Analytische Chemie
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Integrated Fluorescence as Versatile Biomimetic Sensing Matrices
(2018)
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are an established, versatile and high-performance matrix for the selective separation or enrichment of (bio)chemical species, especially small molecules of biochemical or environmental relevance. MIPs are prepared through the polymerization of a mixture of functional monomers and cross-linkers in the presence of the template with subsequent extraction of the latter. Conceptionally, this process can be seen as mimicking in a strongly accelerated, though single-step manner a biological process such as antibody formation. Because the resulting MIPs contain cavities in their matrix that are complementary in size, shape and electronic/ electrostatic or hydrogen bonding demand to the imprinted target molecule or template, these polymers are frequently termed “artificial antibodies”. Compared to natural antibodies, they are chemically and physically much more robust. Regarding sensitivity and selectivity, however, there is still a gap to bridge before MIPs can fully compete with antibodies.
Another favorable aspect that distinguishes MIPs from antibodies is that they can be endowed with an explicit function, allowing the use of MIPs in applications that require more than only an efficient binder. For instance, if specifically designed and polymerizable fluorescent indicators are integrated as functional monomers into a MIP, direct fluorescence sensing can be accomplished. Because MIPs can be prepared in a variety of different formats, their combination with miniaturized or other specific analytical techniques or sensory devices is possible, especially when the transduction mode is light. This presentation will introduce basic design considerations, challenges, limitations and the potential that lies with such sensor materials with some recent examples of our group, targeting various organic oxoanions as analytes.
Supramolecular chemistry, fluorescence detection, hybrid (nano)materials and device miniaturization are in themselves highly interesting areas of research, yet especially their combination paves the way to (bio)chemical analysis systems that show outstanding performance. The lecture gives an overview of the toolbox of single components developed in BAM’s Chemical and Optical Sensing Division over the years, and how their combination can result in powerful sensors, quick tests and assays. While at the core of a development is the analytical problem, that is, the determination of a certain analyte in a sample of interest with the required sensitivity and selectivity by a specific end user in a given setting, signaling mechanisms, recognition elements, signal transduction modes, materials functionalization, device design and system integration are adequately chosen, tailored and adapted. Examples including molecularly imprinted polymers, hybrid mesoporous nanomaterials, gated indicator release systems, microfluidic devices, test strips and smartphone-based analysis will be presented.