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Computer modelling of non-destructive testing methods has come a long
way from the beginnings in the mid 90s to today. Radiographic modelling for
components with higher wall thicknesses, as they are typical for nuclear
applications, must include precise predictions of scattered radiation and its impact
in terms of contrast reduction. Dedicated or general purpose Monte Carlo methods
with the ability to calculate higher order scattering events are the state of the art for
these applications. Aerospace applications, on the other hand, have stronger
requirements on the modelling code's capabilities to import complex CAD
geometries, and can benefit from faster analytical scatter models, limited to first or
second order scattering events. Similar distinctions can be made for the various
approaches proposed to accurately model geometrical and film unsharpness, film
granularity, film responses, film/foil cartridges and photon noise. This article
presents a state-of-the-art review of radiographic modelling from the perspective of
two important application domains with very different requirements, nuclear and
aerospace.
A comparative study on the performance of digital detector systems for high energy applications
(2014)
For cast components reaching or exceeding total material thicknesses of 150mm, high energy sources such as linear accelerators or Betatrons are required in order to obtain reasonable exposure times. In this study, the performance of digital detector systems, involving imaging plates (IP) and digital detector arrays (DDA), was evaluated with respect to the testing class B requirements as formulated in the standard EN ISO 17636-2. As a reference, traditional radiographic film and a Cobalt-60 source was used. With film exposures, testing class B was achieved with Co-60 and Betatron (7.5 MV) at longer exposure times. The preliminary results show that the testing class B was not obtained with the examined digital detector arrays (DDA) and the high resolution imaging plates (IP) , even at 40, 60 and 80 minutes exposure time with a 7.5 MV Betatron. Class A was achieved using high resolution imaging plates with optimized metal filters between object and IPs and a high resolution DDA with intermediate Cu filters. Class A was also achieved applying a DDA with lower basic spatial resolution than required by Table B.13 of EN ISO 17636-2, but using the compensation principle as described in this standard. The next generation of digital detector arrays might potentially be able to obtain class B performance with the expected spatial resolution and sensitivity improvements.
Innovative X-ray backscatter technique for security applications: Detection of dangerous materials
(2014)
Radiological inspections, in general, are NDT&E methods to detect the bulk of explosives without invasion into the object of analysis. In contrast to personal luggage, cargo or structural components constitute a complexity that may significantly hamper the detection of a threat by conventional transmission radiography. A novel approach of interrogating a large object to a certain depth only with a single sided access will be presented. It consists of an X-ray backscatter camera with a special twisted slit collimator for imaging backscattered objects. The new X-ray backscatter camera is not only imaging the objects due to their densities but also by taking into account the influences of surrounding objects. Additionally, it does not only image illuminated features but also depicts shadows from absorbing materials. This is a unique characteristic of the developed X-ray backscatter camera. Experimental mock-ups are conducted imitating container with threats among a complex packing as they may be encountered in reality. At the end, the significant advantages of the presented X-ray backscatter camera in the context of aviation and port security will be discussed.
Since decades the evaluation of flaw indications on radiographs from welds or castings are based on well accepted reference film catalogues from organizations like IIW (weldments), ASTM (castings) or DGZfP (D5 recommendation on heavy steel castings). Today, the transformation of classical film radiography to the digital world is in full progress. Some ASTM standards do not permit the evaluation of digital radiographs in reference to film catalogues. Therefore, these reference film catalogues have to be converted into the digital age too. BAM is supporting this transition by high definition film scanning. The result is a corresponding reference image catalogue. The different standard organizations selected different ways to distribute the digital data. ASTM used high definition film scanning at 10 μm pixel size and distribution of a huge amount of high-res data via DVD. The user sub-samples these high-res data during catalogue import to the resolution of his system. The comparison is done by synchronized image viewing on the computer work station. IIW recently decided to distribute their ISO 5817 reference images installed on tablets, which are used for image viewing too. The tablet image has to be compared with the digital image on the system monitor. DGZfP transformed their D5 reference radiographs into a PDF for monitor viewing. This is the simplest and cheapest solution, but still allows the full usage of the catalogue in the digital era. The status of ongoing work in progress will be discussed.
