Analytische Chemie
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (253)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (71)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (57)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (56)
- 8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen (51)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (22)
- 6 Materialchemie (21)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (20)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (19)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (14)
Die Risstiefenbestimmung in Festen Fahrbahnen ist hinsichtlich der Dauerhaftigkeit der Konstruktion von wesentlichem Interesse. Im Rahmen eines gemeinsamen Forschungsvorhabens mit der DB AG wurden aus der Literatur bekannte Ansätze bewertet und darauf aufbauend ein Verfahren zur bildgebenden Rissdarstellung entwickelt. Rissüberbrückende Bewehrung sowie Kontaktstellen zwischen den Rissflanken wirken als Schallbrücken und erschweren die Risscharakterisierung, wie bei einem Einsatz an einer Betriebserprobungsstrecke festgestellt wurde. Ein aus der Literatur bekanntes Verfahren der einfachen Laufzeitmessung erwies sich für die Tiefenbestimmung von realen verunreinigten Rissen als ungeeignet.
Im Rahmen eines FE-Projektes “Inspektion Fester Fahrbahnen“ der BAM und der Deutschen Bahn AG geht es um die Anwendung und weitere Entwicklung zerstörungsfreier Messverfahren zur Beurteilung des Zustandes Fester Fahrbahnen.
Nach ersten Versuchsreihen direkt im Gleis wurden für verschiedene Bauarten die charakteristischen Herstellungsbedingungen simuliert und systematisch untersucht. Die kombinierte Anwendung der drei Messverfahren Ultraschall-Array-, Impakt-Echo- und Impuls-Radar-Verfahren wird hier an dem Beispiel “Betonschwelle in Betoneinbettung” dargestellt.
Die Erarbeitung der Grundlagen für effiziente und bedarfsgerechte Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen an Schottergleisbetten ist das Ziel des Projektes „SafeRail“. Das Impulsradarverfahren wird als zerstörungsfreie Methode für die Zustandsbestimmung des Schotters verwendet, um entsprechend den hohen Anforderungen der Netzbetreiber Unterbrechungen des Schienenverkehrs weitgehend zu vermeiden. Für eine automatisierte Bewertung der Vermischung des Schotters mit dem Untergrund sowie des Abnutzungszustandes des Schotters wird ein Antennenarray entwickelt, das bezüglich seiner Messgeometrie optimiert wird.
In this paper, a new method for the investigation of the degradation of ballast railway track beds is proposed. An array of antennas is used for simultaneous acquisition of reflected radar impulses, which have been transmitted from different sending positions. This array setup allows an automated CMP-measurement, which enables a direct calibration of the ballast thickness. These multiple offset measurements using the array setup are well suited for fast railway inspections. The method offers the possibility to visualize the state of degradation of the ballast in a velocity spectrum.
Carrying out dimensional measurements by CT means assessing coordinates in space. CT must therefore be treated as a coordinate measuring technique similar to optical or tactile Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The well-established standards and guidelines for the acceptance- and verificationtesting of CMMs require the use of calibrated reference standards to achieve measurement machine characteristics.
Hence, transferring these concepts from coordinate metrology to CT, a dedicated CT-specific reference standard was designed, manufactured and calibrated using a tactile CMM. For comparison purposes, a CAD model was created by reverse engineering using the calibration data. The calibrated model was fed into a virtual CT and the measurement process was simulated. The reference standard was measured by micro-CT.
By comparing the characteristics of the measurement output of CT and the output gained from simulation, the influences of measurement artefacts can be judged, for the first time, in analogy to existing Guidelines of coordinate metrology.
A multi-offset radar system will be presented that features the possibility to get quantitative information about the wave propagation velocity as a measure of the ballast quality. This goes beyond the regular application of conventional radar systems offering only qualitative structural information. The new approach provides a fast NDT method for the classification of ballast fouling. A main advantage of the multi-offset radar is that regular ballast digging for velocity evaluation can be avoided and travel time can be directly transformed into an equivalent depth by using the automatically evaluated velocity. The maintenance cost and interruption time can be significantly decreased by this method. The application of velocity evaluation method is common in geophysical applications but it is used for ballast inspection for the first time.
Das ZfP Verfahren Impulsradar wird bei der Untersuchung des Schotterunterbaus von Schienen wegen unterstützend eingesetzt, um deren Struktur und Materialeigenschaften zu bestimmen. Eingesetzt werden kann dieses Verfahren sowohl für die Qualitätskontrolle beim Neubau von Schienenwegen als auch für die Bedarfsermittelung von Instandsetzungsarbeiten aufgrund von Schotterverunreinigungen. Kosten können eingespart werden durch eine Verlängerung der Reinigungszyklen und der Lebensdauer des Schotters. Ein Antennenarray für die Ermittlung der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit wurde entwickelt und aufgebaut. Ergebnisse von Schottermessungen im Labor werden vorgestellt.
Within the last decade, silicon drift detectors (SDD) systems have become more and more popular in the field of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The main characteristic of the SDDs is their extremely high pulse load capacity of up to 750,000 counts per second at good or reasonable energy resolution (<123eV Mn-Kα, <46eV C-Kα at 100.000 cps). These properties in conjunction with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques and modern data processing make a range of innovative analysis options possible, not only high speed mapping but also hyperspectral imaging techniques.
Mit der Wirbelstromprüfung ist die Bestimmung der Tiefe offener Risse in Metallen prinzipiell möglich und wird auch in unterschiedlichen Anwendungen durchgeführt. Hierbei haben die jeweiligen praktischen Prüfbedingungen jedoch erheblichen Einfluss auf die Qualität der Prüfaussage. Es werden einige grundlegende Effekte erläutert, die bei der Risstiefenbestimmung mit Wirbelstrom zu beachten sind. Ein spezieller Labormessplatz wird unter dem Aspekt möglicher Fehlbewertungen vorgestellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die praktische Anwendung werden gezogen. Anhand praktischer Beispiele aus der Schienenprüfung mit Wirbelstrom werden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Fehlereffekte bei der Risstiefenbestimmung gezeigt.
Die Rissbildung durch Rollkontaktermüdung, der Materialverschleiß oder die Bildung von Einzelfehlern – aufgrund solcher Schädigungsarten wird die Lebensdauer der Schiene signifikant verkürzt. Mit entsprechenden Methoden der ZfP können diese Schäden an Schienen erkannt und bewertet werden. Ein sehr geeignetes Verfahren zur Feststellung von Schädigungen und Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Oberfläche ist die Wirbelstromprüfung. Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung der Schienenoberfläche durch das Wirbelstromverfahren wurde ursprünglich zur Detektion von Rollkontaktermüdungsrissen entwickelt. Anhand von Ergebnissen aus zahlreichen Prüfeinsätzen in den letzten Jahren wurde außerdem festgestellt, dass unter anderen auch Fehler wie Squats, Belgrospis, Eindrückungen oder Riffel in den Wirbelstromsignalen erkannt werden können. Aufgrund dieser Erfahrungen ist es möglich geworden, den Oberflächenfehlern in der Schiene ein charakteristisches Wirbelstromsignal zuzuordnen. Somit eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit die Wirbelstromprüfung an Schienen nicht ausschließlich zur Detektion von Rollkontaktermüdungsris-sen zu verwenden, sondern auch zur Feststellung von Einzelfehlern oder Materialveränderungen in der Oberfläche. Zusätzlich besteht das Potential durch Ultraschall erfasste Anzeigen, wie z.B. Schweißnähte, Squats etc. mit der Wirbelstromprüfung zu bestätigen und die Aussagesicherheit und Qualität dieser Prüfmethoden noch zu erhöhen.