Analytische Chemie
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (80)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (56)
- Posterpräsentation (53)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (32)
- Sonstiges (3)
- Buchkapitel (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (170)
- Deutsch (57)
- Mehrsprachig (2)
- Polnisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Mobile Robot Olfaction (26)
- Nano aerial robot (18)
- TDLAS (13)
- Swarm (12)
- Environmental monitoring (11)
- Sensor network (11)
- Aerial robot (10)
- Gas tomography (10)
- Low-cost (10)
- Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes (10)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (230) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (2)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (80)
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Schallemissionsprüfung und -Analyse wird ein Versuchsstand vorgestellt, der im Rahmen des Themenfeldprojektes Seal Waste Safe installiert wurde. Schwerpunkt des Vortrages sind die Schallemissionsmessungen an einem 150 l Demonstrator aus Salzbeton und einem weiteren aus alkali-aktiviertem Material. Neben der konventionellen Schallemissionsanaylse mit Aktivitäts- und Intensitätsparametern der Zeitsignale, werden auch frequenzbasierte Parameter zur Analyse andiskutiert.
Typically, the near-eutectic Al-Si alloys consist of highly interconnected three-dimensional network of the eutectic Silicon (Si) and intermetallics embedded into Aluminium (Al) matrix. For further improvement of the mechanical properties of such alloys, often, one single ceramic reinforcement phase, e.g. silicon carbide (SiC) or aluminium oxide (Al2O3) in the form of fibres or particles is added. However, hybrid reinforcements (fibres and particles) can further improve wear resistance and fracture toughness, and additionally, reduce anisotropy of the material. The engineering of metal matrix composites (MMC) for specific application requirements benefits from a comprehensive knowledge of the failure behaviour. Therefore, damage evolution under compression was investigated on:
- pure near-eutectic AlSi12CuMgNi matrix alloy
- type I: matrix reinforced with random-planar oriented Al2O3 short fibres (15 vol.%)
- type II: matrix reinforced with random-planar oriented Al2O3 short fibres (7 vol.%) and additional SiC particles (15 vol.%)
The analysis of damage mechanism was carried out in two rather independent but complementary studies. First, selected sister samples of every material were exposed to quasi-static compression (traverse control). The compression tests were interrupted at different strain levels. Miniature cylinders with a diameter of 1mm were extracted from the pre-strained samples and investigated by synchrotron computed tomography (SX-µCT) with a spatial resolution of about 0.7 µm. For the pure matrix alloy, microcracks are confined to the intermetallic particles and to the eutectic Si, hence no damage was observed in the Aluminium. The composite type II revealed a more effective strain accumulation (less damage) than type I at low plastic strain (up to 5 %), but a more catastrophic damage development due to cracking of the SiC clusters at higher strain levels.
The second approach to study the damage initiation and accumulation in the materials subjected to compressive load was Acoustic Emission (AE) analysis. In this case the in-situ monitoring of the acoustic emission signal was performed during compression tests on specimens with dimension of several mm. For all three material types, AE activity set at 2% strain. Differences in AE behaviour of the three materials was proven based on AE hitrate, signal peak amplitudes as well as weighted peak frequencies (WPF). Future work focuses on combination of AE and SX-µCT aiming for more detailed knowledge on damage mechanism of metal matrix composites.
Von den Zellulosefibrillen über die Zellwand und die Anordnung der Früh- und Spätholzzellen in einem Jahrring bis hin zum Balken von Natur aus ist Holz ein optimierter Hochleistungswerkstoff, der Handwerker, Architekten, Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler fasziniert und begeistert. Im digitalen Zeitalter werden neben Standard-Laborexperimenten zunehmend Modelle und Simulationen eingesetzt, um das Verhalten des Materials unter verschiedenen Belastungen besser zu verstehen und vorherzusagen. Dazu werden Zahlenwerte von Verformungen im subzellulären Maßstab benötigt, die nun in Experimenten an der TOMCAT-Beamline (TOmographic Microscopy and Coherent rAdiology ExperimenTs) der SLS (Swiss Light Source) gewonnen werden konnten: Holzproben aus Fichte ( Picea abies Karst.) mit einem Prüfquerschnitt von mindestens 1 mm² auf Zug oder Druck beansprucht. Die strukturellen Veränderungen auf Zellebene wurden mittels Computertomographie erfasst. Für die nachträgliche Analyse der 3D-Mikrostruktur von Holz wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, der es ermöglicht, einzelne Zellen, die in mehreren Tomogrammen unterschiedlicher Belastungszustände erfasst wurden, zu verfolgen. Dabei wurden die Zellgeometrien und das subzelluläre Deformationsverhalten quantifiziert. Unter Zugbelastung beispielsweise verengt sich die Zellwanddicke um ca. 0,8%, das sind bei der gemessenen mittleren Zellwanddicke von 3,5 µm ca. 28 nm. Diese und andere Erkenntnisse liefern nun einen direkten numerischen Zusammenhang zwischen Verformungen der Holzmikrostruktur und dem daraus resultierenden makroskopischen Verhalten.
Acoustic emission testing
(2018)
Um die Versagensabläufe über die verschiedenen Skalen im Holzwerkstoff verfolgen zu können, werden Zugversuche an Lagenhölzern mittels Schallemissionsmessung überwacht. Synchron erfolgen In-situ-Messungen mit Digitaler Bildkorrelation bzw. Synchrotron-Mikro-Computertomographie. Die Kombination aller Ergebnisse wie auch die Anwendung der frequenzbasierten Mustererkennung und die Simulation ausgewählter Versuche zielen auf die Identifizierung zugrunde liegender Mechanismen hin. Abschließend werden Ansätze für ein Monitoring von Holzstrukturen diskutiert.
Against the background of sustainable resource management and efficiency, wood-based materials are currently experiencing a revival and, among others, plywood, Laminated Veneer Lumber and glued laminated timber are becoming increasingly more important in the building sector. Even though these materials are so-called engineered products, the element wood is naturally grown with intrinsic variability in mechanical properties and requires professional handling on-site. Otherwise, load-bearing structures made of wood materials may entail certain risks. Critical situations can, in principle, be avoided by implementing a structural health monitoring system into components or structures made from wood material. The aim is to indicate accumulation of mechanical damage and to eliminate or at least significantly reduce the risk of unexpected failure. Toward this purpose, the failure behavior of several layered wood materials under quasi-static tension was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments by means of acoustic emission (AE) measurement. Based on spectral analysis and pattern recognition, two classes of AE signals are identified for each investigated lay-up that are characterized by either low or high frequency contents in the respective power spectra. AE activity and intensity of both signal classes are analyzed, striving for predictors appropriate for AE monitoring concepts.
Acoustic Emission
(2018)
Das Phänomen Schallemission (eng. Acoustic Emission, AE) ist eine Begleiterscheinung bei aktiven Mechanismen und Prozessen wie sie in Werkstoffen auftreten, die einer Belastung durch Krafteinwirkung oder durch Änderung der Umgebungsbedingungen ausgesetzt sind. Plastische Verformung, Risswachstum, Korrosion oder der Übergang zu einer anderen Phase generieren u.a. transiente elastische Wellen, die sich im Werkstoff und an der Materialoberfläche ausbreiten. Auftretende Auslenkungen von wenigen hundert Pikometern sind mit piezo-elektrischen AE Sensoren detektierbar. Aufzeichnungsraten von bis zu 40 MHz ermöglichen dabei zeitliche Auflösungen von einigen Nano- bis Mikrosekunden. Die Dechiffrierung der detektierten Informationen ist für die Material- und Versagenscharakterisierung sowie für Anwendungen in der Struktur- oder Prozessüberwachung ein zentraler Forschungsschwerpunkt.
Nach einem kurzen Überblick zu den Grundlagen werden ausgewählte Ansätze der AE Methode vorgestellt und diskutiert:
1) AE Monitoring von Pipelines als Referenzmessung für die Entwicklung eines akustischen faseroptischen Monitorings (AGIFAMOR)
2) Schwellwertfreie AE Messung im 4-Punkt-Rohrbiegeprüfstand BAM_9.1 (AGIFAMOR)
3) Kombination von AE mit Röntgen-Mikrotomografie und die Anwendung der frequenzbasierten Mustererkennung ermöglichen eine Zuordnung von AE und Mechanismen (Ergebnisse aus dem SNSF Projekt Nr. 127'134, Baensch 2014, Diss. ETH No. 22372)
Um ein tieferes Verständnis über die Schallemission bei der Entstehung und Ausbreitung von Rissen in Stahlrohrleitungen zu erlangen, wurde ein Stahlrohr der Güte S355J2H im Vierpunkt-Biegeversuch quasistatisch bis hin zum Wanddurchbruch (Leckage) belastet und mittels Schallemissionsmessung und Gleichstrompotentialmessung überwacht. Das Rohrsegment wurde durch einen 90°- Außenumfangskerb in der Mitte der Rohrlänge definiert vorgeschädigt, um davon ausgehend ein stabiles Risswachstum zu induzieren und die Analyse von Schallemission aus Rissereignissen, die am Kerb eintraten, sicherzustellen. Für die Schallemissionsmessung wurden vier Breitbandsensoren max. 105 mm vom Kerb entfernt montiert. Die Signalaufzeichnung erfolgte kontinuierlich und schwellwertunabhängig. Für die Gleichstrompotentialmessung wurde ein Gleichstrom von 300 A eingeleitet und der Potentialabfall über dem Kerb mit fünf Sonden entlang des Kerbs gemessen. Beide Messverfahren identifizieren die Rissinitiierung sowie Veränderungen im Risswachstum. Die detektierten Schallemissionsereignisse werden, unter Berücksichtigung spektraler Eigenschaften, mit fortschreitender Belastung und Rissentwicklung analysiert. Diese Studien wurden im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts AGIFAMOR, Aging infrastructure - Faseroptisches Monitoring von Rohrleitungen, an der BAM durchgeführt.
Um ein tieferes Verständnis über die Schallemission bei der Entstehung und Ausbreitung von Rissen in Stahlrohrleitungen zu erlangen, wurde ein Stahlrohr der Güte S355J2H im Vierpunkt-Biegeversuch quasistatisch bis hin zum Wanddurchbruch (Leckage) belastet und mittels Schallemissionsmessung und Gleichstrompotentialmessung überwacht. Das Rohrsegment wurde durch einen 90°- Außenumfangskerb in der Mitte der Rohrlänge definiert vorgeschädigt, um davon ausgehend ein stabiles Risswachstum zu induzieren und die Analyse von Schallemission aus Rissereignissen, die am Kerb eintraten, sicherzustellen. Für die Schallemissionsmessung wurden vier Breitbandsensoren max. 105 mm vom Kerb entfernt montiert. Die Signalaufzeichnung erfolgte kontinuierlich und schwellwertunabhängig. Für die Gleichstrompotentialmessung wurde ein Gleichstrom von 300 A eingeleitet und der Potentialabfall über dem Kerb mit fünf Sonden entlang des Kerbs gemessen. Beide Messverfahren identifizieren die Rissinitiierung sowie Veränderungen im Risswachstum. Die detektierten Schallemissionsereignisse werden, unter Berücksichtigung spektraler Eigenschaften, mit fortschreitender Belastung und Rissentwicklung analysiert. Diese Studien wurden im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts AGIFAMOR, Aging infrastructure - Faseroptisches Monitoring von Rohrleitungen, an der BAM durchgeführt.
Against the background of sustainable resource management and efficiency, wood-based materials are currently experiencing a revival and, among others, plywood, Laminated Veneer Lumber and glued laminated timber are becoming increasingly more important in the building sector. Even though these materials are so-called engineered products, the element wood is naturally grown with intrinsic variability in mechanical properties and requires professional handling on-site. Otherwise, load-bearing structures made of wood materials may entail certain risks. Critical situations can, in principle, be avoided by implementing a structural health monitoring system into components or structures made from wood material. The aim is to indicate accumulation of mechanical damage and to eliminate or at least significantly reduce the risk of unexpected failure. Toward this purpose, the failure behavior of several layered wood materials under quasi-static tension was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments by means of acoustic emission (AE) measurement. Based on spectral analysis and pattern recognition, two classes of AE signals are identified for each investigated lay-up that are characterized by either low or high frequency contents in the respective power spectra. AE activity and intensity of both signal classes are analyzed, striving for predictors appropriate for AE monitoring concepts.
Von den Zellulosefibrillen über die Zellwand und die Anordnung der Früh- und Spätholzzellen in einem Jahrring bis hin zum Balken von Natur aus ist Holz ein optimierter Hochleistungswerkstoff, der Handwerker, Architekten, Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler fasziniert und begeistert. Im digitalen Zeitalter werden neben Standard-Laborexperimenten zunehmend Modelle und Simulationen eingesetzt, um das Verhalten des Materials unter verschiedenen Belastungen besser zu verstehen und vorherzusagen. Dazu werden Zahlenwerte von Verformungen im subzellulären Maßstab benötigt, die nun in Experimenten an der TOMCAT-Beamline (TOmographic Microscopy and Coherent rAdiology ExperimenTs) der SLS (Swiss Light Source) gewonnen werden konnten: Holzproben aus Fichte ( Picea abies Karst.) mit einem Prüfquerschnitt von mindestens 1 mm² auf Zug oder Druck beansprucht. Die strukturellen Veränderungen auf Zellebene wurden mittels Computertomographie erfasst. Für die nachträgliche Analyse der 3D-Mikrostruktur von Holz wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, der es ermöglicht, einzelne Zellen, die in mehreren Tomogrammen unterschiedlicher Belastungszustände erfasst wurden, zu verfolgen. Dabei wurden die Zellgeometrien und das subzelluläre Deformationsverhalten quantifiziert. Unter Zugbelastung beispielsweise verengt sich die Zellwanddicke um ca. 0,8%, das sind bei der gemessenen mittleren Zellwanddicke von 3,5 µm ca. 28 nm. Diese und andere Erkenntnisse liefern nun einen direkten numerischen Zusammenhang zwischen Verformungen der Holzmikrostruktur und dem daraus resultierenden makroskopischen Verhalten.
Fluorometric sensing is a versatile approach for trace analysis outside of the laboratory, requiring suitable sensor materials and their integration into sensing devices. The versatility of fluorophores as probes, especially in terms of the possibility to tailor their optical as well as their recognition properties by synthetic modifications in a wide range, renders them as superior active component for the preparation of optical sensor devices. Recent works at BAM in this field include, for example, the detection of nerve gas agents,illustrating impressively the aforementioned benefits of fluorophores in optical sensing applications.
In the interdisciplinary approach presented here, we target hazardous gases such as ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide, next to others, which pose a major threat to human health and environmental safety and for which the availability of a sensitive and reliable detection method is highly desirable.
The dyes presented follow a “turn-on” fluorescence schematic, which allows for the selective and sensitive detection of the respective gaseous analyte. The immobilization of the probe in polymeric matrices is then the next step toward the fabrication of a prototype device for molecular sensing. Further steps in the project include the assembly of instruments for test-atmosphere generation, the referencing of the sensor system, development and implementation of an optical setup, and the testing of the prototype device under laboratory conditions and in the field.
In this presentation, we give an overview over the recent developments on this topic in our groups, including fluorophore designs investigated for the detection of benzene, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide as well as approaches for the design of the sensing device.
Fluorometric sensing is a versatile approach for trace analysis outside of the laboratory, requiring suitable sensor materials and their integration into sensing devices. The versatility of fluorophores as probes, especially in terms of the possibility to tailor their optical as well as their recognition properties by synthetic modifications in a wide range, renders them as superior active component for the preparation of optical sensing devices. Recent works at BAM in this field include, for example, the detection of nerve gas agents, illustrating impressively the aforementioned benefits of fluorophores in optical sensing applications.
In the interdisciplinary project presented here, we target hazardous gases such as ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide, next to others, which pose a major threat to human health and environmental safety and for which the availability of a sensitive and reliable detection method is highly desirable. The dyes presented follow a “turn-on” fluorescence schematic, which allows for the selective and sensitive detection of the respective gaseous analyte. The immobilization of the probe in polymeric matrices is then the next step toward the fabrication of a prototype device for molecular sensing. Further steps in the project include the assembly of instruments for test-atmosphere generation, the referencing of the sensor system, development and implementation of an optical setup, and the testing of the prototype device under laboratory conditions and in the field.
In this presentation, we give an overview over the recent developments on this topic in our groups. Highlights are hydrogen sulfide sensitive, BODIPY based transition metal complexes, which allow for a sensitive as well as selective detection of the toxic gas. In addition, we present a novel class of highly substituted BODIPY derivatives – pocket-BODIPYs – which are of a synthetically high versatility and can readily be modified to create pockets in the periphery of the molecule of defined geometries. This is illustrated on the successful encapsulation of benzene by a pocket-BODIPY derivative, confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis as well as by further spectroscopic and analytical methods.
In this communication a novel concept for pH sensing is introduced which is specifically adapted to monitor carbonation induced corrosion in concrete structures. The method is based on a ratiometric measurement principle, exploiting the pH sensitive colour switching of thymol blue in the basic pH regime and the emissive properties of two different (Zn)CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. The transition point of thymol blue in a Hydrogel D4 matrix was determined to be at around pH 11.6, which fits ideally to the intended application. Next to the fundamental spectroscopic characterization of the ratiometric response, a new design for a sensor head, suitable for the incorporation into concrete matrices is presented. Toward this, a manufacturing process was developed which includes the preparation of a double layer of polymers containing either thymol blue or a quantum dot mixture inside a porous ceramic tube. Results of a proof-of-priciple performance test of the sensor head in solutions of different pH and in cement specimens are presented, with encouraging results paving the way for future field tests in concrete.
Temperature characteristics of a piezoresistive accelerometer for high impact shock application
(2018)
This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
Temperature characteristics of a piezoresistive accelerometer for high impact shock application
(2018)
This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
Remote gas sensors mounted on mobile robots enable the mapping of gas distributions in large or hardly accessible areas. A challenging task, however, is the generation of threedimensional distribution maps from these gas measurements.
Suitable reconstruction algorithms can be adapted, for instance, from the field of computed tomography (CT), but both their performance and strategies for selecting optimal measuring poses must be evaluated. For this purpose simulations are used, since, in contrast to field tests, they allow repeatable conditions. Although several simulation tools exist, they lack realistic models of remote gas sensors. Recently, we introduced a model for a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) gas sensor taking into account the conical shape of its laser beam. However, the novel model has not yet been validated with experiments. In this paper, we compare our model with a real sensor device and show that the assumptions made hold.
This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important part of buildings surveillance and maintenance to detect material failure as early as possible and to contribute in protection of structures and their users.
The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor systems without cable connection and battery into building components offers innovative possibilities to enable long-term in-situ SHM of addressed structures, bridges. The objectives of the presented study are complete embedding of RFID sensors systems in concrete, full passive communication with the systems, at best for the whole life span of structures. One challenge for this task is the highly alkaline environment in concrete, which requires non-degrading and robust encapsulation. Further Requirements are passive communication and energy supply, appropriate antenna design, placement and fixation in concrete, and the selection and implementation of sensors and connections. The concept is to develop and optimize a simple and robust system, which meets the requirements, as well as comprehensive validation in concrete specimen and real world applications. Two different systems were developed (HF and UHF RFID, respectively).
First tasks were the implementation of analog sensors using the superposition principle for the signal adaption. Investigation of suitable materials for robust encapsulation and sensor protection against basic environments.
Four materials were investigated in pH 13 solution for 14 days
- 3D-Printer-Polymer was completely resolved
- PVC has no noticeable decrease in weight
- (VitaPro) glass filter for the sensor protector, has weight loss 2.7 %
- The epoxy resin has increased by 1.8 % due to moisture expansion
Different concrete samples were prepared for the validation of the systems.
RFID sensors were embedded in different integration depths. Investigate the energy- and data transfer through concrete, also with varying moisture content. Additionally, signal strength data was used to optimize and validate the antenna characteristics in concrete. Next steps are to guarantee a sufficient energy supply for UHF RFID systems embedded in different concrete mixtures and further embedding the HF and UHF RFID systems in real bridges and buildings to validate the long term monitoring.