Der Stand der Technik beim digitalen Filmersatz in der Gussteilpruefung in Giessereien wird betrachtet.Eine Reihe von Normen fuer den Ersatz des Roentgenfilms durch neue digitale Detektoren wurde in den letzten Jahren veroeffentlicht. Die verschiedene Fehlertypen werden mit Fehlerkatalogen bewertet, die ebenfalls digital verfuegbar sind. Die Bildverarbeitung gestattet eine einfachere Bewertung der Anzeigen. Eine automatische Bewertung von Gussteilen durch den Computer erlaubt vollautomatische Anlagen, die 10 000 Teile pro Tag pruefen.
Der Ersatz von Röntgenfilmen durch digitale Detektoren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung wurde in den letzten 10 Jahren kontrovers diskutiert. Nach der Erfolgsgeschichte der digitalen Photographie und der fast vollständigen Ablösung der Filmtechnik in der optischen Bilderfassung wurde erwartet, dass sich der Übergang von der Filmradiographie zur digitalen Radiographie schnell vollziehen sollte. Dieser Trend ist derzeit so noch nicht zu beobachten. Zur mobilen Prüfung wird in Europa immer noch vorrangig die Filmradiographie und nur teilweise die Speicherfolientechnik eingesetzt. Im Bereich der stationären Prüftechnik haben sich die Matrixdetektoren (DDA) weitgehend durchgesetzt, wobei es auch hier noch alternative Detektoren wie Bildverstärker und Fluoroskope gibt. Mit Einführung der DIN EN ISO 17636-2 wird seit 2013 erstmalig geregelt, wie man einen digitalen Detektor für die technische Radiographie auswählen soll, um im Vergleich zur Filmradiographie eine äquivalente Bildqualität zu erhalten. Essentielle Parameter bestimmen, ob die geforderte Bildgüte erreicht werden kann. Es wird ein Überblick gegeben, welche Parameter zum praktischen Einsatz wichtig sind und wie sie ermittelt werden. Erste Erfahrungen im praktischen Einsatz werden diskutiert.
Der Ersatz von Röntgenfilmen durch digitale Detektoren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung wurde in den letzten 10 Jahren kontrovers diskutiert. Nach der Erfolgsgeschichte der digitalen Photographie und der fast vollständigen Ablösung der Filmtechnik in der optischen Bilderfassung wurde erwartet, dass sich der Übergang von der Filmradiographie zur digitalen Radiographie schnell vollziehen sollte. Dieser Trend ist derzeit so noch nicht zu beobachten. Zur mobilen Prüfung wird in Europa immer noch vorrangig die Filmradiographie und nur teilweise die Speicherfolientechnik eingesetzt. Im Bereich der stationären Prüftechnik haben sich die Matrixdetektoren (DDA) weitgehend durchgesetzt, wobei es auch hier noch alternative Detektoren wie Bildverstärker und Fluoroskope gibt. Mit Einführung der DIN EN ISO 17636-2 wird seit 2013 erstmalig geregelt, wie man einen digitalen Detektor für die technische Radiographie auswählen soll, um im Vergleich zur Filmradiographie eine äquivalente Bildqualität zu erhalten. Essentielle Parameter bestimmen, ob die geforderte Bildgüte erreicht werden kann. Es wird ein Überblick gegeben, welche Parameter zum praktischen Einsatz wichtig sind und wie sie ermittelt werden. Erste Erfahrungen im praktischen Einsatz werden diskutiert.
Worldwide BAM Certification of Radigraphic Image Detectors for the NDT Market – Status of 2016
(2016)
The Poster shows the status of 2016 in BAM certification of radiographic image detectors for industrial radiology for nondestructive testing. BAM was generating first the basis by worldwide standardization activities and released later certificates on request of the device manufacturers using these Standards a base for certification.
Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we Focus on Monte Carlo Simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications.