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Dieses Dokument fasst den Projekfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen" im Rahmen des Fachausschusses 1 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" des DVS e. V. zusammen.
Dieses Dokument fasst den Projekfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion
beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem
Sprühlichtbogen" im Rahmen des Fachausschusses 1 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" des DVS e. V. zusammen.
Rubber is widely used as sealing material in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is necessary. Therefore, the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance.
It is known that the material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent. At low temperatures this is caused by the rubber-glass transition (abbr. glass transition). During continuous cooling, due to the glass transition the material changes from rubber-like entropy-elastic behaviour to stiff energy-elastic behaviour, that allows nearly no strain or retraction. Hence, rubbers are normally used above their glass transition. But as the minimum working temperature limit of elastomers cannot be defined globally and precisely, the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals should be determined in dependence of the application conditions and the most relevant material properties.
In this paper, wesummarize results of our temperature dependent investigation of seal material properties by classical thermal analysis as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), combined with measurements of standardized tests as compression set and the seal performance determined in component tests. To reduce the test time of compression set tests a faster technique was developed and applied.
To study the influence of dynamic events on the seal performance and to enhance the understanding of occurring seal failure, a setup for a fast partial seal release was designed.
Single wire Gas Metal Arc Welding (SGMAW) and high power Tandem GMAW (TGMAW) are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency. The key performance indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency is applied to reflect the energy efficiency of GMAW in different material transfer modes. Additionally, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is determined in order to identify the overall energy consumption. The results show that energy efficiency as well as economic process performance can be significantly increased by application of tandem processes. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a 30 mm thick weld is conducted to investigate the influences of the energy efficiency on the environmental impacts. Environmental burdens in the categories Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential can be reduced up to 11% using an energy efficient TGMAW process
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zu streifenden Schlägen mit verschiedenen Edelstahlsorten in explosionsfähigen Atmosphären, jeweils bestehend aus Wasserstoff, Acetylen, Ethylen bzw. Propan mit Luft, haben gezeigt, dass deren Zündwahrscheinlichkeit sowohl von der Art des Brenngas-Gemisches als auch der Höhe der kinetischen Schlagenergie abhängt. Ein Einfluss des Chromgehaltes im Edelstahl auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlagvorgänge konnte in dem untersuchten Bereich des Chromgehaltes nicht nachgewiesen werden, obwohl ein steigender Chromgehalt die Oxidationsfähigkeit abgetrennter Partikel erhöhter Temperatur tatsächlich senkt. Ferner haben weitere Werkstoffeigenschaften wie die Wärmeleitfähigkeit, spezifische Wärmekapazität, Dichte und Härte einen Einfluss auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit mechanischer Edelstahl-Schlagvorgänge bei Wasserstoff/Luft-Gemischen. Mit steigender Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Edelstahls sinkt die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit. Für die spezifische Wärmekapazität, Dichte und Härte konnte kein Einfluss nachgewiesen werden.
Für Schlagvorgänge wurden in der Norm EN 13463-1:2009 (DIN, 2009) Grenzwerte für die maximale kinetische Schlagenergie festgelegt, unterhalb derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. Dabei wurde zwischen Schlagvorgängen mit funkenarmen Metallen, wie z. B. Kupfer, Messing, und Schlagvorgängen mit sogenannten „sonstigen Werkstoffen“ unterschieden. Die Grenzwerte dieser sonstigen Werkstoffe resultieren aus Versuchen der BAM mit unlegiertem Baustahl. Bei solchen Schlagvorgängen wird von Oxidationsprozessen einzelner Partikel mit dem Luftsauerstoff ausgegangen, die das Gasgemisch aufgrund des hohen Temperaturanstiegs entzünden.
In industriellen Anwendungen wie zum Beispiel der chemischen Industrie wird jedoch statt ferritischem Stahl überwiegend Edelstahl verwendet. Im Allgemeinen gilt mit Chrom hochlegierter Edelstahl bei Schlagvorgängen gegenüber ferritischem Stahl als funkenärmer, da die Oxidationsfähigkeit von Edelstahlpartikeln mit steigendem Chromgehalt abnimmt.
Bei den Schlagversuchen der BAM konnte zwar eine sinkende Oxidationsfähigkeit der Partikel, aber keine abnehmende Zündwirksamkeit von Edelstählen mit steigendem Chromgehalt beobachtet werden.
The process window and range of functional properties of NbC is wide, because micro-hardness, hot hardness, sliding wear resistance, elastic modulus and toughness can be tailored by the C/Nb ratio, because Nb4C3, Nb6C5 and other short and long range ordered phases occur in the region of homogeneity of NbCx (0,75≤ x ≤1.0) in the binary Phase diagram, and by the type of binder. Further improvements enable the addition of secondary carbides. Supporting results from literature and different grades with varying C/Nb ratio or binder types were illuminated. Thus, the NbC system offers to producers a wider process window, than WC. The impact of these tailored properties on sliding wear and cutting performance was illuminated by tribological and machining results. NbC can be synthesized by carbothermal conversion of Nb2O5 or be metallurgically grown in melts and leached out as coarse NbC cubes. NbC provides comparably lower friction in many relevant tribo-contacts and displays low wear. NbC and Nb2O5 have so far no REACH classification related to human toxicology and are not listed as substances of very high concern contrary to WO3 and Co3O4.
In the beginning of the 1980s earth building has undergone a renaissance, which nowadays leads to an increasing use of load-bearing earth constructions and in particular, earth block masonry. At present there are no common structural standards according to the semi-probabilistic calculation concept, which is the state-of-the-art in European standards. A solid database is needed for the determination of the materials partial safety factor. Therefore, compressive strength tests were carried out with two types of earth blocks and two types of prefabricated earth mortar. The evaluation showed that the variation of the compressive strength was remarkably less than expected, which seems to indicate high quality standards of the components earth block and mortar with regard to industrial production. On the basis of these results and together with the reliability method, a partial safety factor for earth block masonry subjected to compression was determined. The main aim of the research was the development of a first valid database for material parameters of earth block masonry with particular regard to statistical characteristics. The results showed that a common calculation method for earth block masonry based on partial safety factors following the valid masonry construction standard is feasible.
One of the unique advantages of polymer optical fibres (POF) is that they can be used to measure very high strain values up to 100 % and beyond exceeding the strain limits of silica fibre-based sensor principles. In this paper the distributed strain measurement capabilities of POF based on backscatter change evaluation are summarized and distributed backscatter measurement technologies are intro-duced. Application examples in the structural health monitoring (SHM) field are presented: a promising approach is the integration into technical textiles for high-strain measurement in earthwork structures and crack detection in buildings. The potential of POF for future applications in SHM such as distributed relative humidity sensing is discussed.
Besides measurement of VOC emissions also the evaluation of odour emissions and the perceived intensity of odours gains in importance. Due to difficulties detected in the measurement method of the perceived intensity described in (ISO 16000-28, 2012) the introduction of “reference” odours will be recommended for the training of panellists and as basis for interlaboratory comparisons. In order to generate the “reference” odours standard liquid substances were directly injected into the main gas flow provided to the panellists. One of the substances tested was ethyl acetate. A pre-evaluation was conducted with six untrained panellists and has shown that ethyl acetate is potentially suitable as reference odour. For further validation of those “reference” odours they additionally will be provided to and evaluated by trained panellists of well established-measurement institutes.