Analytische Chemie
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2016 (637) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (214)
- Vortrag (193)
- Posterpräsentation (131)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (69)
- Sonstiges (10)
- Buchkapitel (6)
- Dissertation (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (3)
- Forschungsbericht (3)
- Monografie (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (637) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- XPS (25)
- Fluorescence (23)
- Concrete (19)
- Nanoparticles (19)
- Synchrotron (18)
- Simulation (16)
- NEXAFS (15)
- BAMline (13)
- LIBS (13)
- Mechanochemistry (13)
- XRF (13)
- Archaeometry (12)
- Imaging (11)
- Monitoring (11)
- Active thermography (10)
- Ultrasound (10)
- Computed tomography (9)
- Cultural heritage (9)
- EDX (9)
- Nanomaterial (9)
- Quantum yield (9)
- Rheology (9)
- SAXS (9)
- ICP-MS (8)
- LA-ICP-MS (8)
- Quantification (8)
- Cement (7)
- Electron microscopy (7)
- Laser ablation (7)
- Metrology (7)
- NIR (7)
- Nanoparticle (7)
- Raman spectroscopy (7)
- SERS (7)
- TiO2 (7)
- XRD (7)
- Calibration (6)
- DMD (6)
- DNA (6)
- Electron backscatter diffraction (6)
- Ferroelectret (6)
- Gas storage areas (6)
- In situ (6)
- Membrane-based gas sensing (6)
- Monte Carlo methods (6)
- Nanomaterials (6)
- Non-destructive testing (6)
- Online NMR spectroscopy (6)
- RFID sensors (6)
- Radiography (6)
- Round robin test (6)
- SIMS (6)
- Subsurface monitoring (6)
- XANES (6)
- AES (5)
- Antibody (5)
- DNA origami (5)
- Electrochemistry (5)
- Ellman (5)
- Flash excitation (5)
- IR (5)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy (5)
- Magnetic field (5)
- Mass spectrometry (5)
- NDT (5)
- NMR (5)
- Optical spectroscopy (5)
- Pharmaceuticals (5)
- Plasma diagnostics (5)
- Raman (5)
- Reaction monitoring (5)
- SEM (5)
- Self-compacting concrete (5)
- Thin films (5)
- Traceability (5)
- AFM (4)
- Artificial digestion (4)
- CFRP (4)
- Cocrystal (4)
- Data fusion (4)
- Distributed linear sensor (4)
- Dye (4)
- ELISA (4)
- Embedded sensors (4)
- Energy harvesting (4)
- Flash thermography (4)
- Graphene (4)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (4)
- Immunoassay (4)
- Industrie 4.0 (4)
- Inverse analysis (4)
- Isotope dilution analysis (4)
- Laser induced plasma (4)
- Ligand analysis (4)
- MALDI-TOF MS (4)
- Measurements (4)
- Microstructure (4)
- Milling (4)
- Moisture (4)
- Nano (4)
- Paper (4)
- Particle size distribution (4)
- Plasma modeling (4)
- Polymer (4)
- Polymers (4)
- Process analytical technology (4)
- Quality assurance (4)
- RFA (4)
- Raman microscopy (4)
- Reference material (4)
- Rice husk ash (4)
- SAFT (4)
- Sensor (4)
- Silver nanoparticles (4)
- Soil (4)
- Standardization (4)
- Structural health monitoring (4)
- Surface analysis (4)
- TEM (4)
- Thermoacoustic (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Transmission characteristics (4)
- Ultrasonic transducer (4)
- Wireless sensors (4)
- Agricultural (3)
- Air-coupled (3)
- Aldrithiol (3)
- Ambient mass spectrometry (3)
- Analytical model (3)
- Antibodies (3)
- Assay (3)
- BESSY (3)
- Bio-imaging (3)
- Biocorrosion (3)
- Bioimaging (3)
- CCQM (3)
- CRM (3)
- Castings (3)
- Catalogues (3)
- Cell (3)
- Characterization (3)
- Chemometrics (3)
- Clustering (3)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (3)
- Dead Sea scrolls (3)
- Degradation (3)
- Depth profiling (3)
- Discontinuities (3)
- Dislocation (3)
- EBSD (3)
- EDS (3)
- Ellipsometry (3)
- Fiber bragg grating (3)
- Finite element method (3)
- Gas distribution mapping and gas source localization (3)
- Gas-phase NMR (3)
- Infrared spectroscopy (3)
- Laser (3)
- Least-squares adjustment (3)
- Life sciences (3)
- Magnetostrictive metal coating (3)
- Mass Spectrometry (3)
- Metal (3)
- Metal phosphonate (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Microwave (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Modelling (3)
- OECD (3)
- Online (3)
- Online NMR (3)
- Online NMR Spectroscopy (3)
- Online monitoring (3)
- Optical assay (3)
- Oxidation (3)
- PEG (3)
- Pore radius (3)
- Process Analytical Technology (3)
- Prozessanalytik (3)
- Purity (3)
- RFID based sensors (3)
- RT (3)
- Relaxation time (3)
- Screed (3)
- Self-diagnostic fiber optical sensor (3)
- Semiconducor nanocrystals (3)
- Semitransparency (3)
- Single particle ICP-MS (3)
- Single-shot XAFS (3)
- Soil test field (3)
- Speciation (3)
- Spectral induced polarization (3)
- Strain (3)
- Sub-Saharan Africa (3)
- Superplasticizer (3)
- Surface protection (3)
- Synthesis (3)
- Thermal waves (3)
- Thermography (3)
- Thickness (3)
- Time resolution (3)
- Toxicity (3)
- UCST (3)
- Ultrasonic testing (3)
- Welding (3)
- Welds (3)
- X-rays (3)
- flow cytometry (3)
- fluorescence (3)
- Acoustic levitation (2)
- Active Thermography (2)
- Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (2)
- Adsorbates (2)
- Aerosol (2)
- Airborne (2)
- Analytical centrifuge (2)
- Artificial defect (2)
- Back-scatter techniques (2)
- Biocompatibility (2)
- Biofilms (2)
- Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (2)
- Carbograph 5TD (2)
- Carbopack X (2)
- Casting (2)
- Cement hydration (2)
- Centrifuge technology (2)
- Classification (2)
- Cocain (2)
- Coda wave interferometry (2)
- Composite (2)
- Computertomographie (2)
- Concrete evaluation (2)
- Core@Shell Nanoparticles (2)
- Corresponding relative humidity (2)
- Corrosion (2)
- Creep (2)
- Crystallization (2)
- Cytotoxicity (2)
- DRIFTS (2)
- Degree of purity (2)
- Digital image analysis (2)
- Distributed sensor (2)
- Dual-energy imaging (2)
- DuraBASt (2)
- Dyes (2)
- EC-MS (2)
- EDM (2)
- EPMA (2)
- ESI-TOF-MS (2)
- EXAFS (2)
- Electric discharge machining (2)
- Electron transport (2)
- Embedded (2)
- Embedded sensor (2)
- Energy reserves (2)
- Environmental analysis (2)
- Experiments (2)
- FRET (2)
- Ferrocene (2)
- Fiber Bragg grating (2)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (2)
- Field conditions (2)
- Field-flow fractionation (2)
- Finite Element Method (2)
- Flow cytometry (2)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- Fluorescence standard (2)
- Fluorescent and thermoresponsive nanoparticles (2)
- GaP (2)
- Gas analysis (2)
- Geophysics (2)
- Gold nanoparticles (2)
- Grain geometry (2)
- High resolution ultrasonic testing (2)
- High-resolution (2)
- Honeycombing (2)
- Humidity sensors (2)
- Hydrogen assisted cracking (2)
- IR-MALDI (2)
- Immersion tank testing (2)
- Impurities (2)
- In situ analysis (2)
- Inspection (2)
- Inter-laboratory comparison (2)
- Invertebrates (2)
- Ionic liquids (2)
- Isotope dilution (2)
- Jet grouting (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Laminography (2)
- Leak detection (2)
- Levee (2)
- Lifetime (2)
- Lifetime encoding (2)
- Ligand (2)
- Ligand exchange (2)
- Linear sensor (2)
- Low field NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Magnetostriction (2)
- Manuscripts (2)
- Mapping (2)
- Membrane-based linear gas sensor (2)
- Mercury intrusion capillary pressure (2)
- Modular production units (2)
- Moisture measurements (2)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (2)
- Monitoring of chemical reactions (2)
- Monte Carlo method (2)
- Multiplexing (2)
- Nanomaterial classification (2)
- Nanoparticles separation asymetrical flow field flow fractionation (2)
- Nanopartikel (2)
- Nd-sensitizer (2)
- Neutron imaging (2)
- Neutron radiography (2)
- Neutron tomography (2)
- Nondestructive testing (2)
- Oxidative stress (2)
- Oxidative stress biomarkers (2)
- PEG-Maleimide (2)
- Partial least squares regression (2)
- Particle size analysis (2)
- Peptides (2)
- Pesticides (2)
- Phased array (2)
- Photon-electron transport (2)
- Piezoelectric (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plasma physics (2)
- Platinum (2)
- PnCCD (2)
- Polycarboxylate ether (2)
- Polycrystalline materials (2)
- Polymer particles (2)
- Pore geometry (2)
- Probes (2)
- Process control (2)
- Proficiency testing (2)
- Protein quantification (2)
- Prozess-Sensoren (2)
- Purity assessment (2)
- Quality control (2)
- Quality system (2)
- Quantitative NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Radiology (2)
- Ray tracing (2)
- Reaction Monitoring (2)
- Reference defect (2)
- Reference materials (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Rock structure (2)
- SEC (2)
- SEP 1927 (2)
- SIP (2)
- SLM (2)
- STM (2)
- Semiconductor quantum dot (2)
- Shape (2)
- Silica support (2)
- Smart Sensors (2)
- Standard (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Standards (2)
- Strength (2)
- Structure health monitoring (2)
- Substrate (2)
- Sulfamethoxazole (2)
- Superalloy (2)
- Superplasticizers (2)
- Surface chemical analysis (2)
- Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2)
- Synchrotron radiation (2)
- Tattoo (2)
- Temperature (2)
- Thermal Wave (2)
- Thermal desorption (2)
- Thin film (2)
- Thiols (2)
- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2)
- Two photon microscopy (2)
- UCNP (2)
- Upconversion (2)
- Upconversion nanocrystals (2)
- VVOC (2)
- Water (2)
- Workability (2)
- X-Ray diffraction (2)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray microdiffraction (2)
- X-ray refraction (2)
- X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- ambient mass spectrometry (2)
- chemical sensing (2)
- computed tomography (2)
- emission spectroscopy (2)
- gold nanoparticles (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- life sciences (2)
- lifetime encoding (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- metrology (2)
- nanoprobes (2)
- polymer particles (2)
- purity (2)
- quality control (2)
- silver nanoparticles (2)
- standardization (2)
- traceability (2)
- upconversion (2)
- “Click” chemistry (2)
- (HAX)PES (1)
- 19F-NMR (1)
- 1H-NMR (1)
- 2-D electrophoresis (1)
- 29Si-27Al TRAPDOR MAS (1)
- 29Si{27Al} TRAPDOR MAS NMR (1)
- 2D gel electrophoresis (1)
- 2PM Fly Scan (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D High-temperature shape screening (1)
- 3D reconstruction (1)
- Ab initio calculations (1)
- Accelerated stress testing (1)
- Acoustic actuator (1)
- Activatable probe (1)
- Activation energy (1)
- Active thermal cycling (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Additive Manufacture (1)
- Adhesive tapes (1)
- Adhesives and adhesive tapes (1)
- Admixtures (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Adulteration detection (1)
- Advanced oxidation processes (1)
- Ag nanoparticles (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aggregation-induced emission (1)
- Air purification (1)
- Airport security (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Aluminosilicates (1)
- Ambient (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amine derivatives (1)
- Amines (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Ammonia (1)
- Ammonia in ambient air (1)
- Amorphous materials (1)
- Analysis of lanthanoides (1)
- Analytical approach (1)
- Analytical centrifugation (1)
- Analytical method (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Analytics (1)
- Annular space (1)
- Anti-fouling (1)
- Anti-oxidative efficiency (1)
- Antibody ID (1)
- Antibody immobilization (1)
- Antibody labeling (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Application (1)
- Applications (1)
- Aqueous dispersion (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Ar gas cluster gun (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archäologie (1)
- Art (1)
- Artificial photosynthesis (1)
- Arzneistoffe (1)
- Atherosclerotic plaques (1)
- Atmosphärendruck (1)
- Atmosphärendruck-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Atmosphärendruckmassenspektrometrie (1)
- Atom transfer radical polymerization (1)
- Atomic weight (1)
- Au(111) (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automotive industry (1)
- Autonomous micro UAV (1)
- Azidation (1)
- Azimuthal temperature field (1)
- Azimuthal well logging (1)
- BAM L200 (1)
- BAM certification body (1)
- BCA assay (1)
- BDS broadband dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- BET specific surface area (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BRET/CRET (1)
- Back scatter (1)
- Backscatter application (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms (1)
- Bacterial biofilms (1)
- Barium titanate nanopowder (1)
- Benzamide (1)
- Benzene sensor (1)
- Berlin Main Station (1)
- Berlin tap water (1)
- Bibliothek ternärer Pd-Legierungen (1)
- Bio imaging (1)
- Bio-Imaging (1)
- Bio-molecular surfaces (1)
- Bioerosion (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biolabels (1)
- Biological application (1)
- Biological structure (1)
- Biologically inspired robots (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Bioorganic film (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biotin–FITC titration (1)
- Biotoxins - Biotoxine (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Bivalves (1)
- Bonding (1)
- Bonding strength (1)
- Borate glasses (1)
- Braunschweig meteorite (1)
- Breath (1)
- Breath alcohol analyser (1)
- Bremsstrahlung (1)
- Brinell (1)
- Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (1)
- Broadband Dielectric Spectrscopy (1)
- Brominated carbon nanotubes (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Bulk chemistry (1)
- CCQM-K101 (1)
- CEFIT (1)
- CFD (1)
- CFD simulation (1)
- CFK (1)
- CIGS (1)
- CIGS thin films (1)
- CMC (1)
- CO adsoprtion (1)
- CO adsorption (1)
- CONSENS (1)
- COOMET.QM-S5 (1)
- CRM producer (1)
- CT (1)
- Caco-2 cells (1)
- Calcium phosphate cement (1)
- Calcium-carbonate (1)
- Calculation (1)
- Calibration-free analysis (1)
- Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Carbamazepine (1)
- Carbon dots (1)
- Carbon nanomembranes (1)
- Carbon nanotubes (1)
- Carbonate substrate (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Catalyst (1)
- Catalytic activity (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cell proliferation (1)
- Cell viability (1)
- Cellular internalization (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (1)
- Cellular uptake (1)
- Cement clinker (1)
- Cement paste (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Ceramic (1)
- Ceramic dispersion (1)
- Ceramic suspension (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Certification (1)
- Certified reference material (1)
- Certified reference materials (1)
- Channeling (1)
- Characterisation techniques (1)
- Characterization and analytical techniques (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Charge separation (1)
- Charge transfer (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical derivatization (1)
- Chemical imaging (1)
- Chemical imaging analysis (1)
- Chemical modification (1)
- Chemical sensors (1)
- Chemical warfare agents (1)
- Chemische Modifizierung (1)
- Chemometric tool (1)
- Chiral (1)
- Chloride (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Cisplatin (1)
- Clams (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Clinoptilolite (1)
- Coal (1)
- Coating (1)
- Coatings (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Coffee (1)
- Color coding (1)
- Compact NMR (1)
- Comparison of techniques (1)
- Composition (1)
- Computer modeling (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Conformational analysis (1)
- Consolidated materials (1)
- Constitutive relations (1)
- Consume care products (1)
- Control charts (1)
- Copolyester (1)
- Copolymer (1)
- Copolymer sequence (1)
- Copper(II) - phenanthroline - complexe filmss (1)
- Core (1)
- Core / shell / shell / nanoparticles (1)
- Core shell nano particle (1)
- Core-Shell (1)
- Core/shell particles (1)
- Coulometric sensor (1)
- Coverslip seal (1)
- Crack detection (1)
- Creep-resistant steel (1)
- Crisis (1)
- Crystal-growth (1)
- Crystallinity (1)
- Cumin discrimination (1)
- Cusum (1)
- Cyanine (1)
- Cyclic voltammetry (1)
- Cyclization (1)
- Cyclohexane (1)
- Cytometry (1)
- D2XRF (1)
- DFT spectrum simulations (1)
- DLS (1)
- DMD coupled laser (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA origami nanostructures (1)
- DNA radiation damage (1)
- DNA sensor (1)
- DNA-Schädigung (1)
- DNA/RNA (1)
- DPSS laser (1)
- Damage (1)
- Dangerous goods container (1)
- Data processing (1)
- Databases (1)
- Debye-Waller factor (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Dedolomite (1)
- Defect detection (1)
- Defects (1)
- Degree of equivalence (1)
- Density (1)
- Density estimation (1)
- Density of states (1)
- Depth-Profiling (1)
- Depth-profiling (1)
- Design of Experiments (1)
- Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Diagnosis of concrete components (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Diameter (1)
- Dielectric barrier discharge (1)
- Dielectric materials (1)
- Differential displacements (1)
- Diffraction contrast (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digestion (1)
- Digital detector arrays (1)
- Digital radiography (1)
- Dimensionelle Metrologie (1)
- Diopatra neapolitana (1)
- Direction-oriented image (1)
- Directional interface variance analysis (DIVA) (1)
- Discrimination of multiple gas sources (1)
- Dissociative electron attachment (1)
- Divergent XAFS (1)
- Drop test (1)
- Duplex stainless steel (1)
- Dye bioconjugates (1)
- Dynamic glass transition (1)
- Dynamical theory (1)
- EC definition of nanomaterial (1)
- EDS Geometrical Detection Efficiency (1)
- EDS Solid Angle (1)
- EDS detector (1)
- EDS net active sensor area (1)
- EISA (1)
- EMRP (1)
- EN 196 (1)
- EPTIS (1)
- ESEM (1)
- EU (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Education of NDT personnel (1)
- Effective area (1)
- Eigenspannungen (1)
- Electrical methods (1)
- Electrochromic device (1)
- Electrochromism (1)
- Electrohydraulic effect (1)
- Electron tomography (1)
- Electronic Nose (1)
- Electronic nose (1)
- Electrons (1)
- Electrspray deposition (1)
- Elektronen (1)
- Element microscopy (1)
- Elevated temperatures (1)
- Eluting stent (1)
- Emerging Pollutants (1)
- Emissionsspektroskopie (1)
- Energetic material (1)
- Energy dissipation (1)
- Energy sensor (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) (1)
- Environmental quality standard (EQS) (1)
- Environmentally relevant concentrations (1)
- Enzyme sensor (1)
- Epoxy (1)
- Euramet EMRP (1)
- Europium complex (1)
- Excitation (1)
- Exfoliation (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Expression of uncertainty (1)
- FAME (1)
- FE-EPMA (1)
- FEFF (1)
- FFT periodogram (1)
- FIB (1)
- FRET system (1)
- FT-IR spectroscopy (1)
- Fall reconstruction (1)
- Faujasite-type zeolites (1)
- Fault tree analysis (1)
- Fenton (1)
- Fiber characterization (1)
- Fiber optics sensors (1)
- Fiber-optic sensor (1)
- Fibre optical sensing (1)
- Field Enhancement (1)
- Field flow fractionation (1)
- Figures of merit (1)
- Film thickness determination (1)
- Finite element methods (1)
- Flash lamp (1)
- Flat bottom holes (1)
- Flow Cytometry (1)
- Fludarabine (1)
- Flugzeitmassenspektrometer (1)
- Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie (1)
- Fluorapatite-gelatin nanocomposites (1)
- Fluorescence sensor (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging (1)
- Fluorescent amplification strategies (1)
- Fluorescent nanoreporters (1)
- Fluoresence (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Fluorophore tracer (1)
- Focusing (1)
- Foldamers (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Foundations (1)
- Fresh Concrete (1)
- Fresh concrete (1)
- Friction (1)
- Friedel's rule (1)
- Full matrix capture (1)
- Fullerene (1)
- Fullerene C60 (1)
- Functional group analysis (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Functionalization of fullerenes (1)
- Fungal Volatiles (1)
- Fusarium Mycotoxins (1)
- G quadruplex (1)
- GD-MS (1)
- GDMS (1)
- GIXRF (1)
- GMR (1)
- GTA-Welding (1)
- GaAs (1)
- GaN (1)
- Gadolinium-based contrast agents (1)
- Gadolinium-uptake (1)
- Gas Sensors, Safety (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas sensor (1)
- Gas sensors (1)
- Gas source localization (1)
- Gated delivery system (1)
- Gated release systems (1)
- Geographical origins (1)
- Geometrical collection efficiency (1)
- Geopolymer (1)
- Glow discharge (1)
- Glucose and nanoplaque formation (1)
- Glycan microarray (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold Synchrotron XRF (1)
- Gold surface (1)
- Gold-Nanopartikel (1)
- Grain boundaries (1)
- Granules (1)
- Graphene oxide (1)
- Groundwater observation well (1)
- Grouping (1)
- Guest complexe (1)
- Guided waves (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- HDL protection (1)
- HILIC (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HPLC-MS/MS (1)
- HR-SEM (1)
- HRMS-Identifizierung (1)
- HS-PG flow sensor and lipoprotein receptor (1)
- Hair follicles (1)
- Hardening (1)
- Hardness testing (1)
- Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) (1)
- Headspace Analysis (1)
- Headspace GC (1)
- Heat shock response (1)
- Heat treatment condition (1)
- Heterogeneity (1)
- Heterogeneous photocatalysis (1)
- High impact testing (1)
- High performance liquid chromatography (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High repetition rate (1)
- High resolution continuum source absorption spectrometry (1)
- High strength concrete (1)
- High strength steels (1)
- High throughput biosensing (1)
- High-pressure NMR (1)
- High-repetition rate laser (1)
- High-resolution ICP-MS (1)
- High-speed biosensor (1)
- Histology (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenisation (1)
- Hot crack (1)
- Hot spot (1)
- Humic acid (1)
- Humidity induced annealing (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hybrid nanoparticles (1)
- Hybrid sensor materials (1)
- Hydrates (1)
- Hydration (1)
- Hydraulic levelling system (1)
- Hydrazinchemie (1)
- Hydroformylation (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen Sensors (1)
- Hydrogen Technologies (1)
- Hydrogen bonds (1)
- Hydrogen diffusion (1)
- Hydrogen sensor (1)
- Hydrogen trapping (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) (1)
- IDLapoE3/E3 and IDLapoE4/E4 isoforms (1)
- IDMS (1)
- IHM (1)
- ILC (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO standards (1)
- Image Analysis (1)
- Image morphology (1)
- Imaging ToF SIMS (1)
- Imaging ellipsometry (IE) (1)
- Imaging plates (1)
- Imaging technique (1)
- Immuno imaging (1)
- Immuno-assays (1)
- Immunoarrays (1)
- Immunosensor (1)
- In situ measurement (1)
- In situ reactions (1)
- In vitro (1)
- In-situ loading (1)
- Indirect hard modeling (1)
- Indometacin (1)
- Inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (1)
- Industrial gases (1)
- Infrared Thermography (1)
- Infrared imaging (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Inhibition assay (1)
- Inhibition rate constant (1)
- Ink (1)
- Integrity (1)
- Interface analysis (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interlaboratory Study (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intermediate (1)
- Internal standard (1)
- Internal standardization (1)
- Inverse Analysis (1)
- Iodonium (1)
- Ion Mobility (1)
- Ion mobility (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- Ionenquelle (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ionisation (1)
- Ionisierung (1)
- Ionization (1)
- Ir (1)
- Iron and steel (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Isoelectric point (1)
- Isomerisierung (1)
- Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (1)
- Isotope mixture (1)
- Isotope ratio (1)
- Isotopenstandard (1)
- Iterative reconstruction (1)
- Katalysator (1)
- Key comparison (1)
- Kinematic theory (1)
- Kompositen (1)
- KonSens (1)
- KorroPad (1)
- Kulturelles Erbe (1)
- Kunst (1)
- L chondrite (1)
- LA-ICP-MS based immunoassays (1)
- LA-ICP-MS microscopy (1)
- LEIS (1)
- Lab-on-valve (1)
- Lactide (1)
- Langmuir isotherm (1)
- Lapis Lazuli (1)
- Large animal model (1)
- Laser Ablation (1)
- Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) (1)
- Laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS (1)
- Laser ablation ICP-MS (1)
- Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- Laser induziertes Plasma (1)
- Laser profilometry (1)
- Laser-based displacement measuring system (1)
- Laser-induced plasma (1)
- Laser-spark (1)
- Lateral resolution (1)
- Lattice parameter determination (1)
- Layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- Lead isotopic composition (1)
- Least-Squares Adjustment (1)
- Legierungen (1)
- Leguminosen (1)
- Library of ternary Pd-alloys (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Light damage (1)
- Light microscopy (1)
- Line scan (1)
- Lipid Nanodiscs (1)
- Liposomes (1)
- Liquefied gases (1)
- Liquefied petroleum gas (1)
- Liquid cell (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- Lithiation (1)
- Ln-MeCAT-Click labeling (1)
- Load (1)
- Load partition (1)
- Lock-in Thermografie (1)
- Lock-in thermography (1)
- Long-life sensor casing (1)
- Long-term exposure (1)
- Long-term exposures (1)
- Low energy (1)
- Low-cost housing (1)
- Luminescent probes (1)
- MALDI (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS/MS (1)
- MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- MDFEM (1)
- MOF (1)
- MOFs (1)
- Macrocycles (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Magnetic nanocomposites (1)
- Magnetische Nanopartikel (1)
- Magnetite nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetron sputtering (1)
- Manual testing (1)
- Manuskripte (1)
- Marker (1)
- Mass cytometry (1)
- Mass deposition (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Material equations (1)
- Materialanalyse (1)
- Matrix influence (1)
- Measurement and testing (1)
- Measurement techniques (1)
- Medium-resolution NMR (1)
- Membrane (1)
- Membrane polarization (1)
- Mercury (1)
- Mercury intrusion (1)
- Mesoporous Silica (1)
- Metabolic transformation (1)
- Metabolites (1)
- Metal Matrix Composites (1)
- Metal elements (1)
- Metal matrix composites (1)
- Metal nanoparticles (1)
- Metal phosphonates (1)
- Metal staining procedures (1)
- Metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes (1)
- Metalloproteins (1)
- Metals (1)
- Method development (1)
- Method validation (1)
- Microbeads (1)
- Microbiological induced corrosion (1)
- Microbiologically induced corrosion (1)
- Microfluidic sensor (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Microporous (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microspectroscopic imaging (1)
- Microstrain (1)
- Microstrain distribution (1)
- Microstructured fibers (1)
- Mineral additions (1)
- Miniature (1)
- Miniaturization (1)
- Miniaturized AF4 channel (1)
- Minimal-invasive (1)
- Missing wedge (1)
- Mobile robot olfaction (1)
- Modeling and simulation (1)
- Moisture measuring (1)
- Molecular alignment relaxation (1)
- Molecular beacon (1)
- Molecular devices (1)
- Molecular diagnostics (1)
- Molecular machines (1)
- Molecular motor (1)
- Molecular-dynamics (1)
- Monitoring of CO 2 (1)
- Monitoring of dangerous goods (1)
- Monoklonal (1)
- Monolayer (1)
- Monte Carlo simulation (1)
- Mounting medium (1)
- Multi-parameter POD (1)
- Multi-sensor data fusion (1)
- Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (1)
- Multichannel measuring (1)
- Multigas sensor (1)
- Multiple-sample bonding (1)
- Multiple-sample testing (1)
- Multiplexing immunoassay (1)
- Multivariate analysis (1)
- Multivariate statistics (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- NDT reliability (1)
- NDT-CE (1)
- NIR spectroscopy (1)
- Nano materials (1)
- Nano particles (1)
- Nano scale (1)
- Nanoclay hybrids (1)
- Nanocomposite (1)
- Nanocomposites (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanometrology (1)
- Nanoparticle coating (1)
- Nanoporous Al2O3 (1)
- Nanorings (1)
- Nanoroughness (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Nanostructured Electrodes (1)
- Natural zeolite Clinoptilolite (1)
- Near-infrared laser (1)
- Nephrotoxicity (1)
- Nerve gases (1)
- Net effective sensor area (1)
- Neurons (1)
- Neutron diffraction (1)
- Neutron scattering (1)
- Neutronenbeugung (1)
- Ni-base superalloy (1)
- Nickel RSF (1)
- Nicotinamide (1)
- Nile Red (1)
- Noble gas isotopes (1)
- Non-centrosymmetry (1)
- Non-destructive methods (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Nondestructive flaw detection (1)
- Nonlinear rheology (1)
- Normung (1)
- Nuclear (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Nucleation (1)
- Nucleic acids (1)
- Number-weighted median size (1)
- Numeric modelling (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Oil diesel fraction (1)
- On-site LIBS (1)
- One-part formulation (1)
- Online Monitoring (1)
- Online-NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Online-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Optical characterization (1)
- Optical fiber sensor climatic stability (1)
- Optical layer model (1)
- Optical layer reconstruction (1)
- Optical microscopy (OM) (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optical transfer standard (1)
- Optically pumped plasma lasers (1)
- Organic layers (1)
- Organic matter (1)
- Organic osmolytes (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Orientation description (1)
- Osteoporosis (1)
- Oxide-films (1)
- Oxygen-containing functionalities (1)
- PAMAM dendrimers (1)
- PFOA (1)
- PFOS (1)
- PIM-1 (1)
- PIXE (1)
- PLS-R (1)
- PLSR (1)
- PLasma physics (1)
- PT (1)
- Packing density (1)
- Paper spray ionization (1)
- Papier (1)
- Papierbasiert (1)
- Paracetamol (1)
- Parallel computing (1)
- Parallel seismic (1)
- Passive layer (1)
- Pattern matching (1)
- Peel (1)
- Perfluordecalin (1)
- Peri-implantitis (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeation (1)
- Pesticide parathion-methyl (1)
- Petrology and mineralogy (1)
- Pharmaceutical drugs (1)
- Pharmazeutika (1)
- Phase distribution (1)
- Phase identification (1)
- Phase measurement (1)
- Phase transfer (1)
- Phenylalanine (1)
- Phomopsin-Derivate (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Photocatalysis (1)
- Photochemistry (1)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Photoexcitation (1)
- Photoinduced electron-transfers (1)
- Photoligation (1)
- Photoluminescence quantum yield (1)
- Photon counting detectors (1)
- Photonic baking (1)
- Photonic wire (1)
- Photophysics (1)
- Photopolymer (1)
- Photoswitchable rotaxane (1)
- Phthalocyanines (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pigmentanalyse (1)
- Pile integrity testing (1)
- Pile length (1)
- Piles (1)
- Plasma tomography (1)
- Plasma-chemical technique (1)
- Plasmapolymer (1)
- Plasmonic (1)
- Platinum Wavelength dispersive D2XRF (1)
- Polarity probe (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (1)
- Polybrominated diphenylether (1)
- Polycrystalline thin films (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polyethylene composites (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (1)
- Polymer adsorption (1)
- Polymer matrix (1)
- Polymer optical fibers (1)
- Polymeric tubes (1)
- Polymorphism (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Polysarcosine (1)
- Polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Pophycene (1)
- Pore diameter (1)
- Pore throat size (1)
- Pores (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Porous medium (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Porphyrins (1)
- Portland cement (1)
- Portland cement Initial hydration (1)
- Post-breakdown laser induced plasma (1)
- Power electronic chips (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Precision (1)
- Preventive conservation (1)
- Primary method of measurement (1)
- Printed internal standard (1)
- Process Control (1)
- Product certification (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein analysis (1)
- Protein association (1)
- Protein coating (1)
- Protein corona (1)
- Protein unfolding (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 (1)
- Prozess-Spektroskopie (1)
- Précision (1)
- Pt-based drugs (1)
- Pull-out (1)
- Pulse reflection (1)
- Pulse shape analysis (1)
- Purification (1)
- Purity determination (1)
- Pyrroles (1)
- Q4(mAl) sites (1)
- Quality (1)
- Quality infrastructure (1)
- Quantitative NMR (1)
- Quantitative proteomics (1)
- Quantum Yield (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Quaternary oxides (1)
- Qumran archaeology (1)
- R package (1)
- RAFT (1)
- REM/EDX (1)
- RFID Sensors systems (1)
- Radionuclides (1)
- Radon transform technique (1)
- Railway (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Raman microspectroscopy (1)
- Raman-spectroscopy (1)
- Rate of model oxidation (1)
- Re-XANES (1)
- Reactive plume tracking (1)
- Recombination (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Redox-reactions (1)
- Redoxreactions (1)
- Reference (1)
- Reference Material (1)
- Reference gas mixtures (1)
- Reference gas standards (1)
- Reference-free XRF (1)
- Referenced spectroscopic ellipsometry (RSE) (1)
- Referenzmaterialien (1)
- Regenerative capacity (1)
- Registration errors (1)
- Reinforced composites (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Relaxation (1)
- Release (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Resource Analytics (1)
- Ressourcenanalytik (1)
- Reversibility (1)
- Ribonuclease A (1)
- Ringversuche (1)
- Risk management (1)
- Ru dye sensitizer (1)
- SEIRA Technique (1)
- SHM in civil engineering (1)
- SNR (1)
- SPE-HPLC Automatisierung (1)
- SPME-GC-MS (1)
- SPR effect (1)
- SR-µ-XRF (1)
- STRATAGem (1)
- STXM (1)
- SURMOF (1)
- Safe innovation (1)
- Safety (1)
- Sample changer (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Samples (1)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (1)
- Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Scanning probe microscopy (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattered data (1)
- Schadenstoleranz (1)
- Schadstoffe (1)
- Schweißnähte (1)
- Schwingfestigkeit (1)
- Secondary structure (1)
- Seidenstraßenkultur (1)
- Seismic (1)
- Selective Electron Beam Melting (1)
- Selectivity (1)
- Self assembly (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-assembly (1)
- Semiconductor device reliability (1)
- Semtex (1)
- Sensitivity (1)
- Sensor calibration (1)
- Sensor system (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Separation (1)
- Shadowgraphy (1)
- Shear (1)
- Shear exfoliation (1)
- Shear strength (1)
- Shear-horizontal modes (1)
- Sheet resistivity (1)
- Shelf life prediction (1)
- Shell (1)
- Shell nanoparticles (1)
- Shewanella (1)
- Signal amplification (1)
- Signal processing (1)
- Signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- Silanes (1)
- Silicon nitride (1)
- Silicone analysis (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Silver (1)
- Simple-shear rheometer (1)
- Single cable serial connection (1)
- Single cell analysis (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Skin tissue (1)
- Slabs (1)
- Slippage of weakly linked layers (1)
- Slurry (1)
- Small angle scattering (1)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Small-angle scattering (1)
- Smart sensors (1)
- SnO2 (1)
- SnOx (1)
- Software (1)
- Sol-gel (1)
- Solar-energy (1)
- Solid angle (1)
- Solid phase microextraction (1)
- Solid-state NMR (1)
- Solution plasma (1)
- Solvent polarity (1)
- Sound source (1)
- South Africa (1)
- Spatial light modulation (1)
- Spatial light modulator (1)
- Spatial resolution (1)
- Speciation of Gd-containing MRI contrast agents (1)
- Specific adsorption (1)
- Specific heat (1)
- Specific pore volume (1)
- Specific surface (1)
- Spectra annotation (1)
- Spectral correction (1)
- Spectral induced polarisation (1)
- Spectroelectrochemical Techniques (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (1)
- Spectrum (1)
- Spice (1)
- Spot weld (1)
- Spray drying (1)
- Sputtered thin aluminium film (1)
- Stabilisotopenverdünnungsanalyse (1)
- Stability assessment (1)
- Stabilization of HT-structures at room temperature (1)
- Stabilized dispersions (1)
- Stabilizer (1)
- Stabilty (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Steel slag (1)
- Stereoscopy (1)
- Strain measurements (1)
- String metal support interaction (1)
- Strong metal support interaction (1)
- Structural characterization (1)
- Structural health (1)
- Subsurface defects (1)
- Sulfur-matrix separatio (1)
- Sulphate-chloride attack (1)
- Super somputing (1)
- Superplasticiser (1)
- Superplaticizers (1)
- Supplementary cementitious materials; (1)
- Supramolecular chemistry (1)
- SurfMOF (1)
- Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Surface analysis; (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Suspended particulate matter (1)
- Switchable rotaxane (1)
- Symmetry groups (1)
- Synchrotron CT (1)
- Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Synchrotron radiation XPS (1)
- Synthetic aperture focusing (1)
- T-SEM (1)
- TF Material (1)
- TGA (1)
- THz (1)
- THz SAFT Optical layer reconstruction (1)
- THz spectroscopy (1)
- THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) (1)
- TNT (1)
- TPA (1)
- TXRF (1)
- TXRF-XANES (1)
- Tandem MS (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperature sensor (1)
- Tensile (1)
- Tensile strength (1)
- Test gas generation (1)
- Test strip analysis (1)
- Textural controls (1)
- Texture (1)
- The Temple Scroll (1)
- Thermal Waves (1)
- Thermal analyses (1)
- Thermal annealing (1)
- Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) (1)
- Thermal expansion (1)
- Thermal imaging (1)
- Thermal wave (1)
- Thermoacoustics (1)
- Thermomechanical fatigue (1)
- Thermoresponsive polymer (1)
- Thin-film solar cells (1)
- Thiol assay (1)
- Three-dimensional (3D) characterization (1)
- TiO2 coating (1)
- TiO2 films (1)
- Tiered (1)
- Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (1)
- TimeGate (1)
- Tinte (1)
- Tissue (1)
- Titanium (1)
- Titanium dioxide (1)
- ToF (1)
- ToF MS (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Toroids (1)
- Torsional modes (1)
- Total focussing method (1)
- Toxic metals (1)
- Toxicological studies (1)
- Toxicology (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Trace Humidity (1)
- Trace element (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace humidity (1)
- Transducer (1)
- Transformation products (TPs) (1)
- Transmission (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Tributyltin (1)
- Tributyltin (TBT) (1)
- Trichodiene (1)
- Trinitrotoluene (1)
- Tryptophan (1)
- Turfan Manuskripte (1)
- Turfan manuscripts (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- UPLC (1)
- UPLC-MS/MS (1)
- UV/VIS spectroscopy (1)
- Ultra-Thin films (1)
- Ultra-thin polymer films (1)
- Ultra-trace analysis (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Ultrasonic (1)
- Ultrasonic echo (1)
- Ultrasonic imaging (1)
- Ultrasonic tests (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Uncertainty budgets (1)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VCSEL (1)
- VIS-spectrophotometry (1)
- VOC degradation (1)
- VSSA (1)
- Validation and testing infrastructure (1)
- Vanadium oxide (1)
- Vertebroplasty (1)
- Vertical fluid movement (1)
- Vibrations (1)
- Vibrator (1)
- Vickers (1)
- Viscoelastic (1)
- Viscosity (1)
- Void defect (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (1)
- Volatilome (1)
- Voltammetric electronic tongue (1)
- WDX (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Wasserstoffsensor (1)
- Waste paper sludge (1)
- Waste-water (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water polluntants (1)
- Water structure (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Water vapour permeation (1)
- Water-bearing glasses (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Weathering (1)
- Well-ordered macrocycle multilayers (1)
- Wheelset (1)
- Wide field (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray Computed Tomography (1)
- X-ray computed tomography (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray emission yield (1)
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (1)
- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray imaging (1)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray radiography (1)
- X-ray spectra (1)
- X-ray spectromicroscopy (1)
- X-ray spectrum (1)
- X-ray tomography (1)
- X-ray yields (1)
- XAFS (1)
- XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (1)
- XAS (1)
- XRS (1)
- Young’s modulus (1)
- ZIF (1)
- Zearalenon (1)
- Zeolite (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zinc phosphate (1)
- Zinc phthalocyanine (1)
- Zinnoberrot (1)
- absolute measurements (1)
- absorption spectroscopy (1)
- activation energy (1)
- aerodynamics (1)
- affinity chromatography (1)
- aluminum (1)
- analytical approach (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody (1)
- atomic force microscopy (1)
- atomic imaging (1)
- atomic weight (1)
- bioanalysis (1)
- bioimaging (1)
- bioisosteric replacement (1)
- ceramics (1)
- cocrystal (1)
- coincidence (1)
- composite (1)
- conductivity (1)
- control chart (1)
- core-shell particles (1)
- cross-reactivity (1)
- cusum (1)
- cyclization (1)
- damage tolerance (1)
- decision-level (1)
- digestion (1)
- dimensional metrology (1)
- dispersity (1)
- dyes (1)
- elastomeric polymer optical fiber POF (1)
- electron backscattering (1)
- electron diffraction (1)
- excitation power density (1)
- explosives (1)
- flash thermography (1)
- fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- functional PVD coatings (1)
- general fluid mechanics (1)
- geophysics non-destructive testing (1)
- glass fibre paper (1)
- granulation (1)
- graphene (1)
- hapten (1)
- high voltage cable accessories (1)
- holography (1)
- immunoaffinity (1)
- inspection (1)
- ion source (1)
- irreproducibility (1)
- isotope reference material (1)
- k-values (1)
- key comparison (1)
- laser induced plasma (1)
- laser induziertes Plasma (1)
- laser-induced plasma (1)
- laser-spark (1)
- ligand binding assay (1)
- ligands (1)
- liquids material characterization (1)
- mXRF Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- magnesium (1)
- mass spectra (1)
- mechanochemistry (1)
- mercury intrusion capillary pressure (1)
- mesoporous material (1)
- metal phosphonates (1)
- microstructure (1)
- microwave (1)
- milling (1)
- mof (1)
- moisture (1)
- molecular switch (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- multi-sensory (1)
- nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS (1)
- nanocrystals (1)
- nanomaterial (1)
- nerve agent (1)
- non-specific binding (1)
- nuclear magnetic (1)
- numerical uncertainty determination (1)
- numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung (1)
- optical excitation (1)
- pH sensing (1)
- paper retraction (1)
- partial discharge (1)
- particle injection (1)
- peer reviewimmunochemistry (1)
- photoemission (1)
- photoluminescence quantum yield (1)
- photovoltaics (1)
- plasma dispersion layers (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- polycondensation (1)
- polyesters (1)
- polyionic liquids (1)
- pore radius (1)
- pore size control (1)
- pore templating (1)
- pores (1)
- porphyrin (1)
- presentation (1)
- probability (1)
- progressive hepatolenticular degeneration (1)
- qNMR (1)
- railway axles (1)
- relaxation time (1)
- replication (1)
- reproducibility crisis (1)
- resonance (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization (1)
- robustness (1)
- sample preparation (1)
- scanning electron microscopy (1)
- screed (1)
- security (1)
- selectivity (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensor (1)
- shell morphology (1)
- shell thicknss and chemistry (1)
- signal-level (1)
- silicone rubber (1)
- simulation (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single molecule (1)
- single molecule spectroscopy (1)
- slurry (1)
- small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- solar cell (1)
- spectral induced polarization (1)
- spray (1)
- spray drying (1)
- stabilizer (1)
- surface enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surface group quantification (1)
- surface modification (1)
- switching dynamics (1)
- temperature (1)
- terrorism (1)
- thermoresponsive (1)
- ultrasonic excitation (1)
- ultrasonic tests (1)
- vortex shedding (1)
- wave propagation (1)
- zinc oxide (1)
- µXRF (1)
- Éléments traces (1)
- ß-amino-cyclodextrin (1)
- β-amyloid (1–42) (1)
- β-cristobalite structure type (1)
- μ-CT imaging (1)
- μ-CT imaging, (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (193)
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were used to produce CdSe core/multi-shell fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) which are colloidally stable in aqueous solutions. The size, charge, and optical properties of QDs functionalized with the 4th (G4) and 5th (G5) generation of PAMAM were compared with amphiphilic polymer-covered QDs and used as criteria for the evaluation of the suitability of both water solubilization methods. As revealed by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS), the hydrodynamic sizes of the QDs varied from 30 to 65 nm depending on QD type and dendrimer generation, with all QDs displaying highly positive surface charges, i.e., zeta potentials of around +50 mV in water. PAMAM functionalization yielded stable core/multi-shell QDs with photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ) of up to 45%. These dendrimer-covered QDs showed a smaller decrease in their Φ upon phase transfer compared with QDs made water soluble via encapsulation with amphiphilic brush polymer bearing polyoxyethylene/ polyoxypropylene chains.
DNA origami nanostructures are a versatile tool to arrange metal nanostructures and other chemical entities with nanometer precision. In this way gold nanoparticle dimers with defined distance can be constructed, which can be exploited as novel substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We have optimized the size, composition and arrangement of Au/Ag nanoparticles to create intense SERS hot spots, with Raman enhancement up to 10^10, which is sufficient to detect single molecules by Raman scattering. This is demonstrated using single dye molecules (TAMRA and Cy3) placed into the center of the nanoparticle dimers. In conjunction with the DNA origami nanostructures novel SERS substrates are created, which can in the future be applied to the SERS analysis of more complex biomolecular targets, whose position and conformation within the SERS hot spot can be precisely controlled.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were optimised for the direct determination of gadolinium-based contrast agents in tap water. With the speciation method described, tap water samples from the area of Berlin were analysed and for the first time, three Gd species, Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DOTA and Gd-BOPTA, were found in tap water samples at concentrations of about 10–20 ng Gd per litre. These are the same Gd species which have been previously detected predominantly in surface waters of the Berlin area.
Wedemonstrate that a single-layer graphene replicates the shape ofDNAorigami nanostructures very well. It can be employed as a protective layer for the enhancement of structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures. Using the AFM based manipulation, we show that the normal force required to damage graphene encapsulated DNA origami nanostructures is over an order of magnitude greater
than for the unprotected ones. In addition, we show that graphene encapsulation offers protection to the DNA origami nanostructures against prolonged exposure to deionized water, and multiple immersions. Through these results we demonstrate that graphene encapsulated DNA origami nanostructures are strong enough to sustain various solution phase processing, lithography and
transfer steps, thus extending the limits of DNA-mediated bottom-up fabrication.
We present colloidally stable and highly luminescent ZnxCd1_xS:Mn/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized via a simple non-injection one-pot, two-step synthetic route, which can be easily upscaled. A systematic variation of the reaction component, parameters and thickness of the ZnS shell yielded doped nanocrystals with a very high photoluminescence quantum yield (pl) of 70%, which is the highest value yet reported for these Mn-doped sulfide-semiconductor NCs. These materials can be synthesized with high reproducibility in large quantities of the same high quality, i.e., the same pl using accordingly optimized reaction conditions. The application of these zero-reabsorption high quality NCs in the light conversion layers, deposited on top of a commercial monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cell, led to a significant enhancement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of this device in the ultraviolet spectral region between 300 and 400 nm up to ca. 12%. EQE enhancement is reflected by an increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by nearly 0.5 percentage points and approached the theoretical limit (0.6%) expected from down-shifting for this Si solar cell. The resulting PCE may result in a BoM (bill of materials) cost reduction of app. 3% for mono-Si photovoltaic modules. Such small but distinct improvements are expected to pave the road for an industrial application of doped semiconductor NCs as cost-effective light converters for silicon photovoltaic (PV) and other optoelectronic applications.
A droplet-based microfluidic sensor was developed for the detection of Hg2+ traces in water. The approach uses gated mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent BODIPY dye. The squaraine-based gating mechanism is highly selective for Hg2+ and the indicator release mechanism ensures sensitive detection. The microfluidic system is modular and was assembled from simple PTFE/PFA tubes, while detection was realized with standard optomechanic, optic, and electronic parts. The sensor shows a stable response without memory effects and allows the detection of Hg2+ in water down to 20 ppt.
Larger high pressure die castings (HPDC) and decreasing wall thicknesses are raising the issue of casting defects like pores in aluminum structures. Properties of components are often strongly influenced by inner porosity. As these products are being established more and more in lightweight construction (e.g. automotive and other transport areas), non-destructive testing methods, which can be applied fast and on-site, are required for quality assurance. In this contribution, the application of active thermography for the direct detection of larger pores is demonstrated. The analysis of limits and accuracy of the method are completed by numerical simulation and the method is validated using computed
tomography.
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are potent and established recognition phases in separation and enrichment applications. Because of their robustness, versatility and format adaptability, they also constitute very promising sensing phases, especially when the active sensing element is directly integrated into the MIP. Fluorescent MIPs incorporating fluorescent monomers are perhaps the best developed and most successful approach here. This article reviews the state of the art in this field, discussing the pros and cons of the use of fluorescent dye and probe derivatives as such monomers, the different molecular interaction forces for template complexation, signalling modes and a variety of related approaches that have been realized over the years, including Förster resonance energy transfer processes, covalent imprinting, postmodification attachment of fluorescent units and conjugated polymers as MIPs; other measurement schemes and sensing chemistries that use MIPs and fluorescence interrogation to solve analytical problems (fluorescent competitive assays, fluorescent analytes, etc.) are not covered here. Throughout the article, photophysical processes are discussed to facilitate understanding of the effects that can occur when one is planning for a fluorescence response to happen in a constrained polymer matrix. The article concludes with a concise assessment of the suitability of the different formats for sensor realization.
We present and compare two different approaches for NDT multi-sensor data fusion at signal (low) and decision (high) levels. Signal-level fusion is achieved by applying simple algebraic rules to strategically post-processed images. This is done in the original domain or in the domain of a suitable signal transform. The importance of signal normalization for low-level fusion applications is emphasized in regard to heterogeneous NDT data sets. For fusion at decision level, we develop a procedure based on assembling joint kernel density estimation (KDE). The procedure involves calculating KDEs for individual sensor detections and aggregating them by applying certain combination rules. The underlying idea is that if the detections from more than one sensor fall spatially close to one another, they are likely to result from the presence of a defect. On the other hand, single-senor detections are more likely to be structural noise or false alarm indications. To this end, we design the KDE combination rules such that it prevents single-sensor domination and allows data-driven scaling to account for the influence of individual sensors. We apply both fusion rules to a three-sensor dataset consisting in ET, MFL/GMR and TT data collected on a specimen with built-in surface discontinuities. The performance of the fusion rules in defect detection is quantitatively evaluated and compared against those of the individual sensors. Both classes of data fusion rules result in a fused image of fewer false alarms and thus improved defect detection. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of low-level and high-level NDT data fusion with reference to our experimental results.
Direct current (DC) fast flow glow discharge mass spectrometry is an important and versatile tool for multielemental trace analysis of conductive solid materials down to the µg/kg level. Special benefits are minimum demands on sample preparation, avoiding losses and contamination, and only short analysis time.
For fast flow GD sources, the quantification strategy based on relative standard sensitivity factors (Standard RSFs) which are independent of matrix is not sufficiently satisfying regarding accuracy for each matrix and element [1]. Therefore matrix-matched calibration samples (MMCS) are required to achieve reliable quantification. In fact, the list of existing certified reference materials (CRM) appropri-ate for calibration in trace analysis is rather short.
Convenient synthesis of homogeneous MMCS, as e.g. easily obtained in liquid sampling spectrometry, can facilitate the application of fast flow GD-MS for quantification of impurities in a variety of matrices.
Pressing of metal powders for the preparation of MMCS for GD-MS was suggested earlier [2], the method was further modified by use of analyte solutions for doping of rather pure metal powders such as Cu and Zn [3], but has not yet been applied Ni matrix.
In the present work we describe the determination of matrix-dependent relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Tl, Pb and Bi in pure Ni by using the liquid doping approach for the preparation of synthetic pressed Ni-powder samples. A four point-calibration was used applying the fast flow glow discharge mass spectrometer, Element GD (Thermo Fisher). The determined RSF were verified against suitable CRM and compared with the standard RSF given by the supplier of the instrument.
The obtained results demonstrate a satisfying Agreement with the certified values of the CRM and a significant improvement for the quantification of most of the determined elements in comparison with standard RSF.
The adsorption behavior of Platinum nanoparticles was studied for the as-received catalyst (under inert gas), under hydrogen and CO atmosphere using our newly designed in-situ cell. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments were performed simultaneously with high data quality. Structural information and the type of adsorbate could be revealed via Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis, Dl X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure analysis (Dl XANES) and in-situ DRIFTS. The as-received catalyst showed sub-surface oxygen and O(n-fold). Under CO atmosphere only CO(atop) was found. Reversible adsorbate induced changes of the Pt nanoparticle structure were derived from changes in the PtAPt coordination number and the corresponding bond distance. Under reducing conditions (H2, CO) a significant increase in both values occurred. Temperature dependent desorption of CO revealed a gradual shift from PtACO to PtAO. Reoxidation was clearly assigned to strong metal support interaction from the SiO2 support.
Ammonia and its conversion product ammonium have a strong negative impact on human health and ecosystems. Most ammonia measurements in ambient air are performed in the molar fraction range (0.5 to 500) nmol/mol. There is a need for reliable traceable ammonia gas standards as well as in situ analytical procedures for the monitoring of ammonia in ambient air.
The permeation method is an effective tool for dynamically generating precise gas standards with a low uncertainty in the concentration range of a few nmol/mol to several µmol/mol in an inert carrier gas, e. g. pure nitrogen or purified ambient air. Here, we present our ammonia gas standard generator as well as results of the characterisation of its individual components supporting the uncertainty assessment according to GUM for stable gas concentrations in this range.
In order to detect ammonia in the nmol/mol-range, a suitable sensor has to be developed. In this contribution, we therefore additionally present first approaches on the development of such a sensor using optical fluorescence as transduction mechanism due to its intrinsically high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Incorporation of a fluorescent dye, which shows fluorescence enhancement in the presence of ammonia, into a polymer matrix allows to reversibly recognize low amounts of ammonia. It can be concluded that fluorescence sensor is a robust tool for measurements of ammonia; however it needs calibration for the planed use.
An improved antibody against the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was developed. The immunogen was designed by the concept of bioisosteric replacement, which led to an excellent polyclonal antibody with extreme selectivity and immunoassays of very good sensitivity. Compounds such as nitroglycerine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, hexogen (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitroaniline, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, octogen (HMX), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), ammonium nitrate, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and nitrobenzene were tested for potential cross-reactivity. The detection limit of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was determined to be around 0.5 µg/L. The dynamic range of the assay was found to be between 1 µg/L and 1000 µg/L, covering a concentration range of three decades. This work shows the successful application of the bioisosteric concept in immunochemistry by exchange of a nitroester to a carbonate diester. The antiserum might be used for the development of quick tests, biosensors, microtitration plate immunoassays, microarrays and other analytical methods for the highly sensitive detection of PETN, an explosive frequently used by terrorists, exploiting the extreme difficulty of its detection.
The need for rapid and high-throughput screening in analytical laboratories has led to significant growth in interest in suspension array technologies (SATs), especially with regard to cytometric assays targeting a low to medium number of analytes. Such SAT or bead-based assays rely on spherical objects that constitute the analytical platform. Usually, functionalized polymer or silica (SiO2) microbeads are used which each have distinct advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, we present a straightforward synthetic route to highly monodisperse SiO2-coated polystyrene core−shell (CS) beads for SAT with controllable architectures from smooth to raspberry- and multilayer-like shells by varying the molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), which was used as the stabilizer of the cores. The combination of both organic polymer core and a structurally controlled inorganic SiO2 shell in one hybrid particle holds great promises for flexible next-generation design of the spherical platform. The particles were characterized by electron microscopy (SEM, T-SEM, and TEM), thermogravimetry, flow cytometry, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption, offering comprehensive information on the composition, size, structure, and surface area. All particles show ideal cytometric detection patterns and facile handling due to the hybrid structure. The beads are endowed with straightforward modification possibilities through the defined SiO2 shells. We successfully implemented the particles in fluorometric SAT model assays, illustrating the benefits of tailored surface area which is readily available for small-molecule anchoring. Very promising assay performance was shown for DNA hybridization assays with quantification limits down to 8 fmol.
The quantitative determination of surface functional groups is approached in a straightforward laboratory-based method with high reliability. The application of a multimode BODIPY-type fluorescence, photometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) label allows estimation of the labeling ratio, i.e., the ratio of functional groups carrying a label after reaction, from the elemental ratios of nitrogen and fluorine. The amount of label on the surface is quantified with UV/vis spectrophotometry based on the molar absorption coefficient as molecular property. The investigated surfaces with varying density are prepared by codeposition of 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and cyanoethyltriethoxysilane
(CETES) from vapor. These surfaces show high functional group densities that result in significant fluorescence quenching of surface-bound labels. Since alternative quantification of the label on the surface is available through XPS and photometry, a novel method to quantitatively account for fluorescence quenching based on fluorescence lifetime (τ) measurements is shown. Due to the complex distribution of τ on high-density surfaces, the stretched exponential (or Kohlrausch) function is required to determine representative mean lifetimes. The approach is extended to a commercial Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) label, clearly revealing the problems that arise from such charged labels used in conjunction with silane surfaces.
In a proof of concept study, metal-coded affinity tags based on click chemistry (MeCAT-Click) were used to analyze the proteome of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in response to heat stress. This allows high labeling efficiency, high detection sensitivity, and multiplex capabilities, which are pivotal for its application to protein quantification. Two approaches are presented for relative quantification of differentially lanthanide-labeled proteins. The first approach uses isotope-labeling, where ESI-MS was utilized to quantify the differentially labeled proteins from different states of E. coli. With this approach, 14 proteins were found with changed abundance, among them five proteins upregulated.
In the second approach, differentially labeled samples were separated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2 DE) and scanned by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Comparison of the signal intensities of the different lanthanides was used to quantify different sample states. Based on this information, ESI-MS was used to identify the proteins with different abundance. The sensitivity of LA-ICP-MS allowed us to find one upregulated protein that was nearly invisible by silver staining ("Probable replication endonuclease from retron EC67"). The advantage of this approach is to locate low abundant proteins with differential expression using LA-ICP-MS, which may be overlooked otherwise.
Biological significance: This paper demonstrates the successful application of a novel metal labeling strategy to quantify the proteins from complex biological samples. In comparison with former metal labeling strategies, it reduces the steric hindrance and improves the labeling efficiency during the labeling process, which ensure its successful application. This methodology is compatible with both molecular and elemental mass spectrometry. ESI-MS/MS in combination with software-based search allows the identification and relative quantification of labeled proteins. In addition, LA-ICP-MS helps to locate the labeled proteins in 2-DE gels with superior detection capability, thus, target proteins with low abundance can be precisely followed. Its excellent sensitivity allows one to track the proteins of interest that are barely visible by silver staining.
Molecular switches are of fundamental importance in nature, and light is an important stimulus to selectively drive the switching process. However, the local dynamics of a conformational change in these molecules remain far from being completely understood at the single-molecule level. Here, we report the direct observation of photoinduced tautomerization in single porphycene molecules on a Cu(111) surface by using a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and laser excitation in the near-infrared to ultraviolet regime. It is found that the thermodynamically stable trans configuration of porphycene can be converted to the metastable cis configuration in a unidirectional fashion by photoirradiation. The wavelength dependence of the tautomerization cross section exhibits a steep increase around 2 eV and demonstrates that excitation of the Cu d-band electrons and the resulting hot carriers play a dominant role in the photochemical process. Additionally, a pronounced isotope effect in the cross section (∼100) is observed when the transferred hydrogen atoms are substituted with deuterium, indicating a significant contribution of zero-point energy in the reaction. Combined with the study of inelastic tunneling electron-induced tautomerization with the STM, we propose that tautomerization occurs via excitation of molecular vibrations after photoexcitation. Interestingly, the observed cross section of ∼10–19 cm2 in the visible–ultraviolet region is much higher than that of previously studied molecular switches on a metal surface, for example, azobenzene derivatives (10–23–10–22 cm2). Furthermore, we examined a local environmental impact on the photoinduced tautomerization by varying molecular density on the surface and find substantial changes in the cross section and quenching of the process due to the intermolecular interaction at high density.
What is a nanomaterial? Beyond a pure academic interest, this question has substantial im-plications for consumer protection and regulatory purposes. The European Commission has recommended a definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU), which states that a given material is considered a nanomaterial if more than 50 % of the particles in the number size distribution have a smallest dimension between 1 and 100 nm.
Although several well established particle sizing techniques exist, the implementation of this definition for any particulate material remains a metrological challenge.
The European research project NanoDefine (http://www.nanodefine.eu) has the aim of pro-viding help for the implementation of the definition. One central task is the performance evaluation of the available particle sizing techniques. For this purpose, a wide variety of real world materials has been selected. All available sizing techniques, including imaging, mobility-based and static scattering techniques, independent whether being counting, fractionating, spectroscopic or integrally sizing, will be applied to all of the projects materials to test the techniques performance and to establish their ranges of applicability. Because most of the techniques do not measure in number metrics as required in the nanomaterial definition, the quality of the conversion to the number based particle size distribution is assessed as well. Special care is taken on suitable sample preparation procedures as one of the most chal-lenging issues towards reaching a highly accurate result. Within this contribution, first results of the performance testing of state of the art characterisation techniques on the unique set of NanoDefine real world materials are going to be presented. From these results, first conclu-sions about the material dependent ranges of applicability for the considered particle sizing techniques can be drawn. The technique specific advantages and shortcomings with respect to the application of the EC definition as well as the analytical challenges encountered will be highlighted.
Acknowledgements: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 604347.
A strategy to mitigate typical reconstruction artefacts in missing wedge computed tomography is presented. These artefacts appear as elongations of reconstructed details along the mean direction (i.e. the symmetry centre of the projections). Although absent in standard computed tomography applications, they are most prominent in advanced electron tomography and also in special topics of X-ray and Neutron tomography under restricted geometric boundary conditions. We investigate the Performance of the DIRECTT (Direct Iterative Reconstruction of Computed Tomography Trajectories) algorithm to reduce the directional artefacts in standard procedures. In order to be sensitive to the anisotropic nature of missing wedge artefacts, we investigate isotropic substructures of metal foam as well as circular disc models. Comparison is drawn to filtered backprojection and algebraic techniques. Reference is made to reconstructions of complete data sets. For the purpose of assessing the reconstruction Quality, Fourier transforms are employed to visualize the missing wedge directly. Deficient reconstructions of disc models are evaluated by a length-weighted boundary orientations. The DIRECTT results are assessd at different signal-to-noise ratios by means of local and integral evaluation Parameters.
The increasing demand for energy efficient separation processes fosters the development of new high performance polymers as selective separation layers for membranes. PIM-1 is the archetypal representative of the class of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) which are considered most promising in this sector, especially for gas separations. Since their introduction, PIMs stimulated a vast amount of research in this field and meanwhile evolved to the state of the art in membrane technology for gas separation. The major obstacle for extending the practical membrane application is their strong tendency to physical aging. For the first time, investigations by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) addressing molecular dynamics and conductivity in PIM 1 are presented. As chain packing during film formation from the casting solution and physical aging are key factors determining the separation performance of PIMs as membrane materials, characterization of the molecular mobility in such materials as revealed by BDS will provide valuable information for further development and optimization.
A process was developed for graphite particle exfoliation in water to stably dispersed multi-layer graphene. It uses electrohydraulic shockwaves and the functionalizing effect of solution plasma discharges in water. The discharges were excited by 100 ns high voltage pulsing of graphite particle chains that bridge an electrode gap. The underwater discharges allow simultaneous exfoliation and chemical functionalization of graphite particles to partially oxidized multi-layer graphene. Exfoliation is caused by shockwaves that result from rapid evaporation of carbon and water to plasma-excited gas species. Depending on discharge energy and locus of ignition, the shockwaves cause stirring, erosion, exfoliation and/or expansion of graphite flakes. The process was optimized to produce long-term stable aqueous dispersions of multi-layer graphene from graphite in a single process step without requiring addition of intercalants, surfactants, binders or special solvents. A setup was developed that allows continuous production of aqueous dispersions of flake size-selected multi-layer graphenes. Due to the well-preserved sp(2)-carbon structure, thin films made from the dispersed graphene exhibited high electrical conductivity. Underwater plasma discharge processing exhibits high innovation potential for morphological and chemical modifications of carbonaceous materials and surfaces, especially for the generation of stable dispersions of two-dimensional, layered materials.
To study the mechanical interface behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in a noble metal, we performed CNT-metal pull-out tests with in situ scanning electron microscope experiments. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to predict force-displacement data during pull-out, providing critical forces for failure of the system. In MD simulations, we focused on the influence of carboxylic surface functional groups (SFGs) covalently linked to the CNT. Experimentally obtained maximum forces between 10 and 102 nN in palladium and gold matrices and simulated achievable pulling forces agree very well. The dominant failure mode in the experiment is CNT rupture, although several pull-out failures were also observed. We explain the huge scatter of experimental values with varying embedding length and SFG surface density. From simulation, we found that SFGs act as small anchors in the metal matrix and significantly enhance the maximum forces. This interface reinforcement can lead to tensile stresses sufficiently high to initiate CNT rupture. To qualify the existence of carboxylic SFGs on our CNT material, we performed analytical investigation by means of fluorescence labeling of surface species and discuss the results. With this contribution, we focus on a synergy between computational and experimental approaches involving MD simulations, nano scale testing, and analytics (1) to predict to a good degree of accuracy maximum pull-out forces of single-walled CNTs embedded in a noble metal matrix and (2) to provide valuable input to understand the underlying mechanisms of failure with focus on SFGs. This is of fundamental interest for the design of future mechanical sensors incorporating piezoresistive single-walled CNTs as the sensing element.
k-values (k-ratio, K-value) is defined as ratio of the X-ray photon intensity I measured for a particular characteristic peak from the unknown sample to the value measured for the same X-ray peak from a reference material of known composition under identical conditions of beam energy, spectrometer efficiency and electron dose.
With the aim of improving limits of detection (LOD) of trace elements in a matrix with adjacent fluorescence energies, a simple double dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection system (D2XRF) was constructed to operate at the beamlines BAMline and the mySpot @ BESSY II. This system is based on the combination of a crystal analyzer with an energy resolving single photon counting pnCCD. Without further collimators, the efficient suppression of the background by the pnCCD and the good energy resolution of the crystal results in improved LOD. In first order reflections, an energy resolution of 13 eV for Cu Kα was reached, and an energy range of 1 keV was covered in one shot.
This new system was applied to the detection of platinum (Pt) in gold leaves with a LOD of 0.9 mg/kg, which is the lowest attained by totally non-destructive methods nowadays. The presence of Pt in gilded objects from Abydos and Byzantine mosaics provides vital information, as it indicates the alluvial origin of the gold for these examples.
Coating, stabilization layers, functionalization of particles or simple contamination are common variants of a core-shell system. For smaller nanoparticles this is of major importance. A particle with 16 nm diameter and a usual surface layer of 2 nm will have the same volume for the core as for the shell. In this case the material of the particle doesn’t have a clear definition. It is a common case that a particle consists of four different layers: Core, shell, stabilization layer and contamination. The properties of the particles differ according to this structure. For example silver particles might have a different dissolution rate for pure particles and for particles which are grown on top of a core.
Different solubility or defined other properties of materials is a common reason for producing core-shell systems. Gold cores are surrounded by silica to stabilize them or to get a defined distance between the cores. Silica might be surrounded by gold and the silica dissolved afterwards. This delivers hollow shells. Another important example for core-shell systems are quantum dots. A small core is surrounded by a different material for increasing the photoluminescence. Furthermore there a stabilization layer is needed. The smallest part of the final particles is the initial core. The photoluminescence is based on this core, but the shells contain much more material. Categorization should address this.
Core-shell systems are not covered by most of the existing decision trees for grouping. They are either regarded as special case or a singular layer. This disqualifies core-shell systems for grouping within the common models. There might be a very easy way to avoid this problem and even to combine some of the different decision trees. Starting the decision tree with the solubility of the outer shell and subsequently addressing the inner layers will be a pragmatic approach to solve the problem. If there is no shell, the categorization can start with a tiered approach or with the proposed “stawman” chemical categorization. If a shell is covering the surface there is a need to check if the shell is stable. If it is stable, the particle can be categorized based on this shell. If it is soluble, the ions need to be addressed as in the classic case. Furthermore the shell might increase the uptake by the cells. If the ions and the uptake are not critical the categorization can continue with the next layer.
With this not perfect but pragmatic approach, the surface layers can be addressed with very limited additional efforts. Most criteria are based on classically tabulated data. Including a rating system like the precautionary matrix approach might even address the fact that some parameters are not always Yes/No, e.g. solubility, ion toxicity and uptake.
Since it´s first report in 2010, paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS),
has rapidly become a promising ionization method for ambient MS. It combines the simplicity
of direct analysis due to chromatographic retention of matrix elements and disposability
due to the usage of low-cost materials.
As a result the quantification of analytes out of complicated matrices, e.g. as of dried
blood spots is possible when internal standards are used. However, on the downside the
method exhibits a poor sensitivity and reproducibility. Especially the reproducibility suffers
from batch to batch fluctuations in the exact morphology and composition of the used
paper. Thus, so far the stability of consecutive measurements varies from tip to tip and
batch to batch.
This work shows the potentials of chemical modifications of cellulose chromatography paper
and their possible use for PSI-MS. The systematic comparison of the obtained data
exhibits a clear trend potentially paving the way of possibilities towards a future applicability
as a standard routine in analytical chemistry.
In the current work a 3D model has been developed to predict the thermal cycles during the Tungsten Inert Gas welding of Aluminum 2219. This paper describes the step by step procedure adopted to get the actual cooling rate during the TIG welding process both experimentally and numerically. The model was developed in the COMSOL Finite Element Package and considered a Gaussian heat distribution. The developed model then validated using the experimental data collected in field experiments on actual large propellant tanks. Temperature measurements were performed using Infrared Camera. Results show a close comparison between model and experiment.
Only a few years after the invention of the laser, the concept of laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS), a technique which employed intense laser radiation for ion generation, was introduced. In these early studies at excessive irradiation microplasma formation could be observed to be an effective channel for ion formation. However, this plasma generation in vacuum led to undesired distortions of the mass analyzers and, thus, was discarded as an analytical ion source.
Under ambient conditions, the surrounding air effectively cools the plasma cloud, making the plasma more controllable. The resulting laser induced plasma is nowadays commonly used in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) applications as excitation source for optical emission spectroscopy experiments. However, little effort has been made to introduce a LIBS plasma as a promising ion source for ambient mass spectrometry. The main hindrance is the transient character of laser induced plasmas that typically only has a lifetime on the order of several microseconds. This drastically reduces the duty cycle of these plasma sources. After these microseconds, the generated ions recombinate to uncharged
atoms and even newly bound molecules, making them inaccessible to mass-to-charge analyzers. The advent of high repetition lasers together with the ever growing knowledge about manipulation of charged species at atmospheric pressures allow overcoming these obstacles. This presentation will introduce an ionization scheme using a laser induced plasma as the primary ion source. We believe that this novel ionization strategy will pave the way for future applications in ambient mass spectrometry.
A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified.
Numerous case histories show evidence that geophysical methods are valuable tools for levee inspection and monitoring. National and international standards and recommendations recommend the use of geophysics for a variety of tasks. However, in some cases reported have been flaws missed or false indications given. Due to the larger variety in type, size and construction of levees and the even larger variety of potential tasks and targets the success of geophysical surveys still pretty much depends on the available budget and the experience and capabilities of the clients and contractors involved. It is strongly recommended that all relevant parties agree on the detailed objectives of the survey, required accuracy and reliability of the results and any follow up measures. For the most common tasks more research and practical work using techniques as POD (probability of detection), which are well established in other fields of non-destructive testing, would be of benefit.
Concrete is known to be a very useful, flexible and durable construction material. However, due to excess load, fatigue, chemical processes, freeze-thaw or reinforcement corrosion concrete may suffer from degradation. If detected too late, repair is difficult and expensive.
The propagation of ultrasonic waves is influenced by changes in the properties and structure of the material, including, but not limited to, stress, temperature, moisture content and microcracking. Ultrasonic velocieties thus may serve as indicators for structural health. Traditional ultrasonic methods as transmission time of flight measurements are used since decades, but are not sensible enough to show subtle changes. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI), originally developed in seismology to detect stress changes in the earth's crust uses the information in the late part of ultrasonic signals originating from multiple reflections and scattering. Since a few years it is used by several researchers for lab experiments on concrete.
Meanwhile specialized sensors to be embedded in concrete have been developed. We have conducted several lab and a few field experiments, which will be reported here. The capabilities and limitations of CWI are summarized.
Innovative seismic and resistivity tools for determining the diameter of jet grouting columns
(2016)
Jet grouting is used for soil improvement, foundation support and groundwater low control all over the world. It is well accepted and subject of standardization in many countries. However, some issues with the method remain. As the grout columns are produced in the subsurface without visual control in an often inhomogeneous soil, the prediction of the column’s diameter is still a challenge. All methods applied so far have their limitations.
The approach presented in this study is twofold. At Colorado School of Mines a resistivity probe has been developed, which is pushed into the fresh grout directly after production. ERT sections are measured and inverted. Given some background information is available, the diameter of the columns can be evaluated.
At BAM the focus has been on post-production investigations using seismic borehole methods. After hardening of the concrete seismic waves are sent through the column downhole (sensors placed in a casing in the column’s axis, source on top) and crosshole (source and sensor in boreholes on opposite sides of the column). We have developed a scheme to evaluate the diameter of the column based on travel time measurements without calibration. As this method is eventually more time and cost intensive we assume its application mainly for test columns. These are casted and dug out for visual inspection to determine appropriate grouting parameters. Our method would replace the often very cost intensive visual inspection.
Both approaches have been tested at three test columns produced at BAM’s test site at Horstwalde, Germany and on an actual constructions site. Both methods have been in good agreement with the diameters predicted by the jet grouting contractors, which were confirmed in one case by mechanical measurements.
The fast identification and quantification of analytes in the field of food safety or environmental analysis is difficult. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an analytical method which can be used simultaneously for the rapid identification and concentration determination of trace analytes,[1,2] usually covering a large dynamic range from nanomolar up to molar concentrations. The identification of the molecules is accomplished through the specific fingerprint of a molecule’s Raman spectrum.
For facile and straightforward SERS measurements, we present here a combination of paper-based SERS test strips with microfluidic systems on paper as a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). The SERS μPAD is thus principally suited for cheap, fast, non-destructive, label-free and portable detection of analytes. In this system basically, the use of the microfluidic structured paper increases the sensitivity and suppresses background signals of the SERS assay.
Deposition of the SERS substrate on the test strips is simple and relies on an inkjet printer. For the optimization of the reproducibility and intensity of the SERS signal, we tested different nanoparticles, different numbers of print cycles and different paper types. The nanoparticle solutions used in the μPAD preparation were gold and silver nanoparticle solutions. The paper types were cellulose and glass fiber. SERS arrays were prepared by printing and compared to arrays prepared by spraying. The optimized μPAD was used for the identification and quantification of pure analyte solutions (e.g., adenine) and mixtures of compounds, the concentration series following Langmuir isotherms.
Relevant analytes in the field of food safety are antibiotics and pesticides. We apply the SERS microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for the detection of antibiotics (enoxacin, enrofloxacin) and pesticides.
Strain and acceleration measurement during high dynamic drop tests, e.g., of containments for dangerous goods is performed using high speed multichannel measuring systems. So far established and operated systems need a cable connection of every strain gauge and acceleration sensor with the measuring device, often counting up to a number of more than 100 cables, corresponding to the number of applied sensors. The result is a massive cable harness consisting of all single cables, which is difficult to handle and causes a number of practical problems. An innovative approach is proposed by using a single cable measuring system, consisting of measuring modules with data bus connection and local data acquisition. Promising results were presented in a previous study. This paper follows up with additional results from full-scale testing of a further enhanced single cable system for the application in drop tests.
The discovery and design of high performance Pd-alloys is of great interest for the use of hydrogen as a future energy carrier. Therefore hydrogen has to be detected, separated from other gases and stored. In this respect this thesis presents the combinatorial synthesis and characterization of the ternary Pd-Ni-Co alloy System over a wide composition range based on so-called thin film alloy libraries. Those libraries are model systems to characterize a large number of alloy compositions at the same time. The sputter-deposition process is optimized for the gradient of the Pd concentration on the surface of the alloy library by the use of electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy. The scientific goal of this work is the experimental Investigation of adsorbate-induced surface segregation phenomena on alloy libraries.
The surface and bulk compositions of an alloy library are studied after deposition, H2 exposure and H2S poisoning. The co-segregation of Ni and Co to the surface is observed. The segregation process is influenced by the oxidation of Ni and Co due to the contact with ambient air, by H2 and by H2S poisoning. Also at very high Pd concentrations in the range of 87 at.% to 97 at.%, which is interesting for the detection of very low H2-Concentrations in air, the co-segregation of Ni and Co takes place. The poisoning effects were investigated in detail on a pre-selected Pd-Ni-Co alloy by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, HAXPES) in addition to AES and EDX. The composition profile of the alloy on the nm scale is acquired and the surface and bulk chemistry is discussed before and after poisoning. The composition of the alloy only changed within the first 3 nm due to H2S exposure. In the ternary Pd-Ni-Co alloy system Pd is present in its metallic state, while Ni and Co show several oxidation states. The presented concepts of ternary alloy development pave the way for the systematic synthesis and characterization of new ternary transition metal alloy systems.
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimen from biopsy materials are a widespread sample format for pathologists and medical researchers. Pathologists are archiving vast numbers of FFPE samples which can be stored for decades. Conventional immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of biomarkers on FFPE tissue sections is one of the most important analytical techniques for cancer diagnosis and pathology in general. However standardization for IHC samples and quality management is tedious and differs significantly from clinic to clinic. Combining established IHC staining strategies with modern mass spectrometry mediated methods would increase it`s potential and enable access of large FFPE archives for multiplexed quantitation purposes. In this work element mass spectrometry and a new ink-jet printed internal standardization approach was successfully combined with IHC staining to facilitate quantitative multiplex assays for archived FFPE samples. The printing strategy improves elemental image resolution and reproducibility of paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue sections in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) using conventional IHC staining as a model system to investigate the new capabilities of this technique. For the internal standardization we applied a conventional CD-ink-jet printer to print a metal spiked ink onto the top of thin layer tissue sections with constant density. Printing was carried out in a direct comparison to an iodination of the tissue section as previously described as an alternative standardization method. The use of the printed internal standard allowed correction of the fluctuation during the laser ablation process and compensated instrumental drift effects. Mediated by the ink correction approach we achieved better signal-to-background-ratios (SBR) of 74 and better spatial resolution of 30 µm compared to iodination (SBR=23). This improved performance was demonstrated on tumorous areas in FFPE breast cancer tissue sections and allowing detection of Her-2 in tumorous areas of this tissue with significantly improved contrast.
Numerous case histories show evidence that geophysical
methods are valuable tools for levee inspection and
monitoring. National and international standards and
recommendations recommend the use of geophysics for a
variety of tasks. However, in some cases reported have
been flaws missed or false indications given. Due to the
larger variety in type, size and construction of levees and
the even larger variety of potential tasks and targets the
success of geophysical surveys still pretty much depends on
the available budget and the experience and capabilities of
the clients and contractors involved.
It is strongly recommended that all relevant parties agree
on the detailed objectives of the survey, required accuracy
and reliability of the results and any follow up measures.
For the most common tasks more research and practical
work using techniques as POD (probability of detection),
which are well established in other fields of non-destructive testing, would be of benefit.
Modern geophysical methods might be either directly applied to foundations or integrated into existing testing schemes to assist in quality assurance and inspections. This paper gives an overview on available ideas and some more detailed examples from the author `s work including:
- Vibrator technologies to improve pile integrity testing.
- Ideas from vertical seismic profiling used in multichannel pile inspection
- Cross- and downhole seismics to check the diameter of jet grouting columns
- Improving the parallel seismic methods for precise length measurement of piles and foundation walls
- Seismic migration methods to improve ultrasonic imaging of foundation slabs
- Seismological tools to monitor subtle changes in concrete constructions
The author strongly believes that the cooperation between geophysics and civil engineering, which is obviously becoming stronger and stronger, will lead to a large number of innovative approaches for investigations tasks currently still unresolved. A lot of challenges and chances for science and technology are right here.
Concept for investigating mechanical and thermal impacts on distributed subsurface gas monitoring
(2016)
A multifunctional sensor in line shape was developed and introduced in previous work for measuring of gas concentrations, temperature change, and strain. A current field study focuses on a spatially distributed monitoring of subsurface CO 2 gas storage sites in near real time.
Mechanical impacts, e.g., caused by construction work, denudation, and seismic activity, can affect the integrity of underground gas storage sites. Thermal or moisture impacts, e.g., caused by weather conditions, can influence the gas Distribution behavior. In this paper, we briefly describe the setup of a CO 2 injection soil test field. This setup contains actuating elements for the investigation of mechanical and thermal impacts on distributed subsurface gas monitoring. A concept is given for evaluating these impacts and first experimental results are presented.
Different approaches have been proposed to treat cancer cells using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in combination with radiation ranging from infrared lasers to high-energy ion beams. Here we study the decomposition of the DNA/RNA nucleobases thymine (T) and uracil (U) and the well-known radiosensitizer 5-bromouracil (BrU) in close vicinity to AuNPs, which are irradiated with a nanosecond pulsed laser (532 nm) matching the surface plasmon resonance of the
AuNPs. The induced damage of nucleobases is analyzed by UV−vis Absorption spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A clear DNA damage is observed upon laser irradiation. SERS spectra indicate the fragmentation of the aromatic ring system of T and U as the dominant form of damage, whereas with BrU mainly the cleavage of the Br−C bond and formation of Br− ions is observed. This is accompanied by a partial transformation of BrU into U. The observed damage is at least partly ascribed to the intermediate formation of lowenergy electrons from the laser-excited AuNPs and subsequent dissociative electron attachment to T, U, and BrU. These reactions represent basic DNA damage pathways occurring on the one hand in plasmon-assisted cancer therapy and on the other hand in conventional cancer radiation therapy using AuNPs as sensitizing agents.
Applications of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) composites in modern industries are increasing due to their considerable advantages such as light weight and excellent mechanical properties. Accordingly, importance of operational safety of modern structures made of advanced composites by ensuring the material quality has led to increasing demands for development of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) systems. In the context of a European project entitled “Validated Inspection Techniques for Composites in Energy Applications” (VITCEA), the aim is to develop and validate traceable procedures for novel NDE techniques with contrasting damage detection capabilities in energy related applications such as wind and marine turbine blades, nacelles, oil and gas flexible risers. Accordingly, VITCEA focuses on optimization of ultrasonic tests (UTs) for quantitative defect detection and quality characterization of FRP structures. In this context, the present study describes the ultrasound field in heterogeneous composite materials. The theoretical predictions are compared with simulation results obtained from CIVA a software package dedicated to NDT simulations based on the asymptotic ray theory.
Gas sensors in linear form based on the measuring principle of gas selective permeability through a membrane were developed and introduced for the detection and quantification of gas concentrations. A current field study focuses on measuring CO2 concentrations for a spatially distributed monitoring of subsurface CO2 gas storage sites in near real time. A 400 m² test site and a corresponding laboratory system were built up to characterize, validate, and optimize the sensor. A calibration routine was developed, which can be applied subsequently to underground installation. First measurement results indicate the potential of the method.
Due to its simplicity, speed and ability to obtain a particle number size distribution, single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) has emerged as an important tool for the analysis of nanoparticles (NPs). However, when NPs are suspended in a complex, unknown solution, matrix effects can occur affecting the instrument’s sensitivity. As a result, an over- or underestimation of the particle size is possible.
In this work, a proof-of-concept study of the combination of isotopic dilution analysis (IDA) and spICP-MS compensating for possible matrix effects is presented. As an example, an isotopically enriched 109Ag standard solution was added to silver NPs (Ag NP) suspensions. Different NP suspensions with mean particle diameters between 30 and 80 nm were chosen. The mixtures were analyzed using a quadrupole ICP-MS instrument. Both Ag isotopes (107Ag and 109Ag) were monitored during one experiment. The result show a good agreement with the diameters obtained using conventional spICP-MS.
In a second step, the Ag NPs were suspended in a simulated seawater matrix. Using conventional spICP-MS, a great reduction in the signal intensities and consequently in the particle sizes, was monitored. The application of the IDA-spICP-MS approach on these samples was able to obtain similar diameters compared to the samples without matrix.
Resolution of special capacitive sensors can be improved enormously by replacement of the gaseous material between the capacitor plates by a ceramic dispersion with high permittivity. High dielectric liquid dispersions of ceramic submicron and nano barium titanate powders should be qualified as dielectric fluid with long-term shelf life for this use.
Investigations for the production of stabilized barium titanate dispersions in aqueous and organic liquids by use of different dispersant aids were performed. Characterization of dispersed particles and agglomerates was done by use of zeta potential measurements for aqueous dispersions as well as particle sizing by laser diffraction, ultrasound spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering for aqueous and organic dispersions. Optimization of stability was evaluated by accelerated sedimentation measurements with an optical centrifuge. Best results were achieved for barium titanate dispersions in silicone oil.
According to several recent studies, an unexpectedly high number of landmark papers seem to be not reproducible by Independent laboratories. Nontherapeutic antibodies used for research, diagnostic, food analytical, environmental, and other purposes play a significant role in this matter. Although some papers have been published offering suggestions to improve the situation, they do not seem to be comprehensive enough to cover the full complexity of this issue. In addition, no obvious improvements could be noticed in the field as yet. This article tries to consolidate the remarkable variety of conclusions and suggested activities into a more coherent conception. It is concluded that funding agencies and journal publishers need to take first and immediate measures to resolve these problems and lead the way to a more sustainable way of bioanalytical research, on which all can rely with confidence.
A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out with the objective of evaluating theoretical predictions relating to a two-dimensional airfoil subjected to high amplitude harmonic oscillation of the free stream at constant angle of attack. Current theoretical approaches were reviewed and extended for the purposes of quantifying the bound, unsteady vortex sheet strength along the airfoil chord. This resulted in a closed form solution that is valid for arbitrary reduced frequencies and amplitudes. In the experiments, the bound, unsteady vortex strength of a symmetric 18 % thick airfoil at low angles of attack was measured in a dedicated unsteady wind tunnel at maximum reduced frequencies of 0.1 and at velocity oscillations less than or equal to 50 %. With the boundary layer tripped near the leading edge and mid-chord, the phase and amplitude variations of the lift coefficient corresponded reasonably well with the theory. Near the maximum lift coefficient overshoot, the data exhibited an additional high-frequency oscillation. Comparisons of the measured and predicted vortex sheet indicated the existence of a recirculation bubble upstream of the trailing edge which sheds into the wake and modifies the Kutta condition.
Without boundary layer tripping, a mid-chord bubble is present that strengthens during flow deceleration and its shedding produces a dramatically different effect.
Instead of a lift coefficient overshoot, as per the theory, the data exhibit a significant undershoot. This undershoot is also accompanied by high-frequency oscillations that are characterized by the bubble shedding. In summary, the location of bubble and ist subsequent shedding play decisive roles in the resulting temporal aerodynamic loads.
Spatial and temporal control of thermal waves by using DMDs for interference based crack detection
(2016)
Active Thermography is a well-established non-destructive testing method and used to detect cracks, voids or material inhomogeneities. It is based on applying thermal energy to a samples’ surface whereas inner defects alter the nonstationary heat flow. Conventional excitation of a sample is hereby done spatially, either planar (e.g. using a lamp) or local (e.g. using a focused laser) and temporally, either pulsed or periodical. In this work we combine a high power laser with a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) allowing us to merge all degrees of freedom to a spatially and temporally controlled heat source. This enables us to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. Exciting periodically while controlling at the same time phase and amplitude of the illumination source induces – via Absorption at the sample’s surface - a defined thermal wave propagation through a sample. That means thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. However, in contrast to optical or acoustical waves, thermal waves are highly damped due to the diffusive character of the thermal heat flow and therefore limited in penetration depth in relation to the achievable resolution. Nevertheless, the coherence length of thermal waves can be chosen in the mmrange for modulation frequencies below 10 Hz which is perfectly met by DMD technology. This approach gives us the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods. We will present experiments on spatial and temporal wave shaping, demonstrating interference based crack detection.
Advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable the high-resolution imaging of single nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes well below 10 nm. The SEM analysis in transmission mode (T-SEM) of NPs on thin film supports has many benefits when compared to the analysis of NPs on bulk substrates. The enhanced material (mass – thickness) contrast of the T-SEM imaging mode is well suited for in-depth and, particularly valuable, to very accurate, traceable, lateral dimensional measurements of NPs. Compared to samples prepared on bulk substrates, T-SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) achieves a drastically improved spatial resolution of the emitted X-rays. The poor signal-to-noise ratio of the X-ray spectra emitted by a single nanoparticle (NP) can be improved by the use of high-sensitivity (high collection solid angle) silicon drift (SDD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS). The EDS spectral imaging of a single NP with a spatial resolution below 10 nm has become possible. This is demonstrated by means of various examples of nanostructures. Advanced data processing of T-SEM/EDS results sets the stage for the automated classification of NPs by feature analysis. This method combines the detection of morphological structures of interest by image processing of T-SEM micrographs with the chemical classification by EDS.
Zinc oxide is a wide bandgap semiconductor with unique optical, electrical and catalytic properties. Many of its practical applications rely on the materials pore structure, crystallinity and electrical conductivity. We report a synthesis method for ZnO films with ordered mesopore structure and tuneable crystallinity and electrical conductivity. The synthesis relies on dip-coating of solutions containing micelles of an amphiphilic block copolymer and complexes of Zn2+ ions with aliphatic ligands. A subsequent calcination at 400 °C removes the template and induces crystallization of the pore walls. The pore structure is controlled by the template polymer, whereas the aliphatic ligands control the crystallinity of the pore walls. Complexes with a higher thermal stability result in ZnO films with a higher content of residual carbon, smaller ZnO crystals and therefore lower electrical conductivity. The paper discusses the ability of different types of ligands to assist in the synthesis of mesoporous ZnO and relates the structure and thermal stability of the precursor complexes to the crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the zinc oxide.
The presented investigations have proved the principal suitability of the KorroPad method to assess the passive layer stability of stainless steels. The electrochemical mode of action could be described in detail and limitations of the applicability have been demonstrated. The influence of different surface finishes has been investigated and verified by known methods for describing corrosion resistances. As a result, the increased corrosion susceptibility of two ground surfaces has been detected, but also the corrosion resistance of further surface finishes could be confirmed.