimensional geometries are needed to fully exploit the functional properties of the materials, e.g. to ensure a high surface area for heat exchange. Since many functional materials are brittle and difficult to form, shaping is often a big challenge. In principle, additive manufacturing processes offer the possibility to produce complex, porous components from poorly formable alloys.
If all stages of additive manufacturing are accompanied by X-ray tomographic imaging, the process of finding the optimal parameters for material processing can be significantly accelerated.
Based on the quality control of the initial powder material used and also investigations of the shape and arrangement of defects within the molten structure and their relationship with the melting path scanning strategy, Xray tomography has proven to be an ideal tool for additive manufacturing, even for functional materials. Overall, tomographic methods are important tools for the development of functional materials to application maturity.
The deep penetration laser beam welding (LBW) has developed to one of the most promising metal joining methods in the modern manufacturing industry. It has well-known advantages of good penetration capacity, low heat input, high reachable welding speed and low welding distortion in comparison to conventional arc welding techniques. However, there are still challenges in LBW making the realization of the advantages difficult, such as porosity or inhomogeneous element distribution when using filler material. The magnetohydrodynamics technique is a promising way to solve these issues by introducing a suitable electromagnetic field, and correspondingly Lorentz force, to control the Transport phenomena in the weld pool.
The underlying physics in wire feed laser beam welding with electromagnetic stirring were investigated numerically and experimentally. A three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with dynamic keyhole, magnetic induction and element transport was developed for the first time. The electromagnetic behaviour as well as the temperature and velocity profiles, solidification parameters, keyhole evolution and element transport are calculated.
The model is well tested against the experimental results. The beneficial effects from electromagnetic stirring (element homogenization and grain refinement) are explained quantitatively using the numerical data and the results from high-speed imaging, OM, EDX and EBSD.
A thorough characterization of starting materials is the precondition for further research, especially for cement, which contains various phases and presents quite a complex material for fundamental scientific investigation. In the paper at hand, the characterization data of the reference cement CEM I 42.5 R used within the priority program 2005 of the German Research Foundation (DFG SPP 2005) are presented from the aspects of chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as physical and chemical properties. The data were collected based on tests conducted by nine research groups involved in this cooperative program. For all data received, the mean values and the corresponding errors were calculated. The results shall be used for the ongoing research within the priority program.
In recent years, the improved understanding of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has led to an emerging variety of applications that modify the optical, mechanical and chemical properties of many materials. Such structures strongly depend on the laser beam polarization and are formed usually after irradiation with ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulses. The most accepted explanation for the origin of the structures is based on the interference of the incident laser radiation with electromagnetic surface waves that propagate or scatter at the surface of the irradiated materials. This leads to an intensity modulation that is finally responsible for the selective ablation in the form of parallel structures with periods ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to some micrometers. The versatility when forming such structures is based on the high reproducibility with different wavelength, pulse duration and repetition rate laser sources, customized micro- and nanometric spatial resolutions, and the compatibility with industrially relevant processing speeds when combined with fast scanning devices. In this contribution, we review the latest applications in the rapidly emerging field of surface functionalization through LIPSS, including biomimetic functionalities on fluid transport, control of the wetting properties, specific optical responses in technical materials, improvement of tribological performance on metallic surfaces and bacterial and cell growth for medical devices, among many others.
An effective method for evaluating the fatigue strength of thick unidirectional composite laminates of wing spar caps has been presented here. A typical width-tapered bending specimen has been developed for a four-point loading set up. Static and fatigue loading was performed at a load ratio R = -1. The complex stress state has been investigated numerically by finite element analysis. Finally, the concept is proven experimentally on specimens made of pultruded fibre rods.
The fatigue behavior of the continuously tapered width by water Jet cutting has been compared to discrete tapering via rod-drop. The new method enables a screening of material fatigue behavior caused by normal and shear loading.
In this presentation the main requirements of BAM-GGR 016 regarding maintenance and periodic inspections were explained. BAM ensures during acceptance of the quality management program that specific and relevant instructions for maintenance and periodic inspections are developed and handed to the operator of the packaging. Examples are given.
It was found for inorganic/polymer nanocomposites that a so-called Rigid Amorphous Phase (RAF) is formed in the interfacial region by adsorption of polymer segments onto the nanoparticles. The segmental dynamics of RAF is expected to be altered, as compared to the pure matrix, which might percolate into the entire system, affecting the overall nanocomposite properties. Here, the structure and molecular mobility of epoxy-based PNCs with different nanofillers (layered double hydroxide and boehmite) was studied by a combination of calorimetric and X-Ray scattering techniques. Temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) showed that depending on the nanofiller, RAF can reach up to 40 wt % of the system or, on the contrary, the overall mobility of the matrix might increase due to the presence of particles. Such contrasting results, including the high amount of RAF, which was never shown before for epoxy-based PNCs, emphasize the importance of interfaces. Additionally, glass transition and glassy dynamics were investigated by a novel technique, Flash DSC (heating rates up to 10 kK/s) employed for the first time to a thermosetting system and electrospun fibers, which did not result in their degradation. It was used to study both the vitrification kinetics and glassy dynamics of the PNCs, for instance further confirming the presence of RAF and its impact on the overall material properties.
AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken - ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
(2019)
In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCI-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiÖ2 zunimmt und die von AI2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löse versuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-
Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügbaren Gesteinskörnungen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliempfindlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt.
Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Aufträge der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorhaben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letzteren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydrophobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundären Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
Der 60 °C-Betonversuch ist eine in Deutschland und international verbreitete Methode um die Empfindlichkeit von Gesteinskörnungen und Betonen hinsichtlich einer Alkali-Kieselsäure Reaktion (AKR) zu prüfen. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine neuentwickelte automatisierte Variante der Prüfmethode in einem Minireaktor vor. Dabei werden die Dehnungen von Betonprismen nicht, wie beim konventionellen Test manuell, sondern automatisch in entsprechend ausgerüsteten Prüfbehältern gemessen. Neben einer Reduzierung des Messaufwands bringt die automatisierte Prüfung im Minireaktor weitere Vorteile. Die Dehnungssignale werden, anders als bei der konventionellen Messung, quasi-kontinuierlich aufgezeichnet und bilden das Expansionsverhalten der Prismen detailliert ab. Außerdem bleiben Unterbrechungen der AKR-provozierenden Lagerung aus, die bei der konventionellen Prüfung notwendig sind. Im Beitrag werden die automatisierte und konventionelle Prüfung anhand der Dehnungen von Prismen zweier Gesteinskörnungen verglichen. In Übereinstimmung mit vorhergehenden Untersuchungen sind im Minireaktor gemessene Dehnungen systematisch kleiner als manuell gemessene. Als mögliche Ursache werden Unterschiede im Auslaugverhalten experimentell untersucht. Zur Überprüfung der Einstufung der zwei Gesteinskörnungen erfolgen außerdem Referenzprüfungen in der Nebelkammerlagerung bei 40 °C.
Tuff ist in vielen historischen Objekten in Deutschland verbaut, hat aber wegen seiner Porosität und hygrischen Eigenschaften eine schlechte Verwitterungsresistenz. Ziel des Vorhabens ist die Entwicklung eines gesteinsmehlmodifizierten Schutzsystems auf Kieselsäurebasis (GEMOSK) zur Konservierung verbauter Tuffe. Für die Schutzmittelherstellung wird eine geeignete Mischung aus Kieselsol und feinen Gesteinsmehlen aus Steinbruchrückständen und Tuffabfällen verwendet. Bei erfolgreichem Abschluss des Projektes kann GEMOSK im Denkmalpflegebereich eingesetzt werden. Dadurch werden die Bausubstanz besser erhalten, Tuffsteinressourcen eingespart und Tuffabfälle wiederverwertet.
In summary, we report a highly modular solid TTA-UC system comprising of a crystalline, thermally stable PCN222(Pd) MOF with CA-coated MOF channels and with a DPA annihilator embedded in a solution-like environment in the MOF channels. This solid material displays blue upconverted delayed emission with a luminescence lifetime of 373 us, a threshold value of 329 mW*cm-2 and a triplet–triplet energy transfer efficiency of 82%. This optical application adds another facet to the versatile chemistry of PCN-222 MOFs. The design concept is also applicable to other TTA-UC pairs and enables tuning of the UCL color, for example, by replacing DPA with other dyes as exemplarily shown for 2,5,8,11-tetra-tert-butyl-perylene, that yields UCL at 450 nm. Current work aims to reduce the oxygen sensitivity and to increase the retention of the trapped annihilators in organic environments, for example, by tuning the chain length of the carboxylic acid and by coating the MOF surface. In addition, the TTA-UC efficiency will be further enhanced by reducing the reabsorption of the UC emission caused by Pd(TCPP) and by optimizing the sensitizer/annihilator interface.
Das DED Auftragschweißen ist ein additives Fertigungsverfahren für Metalle, bei dem das Material schichtweise auf ein Substrat aufgetragen wird. Die schnellen Temperaturzyklen rufen Spannungsgradienten im Bauteil hervor. Der schichtweise Aufbau der Bauteile verursacht eine anisotrope Mikrostruktur. Mittels nachgelagerter Wärmebehandlung können diese Effekte verringert werden. Im anschließenden Schritt der Prozesskette wird das additiv hergestellte Bauteil mittels Drahterodieren von dem Substrat abgetrennt.
In diesem Beitrag wird eine thermo-mechanische Simulation der gesamten Prozesskette vorgestellt, welche den additiven Aufbau, Wärmebehandlung und das Abtrennen vom Substrat beinhaltet. Anstelle der in der Literatur üblichen schichtweisen Modellierungsstrategie für die DED Simulation wird das gesamte Bauteil in einem Stück vernetzt und der vollständig transiente, schichtweise Materialauftrag über Elementgruppen realisiert. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Simulationen muss der nichtlineare Kontakt zwischen den Schichten nicht berücksichtigt werden, was die Rechenzeiten deutlich verkürzt.
Das Modell wurde validiert mittels Abgleiches des Verzugs aus Simulation und Experiment.
Die Proben, bestehend aus DIN 1.4404 (AISI 316L), wurden nach jedem Prozessschritt 3D gescannt um den Verzug zu quantifizieren. Zusätzlich wurden Querschnitte und Härtetests nach Vickers von unterschiedlich behandelten Proben durchgeführt, um den Effekt der Wärmebehandlung auf die Mikrostruktur und die Härte des Bauteils zu untersuchen.
Das Fügeverfahren Kleben bietet viele Vorteile, wie z.B. das Verbinden unterschiedlicher Materialklassen, geringe thermische Belastung (und damit ggf. verbundene Strukturveränderung/-schwächung) der Fügeteile und eine Lastverteilung über den gesamten Fügebereich. Die Auswahl an verfügbaren Klebstoffen und Vorbehandlungsoptionen sind dabei - wie die Applikationen auch - vielfältig. Es werden vier Applikationsbeispiele zu Referenzklebverbunden aus Edelstahl, zur Plasmaaktivierung von Niedrigenergie-Polymeren, zur Bestimmung der Haftfestigkeit von Lackierungen auf GFK und zur Wirkung von Primern vorgestellt. Einige Polymere weisen z.B. Eigenschaften auf, die eine Herstellung von festen und dauerhaft beanspruchbaren Kleb-verbindungen erschweren. Im Allgemeinen geht dies mit geringen Oberflächenenergien einher. Mittels Oberflächenvorbehandlung, z.B. durch Plasmafeinreinigung bzw. Plasmaaktivierung, können die Grenzflächen solcher Polymere - bezogen auf die Eignung als Fügeteile (Klebfestigkeit) oder als Substrat (Haftfestigkeit) – optimiert bzw. die Oberflächenenergie erhöht werden. Schnelle, zuverlässige und statistisch abgesicherte Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung von Verbund-eigenschaften sind dabei unverzichtbar.
Challenges in Traceable Size Measurement of Non-Spherical, Non-Monodisperse Nanoparticles - nPSize
(2019)
Size measurement of nanoparticles (NP) becomes a challenging analytical problem when non-spherical shapes must be traceably measured. However, most industrial NPs have irregular shapes and broad size distribution making it often more complex to follow European regulatory to identify a material as a nanomaterial according to which accurate measurement of the smallest dimension and its size Distribution is necessary.
The European research project nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements aims to fill this gap by developing potential non-spherical reference nanoparticles, measurement procedures and physical modelling to improve the traceability chain, comparability and compatibility for NP size measurements between different methods. Therefore, new model NP with well-controlled shape has been synthesized and are supposed to be systematically characterized using the traceable methods scanning/transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering.
Following NP candidates are under investigation with respect to their homogeneity and stability: (i) titania nanoplatelets (10-15 nm thickness x 50-100 nm lateral), (ii) titania bipyramides (~60 nm length x 40 nm width), (iii) titania acicular particles (100 nm length x 15-20 nm width; aspect ratio 5.5/6), (iv) gold nanorods (~10 nm width x 30 nm length), and (v) gold nanocubes (~55 nm x 55 nm x 55 nm). In addition, sample preparation procedures as well as measurement analysis procedures with evaluation of appropriate measurands and descriptors for each material class and method are being developed to support standardization. To underpin the traceability of the size measurement of nonspherical NP, physical modelling of the signals in e.g. electron microscopy techniques will be used and in combination, the implementation of machine learning is aimed to facilitate measurement Analysis procedures, especially regarding the accurate thresholding/segmentation of the NPs.zeige mehr
When assessing the performance of welded components residual stresses are vital. The possibilities of transferring the real boundary conditions of welding, which influence the residual stress, into the laboratory are highlighted in this contribution. The potentials of a test system specially developed for this purpose are demonstrated. The component design induces global process-, geometry- and material-dependent stresses, which can be simulated and quantified in the system. In addition, the resulting local residual stress distribution can be exactly determined with high spatial resolution with the aid of X-ray diffraction. Examples are presented of how the conditions to be found during production are simulated in the laboratory.
Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick bezüglich der von der BAM im Rahmen des SimCoLas Verbundprojekts durchgeführten Arbeiten zum Thema "Photonische Prozessketten". Die numerisch abgebildete Prozesskette Tiefziehen/Laserstrahlschweißen wird darsgestellt und diskutiert. Fokus der Diskussion ist die entwickelte Methodik zur konsistenten Abbildung numerischer Prozessketten mit der Applikation Heissrisskritikalität beim Laserstrahlschweißen.
Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über Arbeiten im Rahmen der Themenstellung "photonische Prozessketten" des SimCoLas Projekts. Es werden Ergebnisse zur Datendurchgängigkeit der Prozesskette Umformen/Laserstrahlschweißen sowie erste Ergebnisse zu numerischen Schweißstruktursimulationen zur Bewertung der Heissrisskritikalität eines tiefgezogenen Napfes beim Laserstrahlschweißen gegeben.
The potential of lowered surface features as well as the application of wear resistant coatings have been known for many years to improve the tribological behavior of forming tools. More recent studies also discuss the capability of protruded microfeatures for adjusting the tribological behavior between contacting surfaces. The demand for a high wear resistance of such structures as well as their economical and reliable production, however, often limits the industrial application. The laser implantation process can overcome these limitations. In contrast to conventional cw-laser dispersing processes, where the formation of uniform metal matrix composite layers is intended, this surface engineering technique aims to improve the tribological behavior of contacting surfaces by a localized dispersing of pre-placed hard ceramic particles. This enables the formation of deterministic textures composed of separated wear resistant dome- or ring-shaped microstructures (implants).
Since TaC shows very promising material properties for improving the wear resistance of tools exposed to severe operating conditions, this paper analyzes its suitability for pulsed laser implantation on X38CrMoV5-3 tool steel for the first time. In the experiments, the influence of the particles and the laser parameters (pulse power, pulse duration and focal diameter) on the material properties of the localized dispersed zones was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The composite´s (micro-) hardness was measured and calculated by using a rule of mixture. Additionally, the influence of the laser parameters and the TaC particles on the geometrical properties of the implants was studied by optical microscopy and white light interferometry.
The results showed that defect-free implants with hardness values of ~900 HV1 can be obtained at the focal spot, since a localized dispersing of the TaC particles is possible using a pulsed millisecond laser. However, in dependence of the laser intensity, also a partial dissolution of the initial particles occurs. This leads to the precipitation of new dendritic TaC nanoparticles and to varying contents of retained austenite in the matrix. Both effects have a strong influence on the implant hardness and must be considert by the rule of mixture. Regarding the geometrical response it was pointed out that protruded microfeatures with heights up to 10 µm can be created. In comparison to laser remelted zones, the implanted zones showed significantly altered weld pool profiles due to the influence of the particles on the melt convection. A transition of the implant shape from predominantly dome-shaped to predominantly ring-shaped was observed for intensities >1.7∙106 W/cm2 due to the onset of the keyhole effect.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden und spektralauflösenden Detektortechnik und möglichen Anwendungsgebieten in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Dabei wurden konventionelle und photonenzählende Detektortechniken hinsichtlich der Bildqualität und Anwendbarkeit bei unterschiedlichen Prüfaufgaben verglichen und untersucht, inwiefern sich die Energieschwellwertsetzung auf die erreichbare Bildqualität und eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit bei verschiedenen radiographischen Verfahren auswirkt.
Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen wurden diese Eigenschaften und deren Auswirkung auf das Messergebnis analysiert. Neben der Radiographie wurden auch dreidimensionale Verfahren wie CT und Laminographie berücksichtigt.
Als eine der wichtigsten Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden Detektortechnik wurden zunächst die Energieauflösung des photonenzählenden Detektors und die Homogenität der Energieantwort über größere Detektorbereiche bestimmt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die Energieauflösung eines abgegrenzten Detektorbereichs ca. 32 % bei 60 keV beträgt und die Streuung in der Energieantwort der einzelnen Detektorbereiche ca. 12 % ausmacht, woraus sich eine Gesamtunsicherheit in der spektralen Detektorantwort von ca. 44 % ergibt. Die geringe Energieauflösung und das stark heterogene Verhalten der Detektorbereiche ergeben sich vor allem aus der Detektorelektronik, welche nur eine globale Energieschwellwertsetzung zulässt.
Trotz dieser Einschränkungen konnte demonstriert werden, dass auch konventionelle radiographische Verfahren, wie Radiographie oder CT, vom Einsatz der photonenzählenden Technik profitieren. So ist es mit dieser Technik möglich, bei sehr geringen Dosisleistungen (z.B. aufgrund der Durchstrahlung großer Wandstärken von dichten Materialien) noch sehr gute Bildqualitäten zu erreichen. Die hohe Dynamik und Kontrastempfindlichkeit dieser Technik begünstigen die Inspektion von Leichtbauwerkstoffen wie Faserverbunde, was anhand von Vergleichen mit herkömmlicher Detektortechnik und anderen ZfP-Verfahren gezeigt werden konnte. Daneben konnte durch den Einsatz der Energieschwellwertsetzung der Einfluss von nicht bildzeichnender Streustrahlung im Röntgenbild um bis zu 20 % reduziert werden. Die Auswirkungen von Aufhärtungseffekten in der CT konnten sogar um bis zu Faktor 1 000 (in der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung), im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Detektortechnik, reduziert werden.
Der Einsatz von photonenzählender Detektortechnik mit Röntgenblitzröhren ist hingegen nicht sinnvoll, da aufgrund der hohen Photonendichte pro Puls und einer endlichen Totzeit des Detektors in der Größenordnung der Pulsbreite eines Blitzes nur ein geringes Signal detektiert werden kann.
Im Hinblick auf eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit konnte demonstriert werden, dass im Fall einer Radiographie anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung im Detektor eine materialstärkenunabhängige Diskriminierung zwischen zwei Materialien (hier: Al und Fe) erzielt werden kann. Unter Einsatz mehrerer Energiefenster und eines Verfahrens der explorativen und multivariaten Datenanalyse konnte eine materialaufgelöste CT eines Multi-Material-Phantoms erreicht werden, wobei die Schwächungskoeffizienten der enthaltenen Materialien im relevanten Energieberiech teilweise sehr dicht beieinander lagen.
Neben Radiographie und CT wurde auch die Möglichkeit einer materialaufgelösten Laminographie am Beispiel eines glasfaserverstärkten Rotorblatts untersucht. Anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung war nicht nur eine eindeutige Trennung der Glasfasern von der Epoxidharzmatrix möglich, sondern auch eine signifikante Reduzierung der durch die Laminographie entstandenen Artefakte. Der damit verbundene Gewinn an Information führt zu einer verbesserten Aussagefähigkeit des Untersuchungsergebnisses, was letztendlich eine gesteigerte Betriebssicherheit zur Folge hat.
Laser beam welding of aluminum die casting is challenging. A large quantity of gases (in particular hydrogen) is absorbed by aluminum during the die-cast manufacturing process and is contained in the base material in solved or bound form. After re-melting by the laser, the gases are released and are present in the melt as pores. Many of these metallurgic pores remain in the weld seam as a result of the high solidification velocities. The natural (Archimedean) buoyancy is not sufficient to remove the pores from the weld pool leading to process instabilities and poor mechanical properties of the weld. Therefore, an electromagnetic (EM) system is used to apply an additional buoyancy component to the pores. The physical mechanism is based on the generation of Lorentz forces, whereby an electromagnetic pressure is introduced into the weld pool. The EM system exploits the difference in electrical conductivity between poorly conducting pores (inclusions) and the comparatively better conducting aluminum melt to increase the resulting buoyancy velocity of the pores. Within the present study, the electromagnetic supported degassing is investigated in dependence on the laser beam power, welding velocity and electromagnetic flux density. By means of a design of experiments a systematic variation of these parameters is carried out for partial penetration laser beam welding of 6 mm thick sheets of wrought aluminum alloy AlMg3 and die-cast aluminum alloy AlSi12(Fe) where the wrought alloy serves as a reference. The proportion of pores in the weld seams is determined using X-ray images, computed tomography (CT-) images and cross-section images. The results prove a significant reduction of the porosity up to 70 % for both materials as a function of the magnetic flux density
The paper describes a systematic investigation of the EM influenced laser beam welding of the aluminum die casting alloy AlSi12(Fe) in comparison to a reference material, a wrought aluminum alloy AlMg3. By using of a face centred CCD test plan, the influencing variables laser power, welding velocity and magnetic flux density are varied with regard to their influence on the remaining porosity. The global pore fraction of the weld seams was analyzed by X-ray images with ImageJ. This enabled a qualitatively very good regression model to be derived for the respective material, which identifies the dominant influencing variables. The results prove, statistically verified, for the investigated parameter range, that
- the magnetic flux density is the main cause for the porosity reduction,
- the porosity rises with increasing laser power the porosity in the weld seams rises,
- the influence of the welding velocity is negligible,
- the pore quantity in wrought alloy is more strongly minimized by the magnetic flux density than in die casting,
- the porosity decreases due to the EM influence by approx. 70 % compared to the unaffected welds. This effect is emphasized by the contour line charts, which illustrate the relationship between laser power and magnetic flux density.
With the exception of the quadratic influence of B at the wrought alloy, the statistical correlation shows a linear development of the respective influence variables for both aluminum alloys. In order to investigate these deviations, further simulations with a focus on weld pool geometry and weld pool flow are to be performed. In addition, the welding results can be classified in accordance with DIN EN ISO 13919-2 in the highest evaluation group B for AlMg3 and in evaluation group C for AlSi12(Fe) by applying a magnetic flux density of 350 mT. The analysis of the CT images at constant laser power and welding velocity allows a direct comparison both between the two alloys and also as a function of the magnetic flux density with regard to the number and size of pores. An increase in the magnetic flux density leads to a significant decrease in the number and volume of pores, which can be seen more clearly in wrought alloy than in die casting. Very acceptable results can be achieved for both materials and different welding parameters. This successfully demonstrates the desired process robustness and functionality of the EM system for practical applications. For subsequent investigations of overlap joints, the lowest possible laser power and a high magnetic flux density are recommended.
Friction stir welding (FSW) of high-melting temperature alloys, such as steel and Inconel, requires tooling that can survive under the applied loads at the elevated temperatures. Tungsten-Rhenium (W-Re) alloys are a suitable candidate for this application; however, the costs typically associated with achieving the required densities and grain structure for the tooling are high due to the lengthy traditional processing required. Further costs are incurred in machining the starting bar stock to the final FSW tooling configuration. An alternate processing method is used in this study to shorten the fabrication time using direct current sintering which rapidly consolidates the starting powders at lower temperatures than used in traditional powder metallurgy. Although this process enables retention of the fine grain size, the sintering time is too short to form the desired single, solid phase. Therefore, the specimens were subjected to a post-consolidation heat treatment to fully solutionize the W matrix. Once the desired density and solid solution phase was verified in coupons, the final processing parameters were used to consolidate a net shape tool for FSW.
Diffraction-based experimental determination of Residual Stress in AM parts: A critical discussion
(2019)
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have experienced an exceedingly rapid growth, not always paralleled by the knowledge about the materials properties and performance. In particular, residual stress (RS) has been soon recognized as an issue in AM parts, so that parts are always post-heat-treated. Moreover, much effort has been spent on simulating RS, especially using finite element methods.
The experimental determination of RS has thereby become increasingly important, and even simple data constitute (to date) a piece of knowledge to fill the above-mentioned gap. In particular, diffraction methods, which are basically non-destructive, offer enormous possibilities to gain knowledge on real components, since neutrons and synchrotron radiation can penetrate even heavy metals up to several millimeters (or even centimeters). Indeed, some success has been obtained, and the knowledge about the origins of the RS fields, as well as their variation as a consequence of heat or mechanical treatments, has been greatly expanded.
In this talk, a few success stories will be outlined. It will be shown how the determination of RS in metallic parts (with focus on those produced by laser powder bed fusion) has even allowed showing that process parameters that were considered unimportant play a major role in the onset of stress.
However, while RS is starting to be considered in the part design, deposition strategy (e.g. build plate temperature), and even in the definition of the relevant metric to assess the quality of a part, much is still to be investigated about the hypotheses underlying its experimental determination. Therefore, some aspects to be aware of, or even to date unclear will also be discussed, such as the determination of the reference unstrained samples and of the principal axes of stress. All these aspects will draw the path towards a comprehensive understanding of the process-structure-performance relationships in AM materials and parts.
The second edition of this textbook on physical electrochemistry, written by two experienced teachers of physical chemistry, corrosion engineering and materials science and engineering, covers the current knowledge which should be transferred to students of these fields.
In 20 chapters the fundamentals of electrochemistry, the most important electrochemical measurement techniques and applications of electrochemistry are covered.
It can be concluded that this study fulfills its intension of “serving as a key textbook in undergraduate courses” dealing with electrochemistry and being “a reference source for graduated students, researchers and engineers” interested in this field. Teachers will find sufficient content for preparing lectures on this topic. Even self‐learning is well supported by the clear structure, presented content and provided sources for further reading.
Dieser umfangreiche Leitfaden gibt Auskunft zur thermisch‐mechanischen Beständigkeit von 199 Eisen‐, 77 Nickelbasis‐ und 23 Kobaltbasislegierungen und ist ein sehr gutes und bestimmt erweiterbares Nachschlagewerk für Konstrukteure und Praktiker, die über den Einsatz geeigneter Werkstoffe in hohen Temperaturen entscheiden müssen.
The laser-based direct energy deposition (DED) as a technology for additive manufacturing allows the production of near net shape components. Industrial applications require a stable process to ensure reproducible quality. Instabilities in the manufacturing process can lead to faulty components which do not meet the required properties.
The DED process is adjusted by various parameters such as laser power, velocity, powder mass flow and spot diameter, which interact with each other. A frequently used comparative parameter in welding is the energy per unit length and is calculated from the laser power and the velocity in laser welding. The powder per unit length comparative parameter in the DED process has also be taken into account, because this filler material absorbs energy in addition to the base material.
This paper deals with the influence of mass energy as a comparative parameter for determining the properties of additively manufactured parts. The same energy per unit length of 60 J/mm as well as the same powder per unit length of 7.2 mg/mm can be adjusted with different parameter sets. The energy per unit length and the powder per unit length determine the mass energy. The laser power is varied within the experiments between 400 W and 900 W. Energy per unit length and powder per unit length are kept constant by adjusting velocity and powder mass flow. Using the example of Inconel 718, experiments are carried out with the determined parameter sets. In a first step, individual tracks are produced and analyzed by means of micro section. The geometry of the tracks shows differences in height and width. In addition, the increasing laser power leads to a higher dilution of the base material. To determine the suitability of the parameters for additive manufacturing use, the individual tracks are used to build up parts with a square base area of 20x20 mm². An investigation by Archimedean principle shows a higher porosity with lower laser power. By further analysis of the micro sections, it can be seen that at low laser power, connection errors occur between the tracks.
The results show that laser power, velocity and powder mass flow have to be considered in particular, because a constant mass energy can lead to different geometric as well as microscopic properties.
Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) materials have a remarkable technical poten-tial and economic impact in modern industry. These features are closely related to the question of how the cast materials can be produced without structural defects and graphite degenerations such as for example chunky graphite. Although the chunky graphite degeneration superficially seems to be well known, its metallurgical background is still controversially discussed, appropriate field-tested non-destructive tools for its quantification in castings are lacking and the knowledge on its impact on material properties is fairly limited. Addressing this status, the article is providing a current overview on the subject. Existing theories on formation and growth mechanisms of chunky graphite are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, from a metallurgical point of view, causes for the appearance of chunky graphite as well as preventive measures are concisely summarized. Particular attention is paid to the morphology of chunky graphite and how it can be characterized by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Special emphasis was laid on providing a comprehensive overview on the impact of chunky graphite on strength, ductility, fatigue limit, fatigue crack growth rate as well as fracture tough-ness of ferritic SGI materials based on experimental data. Moreover, conclusions for the assessment of castings affected by chunky graphite are drawn.
Die zunehmenden Nachweise von Kunststoffen in verschiedenen Umweltmedien erfahren in den letzten Jahren weltweit ein zunehmendes wissenschaftliches, gesellschaftliches und politisches Interesse. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfahren Kunststoffpartikel von 1-1.000 µm sogenanntes Mikroplastik. Es wurde mittlerweile in Wasser, Böden, Luft und Biota nachgewiesen. Obwohl die Wirkungen auf die natürlichen Umweltfunktionen noch unklar sind und kontrovers diskutiert werden, ist allein durch die ubiquitäre Präsenz eine systematische Erfassung von Eintragsquellen und Verbleib der Partikel über alle Umweltmedien notwendig, um Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der Einträge zu veranlassen.
Für eine zuverlässige Erfassung sind medienübergreifende Verfahren zu entwickeln, welche die drei analytischen Schritte, Probennahme, Probenaufbereitung und Detektion beinhalten. Die Verfahren adressieren unterschiedliche Zielgruppen, welche verschiedene analytische Informationen fordern. Für die akademische Bewertung werden Verfahren mit hohem analytischen Aufwand favorisiert, welche möglichst detaillierte Information über Partikelsorte, -größe, -zahl und -oberflächenbeschaffenheit geben. Im Gegensatz dazu, fordern Anwender aus der Praxis schnelle und einfache Monitoring Verfahren, welche die Bestimmung eines Massengehaltes, bzw. eines Grenzwertes zulassen. Allen ist gemeinsam, dass ein hoher interdisziplinärer Anspruch besteht, der sowohl technische Voraussetzungen zur repräsentativen Probennahme und die Limitationen von Detektionsverfahren berücksichtigt, als auch die Fachkompetenz von Biologen, Umweltwissenschaften, Analytiker und Polymerwissenschaftler einschließt.
Verfahren zum Mikroplastiknachweis müssen auch verschieden Proben mit sehr unterschiedlichen Gehalten an natürlicher Matrix gerecht werden. So müssen allein für Wasser Verfahren entwickelt werden, die Mikroplastik verschiedener Form (sphärische Partikel, komplexe Bruchstücke, Fasern) aus Medien mit sehr variablen Partikelanteil (u.a. Trinkwasser, Oberflächenwasser, Abwasser) repräsentativ erfassen sowie schnell und kostengünstig sind – einschließlich der notwendigen Probenaufbereitung. Die jeweiligen Detektionsverfahren müssen z.B. einzelne Partikel oder integrale Gehalte über drei Dekadenklassen für thermoplastische und insbesondere auch elastomere Partikelsorten erfassen können.
Casks for storage and transportation of used fuel rods of radioactive material are equipped with polyethylene (PE) for improved neutron flux shielding. The embedded PE structures are additionally exposed to gamma radiation and heat flow due to the specific high activity of the fission products. 60Co γ-radiation and heat load experiments at 125°C has been performed to evaluate PE degradation during the ageing process. FAR-FTIR-experiments were subsequently performed at differently aged PE test samples to characterize the oxidation process and morphological changes in the samples during the ageing at 125°C.
Im Vortrag werden Ergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens des DVS vorgestellt, in dem ein Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich einer laserstrahlhybridgeschweißten Rundnaht entwickelt wird. Die Strategie der Prozessführung beim Schließen der Rundnaht sieht hervor, dass ein fehlerfreier Überlappbereich durch die Kontrolle der Erstarrungsbedingungen am Schweißnahtende erreicht wird. Die kontrollierte Wärmeführung wird durch eine Anpassung der Parameter von beiden beteiligten Schweißprozessen, dem Laserstrahl- sowie MSG-Schweißprozess realisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Defokussierung des Laserstrahls von bis zu 40 mm über den Weg von max. 15 mm während der Bewegung des Schweißkopfes zu einer deutlich besseren Nahtausbildung im Überlappbereich führt. Es konnte eine günstige kelchförmige Schweißnahtform ohne eine Tendenz zur Rissbildung erzielt werden.
Recent facade fires worldwide have driven change in regulations for façade fire safety in different parts of the world. The Grenfell Tower fire 2017 in London triggered a thorough investigation of many aspects of the fire. One investigation was about the UK building regulations from Dame Judith Hackett. This investigation compares the UK with the situation other parts of the world. Key findings of the review of building regulations by Judith Hackett are:
We report the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanodots (CDs) with high quantum yield (>50%) and tailored optical absorption as well as emission properties. A well-described protocol with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as amine precursor is used as a reference to a new CD system which is stabilized by aromatic 2,3-diaminopyridine (DAP) molecules instead. The DAP stabilizer is installed in order to red-shift the absorption peak of the n-π* electron transition allowing efficient radiative recombination and light emission. Size, shape, and chemical composition of the samples are determined by (HR)TEM, EDX and FTIR-spectroscopy. Optical parameters are investigated using UV-VIS, PL and QY measurements. Several parameters such as concentration, excitation wavelength and pH are studied. Zeta-potential analysis indicate that pH-induced (de-)protonation processes of functional moieties directly affect the n-π* energy bands. This results in unique pH-dependent absorption and emission characteristics which are discussed on the specific chemical composition of each CD system.
Extensometer sind seit Jahrzehnten im Einsatz und bilden die Basis für eine präzise Dehnungsmessung in werkstoffmechanischen Versuchen. Jedoch ist die Temperaturstabilität von Extensometern häufig noch nicht ausreichend beachtet worden, um Fehler verursacht durch Temperaturschwankungen zu minimieren. Dieses wird derzeit nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch international zunehmend diskutiert. Datenblätter von Extensometern sind teils unvollständig besonders hinsichtlich von Temperatureinflüssen. Extensometer für den Einsatz bei höheren Temperaturen sollen z.B. laut Normen für dehnungsgeregelte Ermüdungsversuche mit Luft oder Wasser aktiv gekühlt werden. Jedoch schreiben die Normen keine Temperatur-Toleranzen für Extensometer vor. Dehnungsfehler verursacht durch Temperaturschwankungen am Extensometer bleiben meist verborgen, da die Temperatur des Extensometers standardmäßig gar nicht gemessen wird. Die Ursache von Einflüssen zur Temperaturstabilität von Extensometern wird erläutert. Ein einfaches Rechenbeispiel zeigt die Empfindlichkeit von Extensometern gegenüber Temperaturschwankungen und die Auswirkungen auf den Dehnungsfehler. Lösungsmöglichkeiten zur Optimierung werden aufgezeigt. Der Anwender von Extensometern soll sensibilisiert werden, um der Temperaturstabilität von Extensometern sowohl hinsichtlich Herstellerspezifikationen als auch bei der Anwendung von Extensometern im Prüflabor mehr Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken, um letztlich die Qualität von Versuchsergebnissen zu verbessern. Empfehlungen an Extensometerhersteller werden formuliert. Dieses Thema wird zukünftig auch in Prüfnormen mehr Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Es werden Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Temperaturstabilität von Extensometern Einzug in Prüfnomen finden, um letztlich verlässlichere Versuchsergebnisse zu erhalten. Es ist beabsichtigt, eine Verbesserung der Temperaturstabilität von Extensometern z.B. bei der nächsten Revision der Prüfnormen ISO 12106 und ISO 12111 für dehnungsgeregelte LCF- und TMF-Versuche zu berücksichtigen.
Localized laser surface treatments are able to produce tailor-made surface properties to fulfill requirements of a variety of technical applications. Especially micrometric surface topologies can be beneficial for optimizing tribological contact situations. Structures with lowered surface features are already utilized for bearings or cylinders of combustion engines. There are also other fields of application, where the potential of protruding surface features is known, e. g. for metal forming tools.
A promising approach for a tailored surface treatment working in the microsecond range is the localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles by pulsed laser radiation, the so-called laser implantation. This technique is able to produce micrometric surface structures and to improve simultaneously the wear resistance by creating metal matrix composites.
In this talk, the laser implantation technique is described and compared to the state of the art. The potential to adjust the geometry as well as the mechanical properties of laser implanted surfaces is demonstrated by means of microstructural and topographical investigations of different ceramic materials and steel substrates. Finally, results of research projects are presented aiming on the application of such structured surfaces. Their capability to change and optimize friction and wear are demonstrated for fully lubricated contacts, tools for hot sheet metal forming and tools for cold rolling of sheets for automotive applications.
Das Prozessmonitoring stellt einen wichtigen Baustein für eine Qualitätssicherung additiv gefertigter Bauteile dar, insbesondere bei kleinen Losgrößen. Der Vortrag zeigt einen Überblick aktueller Entwicklungen der BAM im Bereich des Prozessmonitorings für das Laserstrahlschmelzen (laser powder bed fusion) metallischer Werkstoffe. Durch Vergleich mit der Referenzmethode Computertomografie wird am Beispiel der thermografischen Verfahren gezeigt, wie relevante Defekte in Bauteilen detektiert werden können und Einsatzpotenziale sowie Limitierungen aufgezeigt.
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have recently emerged as novel materials for a broad range of high-performance applications from gas separation to electronic devices. The very rigid, contorted polymer chains show only limited molecular mobility and therefore pack inefficiently giving rise to intrinsic microporosity with pore sizes generally smaller than 1 nm resulting in BET surface areas larger than 700 m2/g. Using conventional thermal analysis techniques, no glass transition temperature (Tg) of PIMs could be unambiguously detected up to now. Employing fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) based on a one chip sensor, decoupling the time scales responsible for the glass transition and the thermal decomposition is a reliable strategy to overcome this limitation. The FSC device is capable to heat and cool a small sample (ng-range) with ultrafast rates of several ten thousand K/s. Evidence of a glass transition is obtained for a series of PIMs with different chain rigidities. Local small-scale fluctuations are held responsible for the glass transition of highly rigid PIMs rather than segmental motions as in conventional polymers.
In diesem Verbundvorhaben werden standardisierte Messverfahren für hybride Gemische erarbeitet, die der Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes dienen. Unter einem hybriden Gemisch wird dabei ein mehrphasiges System aus Brenngas oder brennbarem Dampf, sowie Luft und brennbarem Staub verstanden. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in einem Abschlussbericht und als DIN-Spezifikation (DIN SPEC). Diese DIN SPEC versetzt Prüfinstitute und Industrie in die Lage, Explosionsgefahren beim Betrieb technischer Anlagen mit hybriden Gemischen einzuschätzen und damit Prozesse sowohl sicherer als auch effizienter zu steuern. Dieses Projekt wird im Rahmen des WIPANOProgramms (Wissens- und Technologietransfer durch Patente und Normen) vom BMWi gefördert.
Demonstrationsexperimente
(2019)
Korrosionsprüfung
(2019)
Titanium dioxide is one of the most studied metal oxides due to its chemical, surface, electronic and (photo)catalytic properties, providing this material of multisectorial applications ranging from healthcare, photocatalysis, smart materials with self cleaning and self sterilizing properties and solar energy harvesting. However it is difficult to correlate the functional properties of TiO2 nanomaterials to the properties at single nanoparticle level due to the high polydispersity in shape, size and surface features of the currently available TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Although intensive experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted on the reactivity of different surfaces of metal oxides such as TiO2 much less attention is paid on the dependence of functional properties, like photocatalytic activity, dye adsorption, open circuit potential and fill factor in dye sensitized solar cells, on crystal facets in different orientations. One of the goal of SETNanoMetro project was the development of design rules to tune crystal facets of TiO2 NPs in order to optimize and control functional properties. In the present work we have developed a series of design rules in order to obtain sets of anatase TiO2 NPs with low polydispersity and to tune their shape and size by hydrothermal processing of Ti(IV)-
Triethanolamine complex in presence of different shape controllers. Through a careful experimental design, a predictive soft model was developed. The model is able to predict the synthesis outcome allowing to tune the shape factor from 5 (prisms) to 1.5 (bipyramids) to 0.2 (platelets). This allows to control the main crystal facets exposed ranging from (100) to (001). Due to the dependence of functional properties of nanomaterials on shape distribution and not only size, the availability of NPs sets with uniform and well defined and tunable shapes can be of paramount relevance in order to produce reference nanomaterials for shape measurement.
The European Commission's recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial [2011/696/EU] is broadly applicable across different regulatory sectors and requires the quantitative size Determination of constituent particles in samples down to 1 nm. A material is a nanomaterial if 50 % or more of the particles are in the size range 1-100 nm. The implementation of the definition in a regulatory context challenges measurement methods to reliably identify nanomaterials and ideally also nonnanomaterials as substance or product ingredient as well as in various matrices.
The EU FP7 NanoDefine project [www.nanodefine.eu] addressed these challenges by developing a robust, readily implementable and cost-effective measurement strategy to decide for the widest possible range of materials whether it is a nanomaterial or not. It is based on existing and emerging particle measurement techniques evaluated against harmonized, material-dependent performance criteria and by intra- and inter-lab comparisons. Procedures were established to reliably measure the size of particles within 1-100 nm, and beyond, taking into account different shapes, coatings and chemical compositions in industrial materials and consumer products. Case studies prove their applicability for various sectors, including food, pigments and cosmetics.
A main outcome is the establishment of an integrated tiered approach including rapid screening (Tier 1) and confirmatory methods (tier 2), a decision support flow scheme and a user manual to guide end-users, such as manufacturers, in selecting appropriate methods. Another main product is the “NanoDefiner” e-Tool which implements the flow scheme in a user-friendly software and guides the user in a semi-automated way through the entire decision procedure. It allows a cost-effective selection of appropriate methods for material classification according to the EC's nanomaterial definition and provides a comprehensive report with extensive explanation of all decision steps to arrive at a transparent identification of nanomaterials as well as non-nanomaterials for regulatory
purposes.
Extraction of true, 3D shape (and size) of non-spherical nanoparticles (NPs) is associated with Errors by conventional 2D electron microscopy using projection images. Significant efforts within the ISO technical committee TC 229 ‘Nanotechnologies’ are aimed at establishing accurate TEM and SEM measurement of NP size and shape as robust, standard procedures. Study groups have been organizing inter-laboratory comparisons on well-selected NP systems according to the market needs, such as aggregated titania nano-powder for which size and shape distribution of primary crystallites of irregular shape must be measured accurately. To be noticed is e. g. the fact that the measurement procedure allows only manual selection of the particles clearly distinguishable for analysis as well as manual definition of the contour of the imaged NPs.
An inter-laboratory exercise on titania NPs (pure anatase, grown by hydrothermal synthesis) of well-defined non-spherical shape, i.e. bipyramidal, has been recently started within ISO/TC 229 under similar conditions as for the irregular shaped titania. In the TEM micrograph the particles tracked manually according to the measurement protocol. Overlapped particles were allowed to be considered, as long as they are clearly distinguishable. One decisive NP selection criterion was to analyze only those NPs with a roundness value below 0.7, i.e. the NPs laying on the support foil and, hence, with projection areas clearly deviating from perfect circles (R=1). The overall evaluation (for 15 labs) of the size descriptors (area, Feret, minFeret, perimeter) and shape descriptors (aspect ratio, roundness, compactness, extent) by analysis of variance is just to be finished and included in ISO/WD 21363 Nanotechnologies -- Protocol for particle size distribution by transmission electron microscopy.
Bei der Explosion in einer Herstellungsstätte für ein Pulver zur Reinigung industrieller Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland ist eine Person tödlich verunglückt. Die BAM wurde gebeten, beschlagnahmte Muster des Reinigungspulver zu bewerten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese sollten klären, ob die stoffliche Einstufung des Reinigungspulvers in die Stoffklasse 5.1 für die sichergestellten Pulverproben zutreffend ist. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die untersuchten Pulverproben explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die von explosionsgefährlichen Stoffen ausgehenden Gefährdungen müssen ermittelt und bei der Herstellung und Verwendung berücksichtigt werden. Die Gefährdungen sind entsprechend neu eingeführter sicherheitstechnischer Kennzahlen ermittelt und anschließend klassifiziert worden. Die Klassifizierung erfolgte durch die Zuordnung zu einer s.g. Gefahrgruppe.
Extensometer werden seit langer Zeit erfolgreich für die Ermittlung von werkstoffmecha-nischen Kennwerten eingesetzt. Allerdings wurden in den letzten Jahren immer wieder durch Temperaturschwankungen bedingte Drift an Extensometern festgestellt, die be-sonders in Langzeitversuchen zu Problemen führen können. Es wurden Ursachen für die thermische Drift von Extensometern aufgezeigt. Anhand von einem Beispiel wurde gezeigt, wie sich Temperaturschwankungen an einem Extensometer auf die Ergebnisse von werkstoffmechanischen Ermüdungsversuchen auswirken können. An einem weiteren Beispiel wurde beschrieben, dass der durch Temperaturschwankungen verursachte Dehnungsfehler eines Extensometers stark von der Höhe der Temperaturschwankung und von der Dehnungsschwingbreite abhängt und, je nach Anwendungsfall größer als 1% werden kann. Es wurde verdeutlicht, dass bisherige nach Norm vorgeschriebene Maß-nahmen oft nicht ausreichen, um Einflüsse von Temperaturschwankungen am Extenso-meter zuverlässig zu unterbinden. Vorschläge wurden aufgezeigt, um die Temperatursta-bilität von Extensometern zu verbessern. Das gesamte Temperaturmanagement von Raumtemperatur, Kühlwassertemperatur, Temperaturmessung am Extensometer etc. sollte von Grund auf neu betrachtet werden, um Verbesserungen bei der Temperatur-konstanz von Extensometern zu erlangen. Ferner wurde vorgeschlagen, Extensometer in temperaturkompensierter Ausführung zu entwickeln und zu verkaufen. Dieses sollte Ret-rofits für existierende Extensometer miteinschließen. Konkrete Maßnahmen zur Imple-mentierung in Materialprüfungsnormen müssen weiter diskutiert werden.
Nanoporous media exhibit structures significantly smaller than the wavelengths of visible light and can thus act as photonic metamaterials. Their optical functionality is not determined by the properties of the base materials, but rather by tailored, multiscale structures, in terms of precise pore shape, geometry, and orientation. Embedding liquid crystals in pore space provides additional opportunities to control light–matter interactions at the single-pore, meta-atomic scale. Here, we present temperature-dependent 3D reciprocal space mapping using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction in combination with high-Resolution birefringence experiments on disk-like mesogens (HAT6) imbibed in self-ordered arrays of parallel cylindrical pores 17 to 160 nm across in monolithic anodic aluminium oxide (AAO). In agreement with Monte Carlo computer simulations we observe a remarkably rich self-assembly behaviour, unknown from the bulk state. It encompasses transitions between the isotropic liquid state and discotic stacking in linear columns as well as circular concentric ring formation perpendicular and parallel to the pore axis. These textural transitions underpin an optical birefringence functionality, tuneable in magnitude and in sign from positive to negative via pore size, pore surface-grafting and temperature. Our study demonstrates that the advent of large-scale, self-organised nanoporosity in monolithic solids along with confinement-controllable phase behaviour of liquid-crystalline matter at the single-pore scale provides a reliable and accessible tool to design materials with adjustable optical anisotropy, and thus offers versatile pathways to finetune polarisation-dependent light propagation speeds in materials. Such a tailorability is at the core of the emerging field of transformative optics, allowing, e.g., adjustable light absorbers and extremely thin metalenses.
In diesem Verbundvorhaben werden standardisierte Messverfahren für hybride Gemische erarbeitet, die der Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes dienen. Unter einem hybriden Gemisch wird dabei ein mehrphasiges System aus Brenngas oder brennbarem Dampf, sowie Luft und brennbarem Staub verstanden. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in einem Abschlussbericht und als DIN-Spezifikation (DIN SPEC). Diese DIN SPEC versetzt Prüfinstitute und Industrie in die Lage, Explosionsgefahren beim Betrieb technischer Anlagen mit hybriden Gemischen einzuschätzen und damit Prozesse sowohl sicherer als auch effizienter zu steuern. Dieses Projekt wird im Rahmen des WIPANOProgramms (Wissens- und Technologietransfer durch Patente und Normen) vom BMWi gefördert.
Explosion and decomposition limits of flammable and chemically unstable gases were determined experimentally in a closed autoclave with an ignition energy higher than the standard 10 J a 20 J. The ignition source was a lightning arc caused by an exploding wire igniter as described in EN 1839 B. With a newly developed ignition system a graded ignition energy between 3 J and 1000 J was generated. Different types of gases were studied with this ignition system: methane as a typical fuel gas and reference gas for some standards for explosion limit determination, the refrigerant R32 (difluoromethane) as a mildly flammable gas with low burning velocity and high minimum ignition energy compared with methane as well as the chemical unstable gases acetylene, nitrous oxide and ethylene oxide, which can decompose explosively in the absence of air or other oxidizers. It was found that the influence of strong ignition sources on explosion and decomposition limits can be very different for different systems. In case of methane only the upper explosion limit was influenced significantly by the ignition energy, whereas the lower explosion limit was constant. In a standard test vessel with an inner volume of 14 dm3 it was difficult to quantify the upper explosion limit of methane exactly with the strong ignition source, because the explosion pressure did not increase abruptly near the explosion limit, but steadily over a large concentration range. Probably a larger explosion vessel is more appropriate in this case. In case of R32 however, it was the lower explosion limit that was influenced significantly by the ignition energy and not the upper explosion limit. A particularly strong dependency from the ignition energy was found for the decomposition limits of the chemically unstable gases in nitrogen. Here special regard is necessary in practical applications, if uncommonly strong ignition sources cannot be excluded.
The combination of tomographic, microstructural data with other experimental techniques and with modeling is paramount, if we want to extract the maximum amount of information on material and component properties. In particular, quantitative image analysis, statistical approaches, direct discretization of tomographic reconstructions represent concrete possibilities to extend the power of the tomographic 3D representation to insights into the material and component performance. This logic thread equally holds for industrial and academic research and valorizes expensive experiments such as those carried out at synchrotron sources, which cannot be daily repeated.
I will show a few examples of possible use of X-ray tomographic data for quantitative assessment of damage evolution and microstructural properties, as well as for non-destructive testing. Examples of micro-structured inhomogeneous materials will be given, such as Composites, Ceramics, Concrete, and Additively manufactured parts. I will also show how X-ray refraction computed tomography (CT) can be highly complementary to classic absorption CT, being sensitive to internal interfaces.
Additionally, I will show how Neutron Diffraction, which is extremely well suited to the study of internal stresses, both residual and under external load, can well be coupled to the microstructural framework gained by CT, allowing understanding the microstructure-property relationships in materials.
Finally, I will show that BAM is very active in standardization and certification, including production of Reference Materials and Methods.
The combination of tomographic, microstructural data with other experimental techniques and with modeling is paramount, if we want to extract the maximum amount of information on material and component properties. In particular, quantitative image analysis, statistical approaches, direct discretization of tomographic reconstructions represent concrete possibilities to extend the power of the tomographic 3D representation to insights into the material and component performance. This logic thread equally holds for industrial and academic research and valorizes expensive experiments such as those carried out at synchrotron sources, which cannot be daily repeated.
I will show a few examples of possible use of X-ray tomographic data for quantitative assessment of damage evolution and microstructural properties, as well as for non-destructive testing. Examples of micro-structured inhomogeneous materials will be given, such as Composites, Ceramics, Concrete, and Additively manufactured parts. I will also show how X-ray refraction computed tomography (CT) can be highly complementary to classic absorption CT, being sensitive to internal interfaces.
Additionally, I will show how Neutron Diffraction, which is extremely well suited to the study of internal stresses, both residual and under external load, can well be coupled to the microstructural framework gained by CT, allowing understanding the microstructure-property relationships in materials.
Kaltrissprüfung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle beim Schweißen mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen
(2019)
Sind in Stahlkonstruktionen hohe Tragfähigkeiten bei geringem Eigengewicht gefordert, finden hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 960 MPa Anwendung. In der Vergangenheit wurde der konventionelle Übergangslichtbogen (Konv. LB) zur schweißtechnischen Fertigung von hochfesten Stählen eingesetzt. In den letzten Jahren wurde der modifizierte Sprühlichtbogen (Mod. SLB) entwickelt, welcher reduzierte Nahtöffnungswinkel bei erhöhter Abschmelzleistung ermöglicht. Jedoch treten höhere Wasserstoffkonzentrationen verbunden mit Mikro-(Kalt-)rissen unter reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel mit Mod. SLB auf. In diesem Beitrag wird die Kaltrissempfindlichkeit des hochfesten Feinkornbaustahles S960QL mit artgleichem Schweißzusatzwerkstoff untersucht.
Molecular mobility of cyanophenyl alkylbenzoates (CPnBs) (n = 2, 3, 7 – number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) in the bulk and in composites with aerosil A380 is investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy, while thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy were applied to characterise the molecular species. The work completes preliminary results obtained for the members with n = 4 … 6. An interaction by hydrogen bonding, between aerosil surface – OH groups and – CN or ester groups of the CPnB molecules takes place. It slows down the relaxation process as observed for related composites in comparison to the pure materials. The existence of two types of bonding might be the reason that Vogel temperature for the relaxation process in the surface layer does not show the odd-even effect. Temperature dependence of the relaxation rates for composites
shows a crossover behaviour from a high to a low temperature regime. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the dielectric strength is unusual. As the loading degree is similar, comparison of the dielectric, spectroscopic and thermal data obtained here and with the results obtained for the composites with n = 4 … 6 can be directly done. Increasing the number of the members of the homologous series confirms and hardens the preliminary conclusions.
Es besteht die grundsätzliche Anforderung, dass alle nichtmetallischen und metallischen Materialien nur dann in Sauerstoffanwendungen eingesetzt werden dürfen, wenn sie sicherheitstechnisch auch für die entsprechenden Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Der Vortrag stellt nicht nur die gängigen Prüfverfahren und Beurteilungskriterien. Es werden auch die folgenden Fragen beantwortet, die häufig von Wirtschaftsunternehmen und Verbänden gestellt werden:
- Welchen praktischen Anwendungsfall bilden die Prüfungen ab?
- Welche Untersuchungsmethoden führt die BAM durch?
- Warum verwendet die BAM ergänzende Beurteilungskriterien bei der sicherheitstechnischen Interpretation von Prüfergebnissen?
- Warum empfiehlt die BAM chargenbezogene Materialprüfungen?
- Worin unterscheiden sich die zwei von der BAM verwendeten Methoden zur Beurteilung der Ausbrennsicherheit von Armaturen und Anlagenteilen und welche Vor- und Nachteile bietet jede dieser Methoden?
Grundsätzlich dürfen alle nichtmetallischen und metallischen Materialien nur dann in Sauerstoffanwendungen eingesetzt werden, wenn sie sicherheitstechnisch für die Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Neben allgemeinen Sauerstoff-spezifischen Anforderungen stellt der Vortrag die standardisierten Prüfverfahren und die Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten der BAM vor. Die Beurteilungskriterien für die Prüfverfahren werden kritisch betrachtet und es wird erklärt, in welchen Fällen und aus welchen Gründen die BAM ergänzende Beurteilungskriterien verwendet. Um den tatsächlichen, praktischen Anwendungsfall abzubilden, ist unter gewissen Umständen die Anpassung des Prüfumfangs möglich. Außerdem wird dargestellt, warum die BAM chargenbezogene Materialprüfungen empfiehlt.
Auch Sauerstoff- Armaturen und Anlagenteile müssen sicherheitstechnisch für die Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sein. Zur Beurteilung der Ausbrennsicherheit werden die zwei an der BAM praktizierten Vorgehensweisen mit ihren jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteilen vorgestellt: Untersuchung der Armatur als komplette Funktionseinheit bzw. Beurteilung der Armatur auf Basis der Untersuchungen der eingesetzten Materialien. Neben den Anforderungen aus produktspezifischen Normen wird auch für diesen Fall kurz erklärt, in welchen Fällen und aus welchen Gründen die BAM ergänzende Beurteilungskriterien verwendet bzw. den Prüfumfang anwendungsfallbezogen anpasst.
Kaltrissprüfung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle beim Schweißen mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen
(2019)
Der konstruktive Leichtbau erfordert den zunehmenden Einsatz hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen bis zu 1300 MPa. Um darüber hinaus Schweißzeit, Schweißnahtvolumina und Schweißkosten zu minimieren, kam es zur Entwicklung moderner Lichtbogenprozesse mit erhöhter Abschmelzleistung, wie bspw. dem modifizierten Sprühlichtbogen (mod. SLB). Dieser Beitrag zeigt Kaltrissuntersuchungen beim Einsatz des mod. SLB unter reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel eines Hochfesten S960QL. Mit Hilfe des fremdbeanspruchten Implant-Tests konnte dargelegt werden, dass durch die erhöhte Abschmelzleistung ein tieferes Einbrandprofil entsteht und es dadurch zu einer zeitverzögerten Rissbildung kommt. Ergebnisse des selbstbeanspruchenden TEKKEN-Tests zeigen eine deutliche Rissbildung im Schweißgut unter reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel. Durch eine Nachwärmung unmittelbar nach dem Schweißen kann diese Rissbildung minimiert werden.
Force-distance curves have been recorded on thin films of lubricants. The lubricants wet the AFM tip, which causes a capillary force. This force depends on the shape of the tip, as well as on physical properties like viscosity and surface tension, which have been determined additionally with other methods. This way, their influence on the shape of the curves could be analyzed.
At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the casks. One of the aims is to identify a suitable method for estimating the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to five years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. In order to understand the underlying ageing mechanisms in each material, material properties such as hardness, density and tensile properties were examined. Additionally, compression set (CS), which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression, is measured. For obtaining results closely related to practical conditions, O-rings with a full-scale cord diameter of 10 mm were aged. However, this set-up can lead to heterogeneous ageing caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects especially for HNBR, resulting in distorted bulk properties such as compression set. However, if DLO-affected data is excluded, extrapolations of CS data are possible using time-temperature shifts.
For selecting an appropriate end-of-lifetime criterion, leakage rate measurements were performed, since leakage rate is the only characteristic directly correlated to the performance of the sealing system. A significant increase in leakage rate was considered as the end of the lifetime. However, the O-rings remained leak tight under static conditions even though material properties had already degraded strongly. For this reason, a modified, more demanding leakage test involving a fast small decompression of the seal was developed that allowed determining a more conservative end-of-lifetime criterion with a safety margin for EPDM seals. FKM, which is a very heat and oxidation resistant material, exhibited only little degradation, even though it had the smallest activation energy.
Chemically modified bioactive glasses based on ICIE16 were prepared with the melt-quenching method using water as a quenching medium. The sinterability of these bioactive glasses was investigated and is discussed in this article. The sintering experiments were conducted with different sintering temperatures, sintering times and heating rates. Those parameters are crucial for dense glass with an amorphous structure. The particle size (d50) of the starting glass powder was determined at 88 μm and kept constant. The pre-pressed glass pellets were cold-isostatically pressed at 300 MPa to a green density of around 63 %. Density development, phase identification, shrinkage behavior and the microstructure were investigated to determine the sinterability of the developed glasses. The glass powders were sintered at different temperatures inside the processing window while crystallization was monitored. The results have shown that the sinterability of the developed glasses strongly dependsonthe proposed chemical additions. The highest density reached was 96 %, which belongs to BP1 glass with sintering conditions of 20 K/min heating rate for 60 min at 750 °C.
At the Stakeholder meeting of the EMPIR project “Multifunctional ultrafast microprobes for on-the-machine measurements”, details about two measurement modes were presented. Force distance curves and contact resonance measurements are compared. The basic principles are explained and exemplary measurements concerning mechanical properties of polymers are shown.
The motivation and the measurement setup for large fast-scanning piezoresistive cantilevers are presented. The theory behind the measurements of mechanical properties through contact resonance is explained. Results of such measurements on two kinds of polymer are compared to results from force distance curves. Noise, time-dependency and dependency of the results on the vibration mode are identified as challenges of contact resonance.
The geometry of the melt pool in laser beam welding plays a major role to understand the dynamics of the melt and its solidification behavior. In this study, a butt configuration of 20 mm thick structural steel and transparent quartz glass was used to observe the weld pool geometry in the partial penetration mode by means of a high-speed camera. The observations show that the dimensions of the weld pool vary depending on the depth. The areas close to the weld pool surface take a teardrop-shape. A bulge-region and its temporal evolution were observed approximately in the weld pool root. Additionally, a 3D transient thermal-fluid numerical simulation was performed to obtain the weld pool shape and to understand the formation mechanism of the observed bulging effect. The model considers the local temperature field, the effects of phase transition, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties. The numerical results showed good accordance and were furthermore used to improve the understanding of the experimentally observed bulging effect.
High heat input leads to grain coarsening and softening in WM and HAZ; the tensile strength is reduced. Low heat input leads to inadmissible hardening in the WM; the impact strength is reduced.
The proposed t8/5-time of 3 s to 15 s could be achieved through the reduced welding velocity.
The concept of electromagnetic weld pool support system allowed single-pass welds in flat position without gravity drop-outs even for reduced welding speeds; in this way the heat input can be controlled.
The adaptation of the electromagnetic weld pool support system to laser and laser hybrid welding process can dramatically increase the potential field of application of these technologies for real industrial implementation.
Schwerpunkte:
Strategie zur Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich beilaserhybridgeschweißten Rundnähten für 9.5 mm dicke Rohre.
Anpassung der Laserleistung in Kombination mit der Defokussierung des
Laserstrahls sowie einer Endkraterfüllung am Ende der Schweißnaht führte zu einer besseren Nahtausbildung.
Herausrampung der Energie des Schweißprozesses, sodass ein Übergang von Durchschweißung zu einer Einschweißung mit gewünschter kelchförmiger Nahtgeometrie stattfand.
Einstellung eines Wärmestaus durch Defokussierung und Verschiebung des
Laserstrahls führt zu einem gut ausgebildeten Überlappbereich ohne Poren, Risse.
Schweißungen an Rohrabschnitten mit einer max. Wandstärke von 15 mm, bei gegebenenfalls weiteren Parameteranpassungen.