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Emulsion explosives based on ammonium nitrate are an easy-to-use explosive mainly used for mining. In principle, the ammonium nitrate emulsion can be sensitized by various methods like gassing or the addition of microballoons. The introduction of these hot-spots is important for an adiabatic compression and subsequent detonative propagation. This technique is reliable even at colder temperatures. Now, experiments in a rectangular test setup have shown that the size and composition of the sensitizing material indeed have an impact on the detonation ability of the emulsion explosive. This happens to an extent of a full detonation at 20°C and a failure at 0°C. Whereas, usually the ambient temperature does not have an influence on an effective detonation. Different calorimetric methods like DSC and MMC, as well as practical detonation tests and the UN-Test F.3 (BAM Trauzl Test) have been used to examine the behavior of emulsion explosives.
Emulsionssprengstoffe (EMS) auf Basis von Ammoniumnitrat wurden mit verschiedenen Materialien wie Glashohlkugeln, Styropor, Neopor und Gasblasen sensibilisiert und bei Raumtemperatur sowie bei 0°C geschossen. Es kommt zu Detonationsversagern mit Neopor (Styropor, graphitversetzt). Mittels weiterer kalorimetrischer Messungen und UN-Testmethoden wurden die Eigenschaften dieser EMS untersucht und das Detonationsverhalten analysiert
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are among the environmental contaminant groups that have received the most attention in recent years. The heightened concern arises from the fact that their unique molecular peculiarity responsible for widespread use, including in critical applications, simultaneously account for their environmental persistence.
The safe destruction of PFAS in various matrices, such as waste streams, is of great importance to prevent the impact on the environment and human health. The volume of such waste increased following the phase-out regulations of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) in numerous countries. Originally intended for firefighting, they are now classified as hazardous/ toxic waste that must be properly destroyed.
Incineration shows high potential for destruction of PFAS in impacted wastes since it can break the strong carbon-fluorine bond. This could potentially lead to completely mineralization of PFAS. However, previous experience with halogenated waste incineration has shown that products of incomplete destruction (PIDs) can be formed if the incineration conditions are insufficient.
In the project „Investigating the Thermal Decomposition of PFAS in a Full-Scale Commercial Hazardous Waste Incinerator” funded by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), German, Australian and American partners examine the treatment of PFAS containing waste streams in a full-scale hazardous waste incineration plant to demonstrate the readiness, viability, and level of safety of this destruction method.
Here, we present the results of our first campaign. We focused on the incineration of a contemporary fluorotelomer-based AFFF under varying conditions to evaluate the completeness of PFAS destruction and the potential formation of PIDs. In addition to solid samples (slag, boiler ash and dust) and liquid samples (slag cooling water and scrubber water), flue gas was sampled and analysed.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are among the environmental contaminant groups that have received the most attention in recent years. The heightened concern arises from the fact that their unique molecular peculiarity responsible for widespread use, including in critical applications, simultaneously account for their environmental persistence.
The safe destruction of PFAS in various matrices, such as waste streams, is of great importance to prevent the impact on the environment and human health. The volume of such waste increased following the phase-out regulations of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) in numerous countries. Originally intended for firefighting, they are now classified as hazardous/ toxic waste that must be properly destroyed.
Incineration shows high potential for destruction of PFAS in impacted wastes since it can break the strong carbon-fluorine bond. This could potentially lead to completely mineralization of PFAS. However, previous experience with halogenated waste incineration has shown that products of incomplete destruction (PIDs) can be formed if the incineration conditions are insufficient.
In the project „Investigating the Thermal Decomposition of PFAS in a Full-Scale Commercial Hazardous Waste Incinerator” funded by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), German, Australian and American partners examine the treatment of PFAS containing waste streams in a full-scale hazardous waste incineration plant to demonstrate the readiness, viability, and level of safety of this destruction method.
Here, we present the results of our first campaign. We focused on the incineration of a contemporary fluorotelomer-based AFFF under varying conditions to evaluate the completeness of PFAS destruction and the potential formation of PIDs. In addition to solid samples (slag, boiler ash and dust) and liquid samples (slag cooling water and scrubber water), flue gas was sampled and analysed.
Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are one of the most prominent and studied subgroups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which have attracted great interest in environmental and toxicology research due to their intensive use in combination with their persistence, mobility and potential threat to ecosystems and human health. The standard method to quantify PFCAs in water samples is liquid chromatography. For quantification of ultrashort-chain PFCAs (carbon chain length of two or three carbon atoms) often hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is used (e.g. DIN 38407-53). However, there are a lot of laboratories using mass spectrometry coupled to headspace gas chromatography systems (HS-GC-MS), usually to quantify a wide range of volatile organic compounds. While PFCAs themselves are difficult to measure with HS-GC-MS in water samples, this challenge can be solved by derivatizing the acids to more volatile compounds, like esters. This approach could enable laboratories using HS-GC-MS to analyse and monitor PFCAs in environmental water samples. By following this idea, we successfully developed a HS-GC-MS method to quantify PFCAs in ultrapure water. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) served as exemplary analytes of PFCAs, which were derivatized with methanol and concentrated sulfuric acid to form methyl esters. The method was optimized by varying different preparation and measurement parameters, leading to limits of detection and quantification in the two-digit ppt-range for all four analytes. The method was then tested on various real water samples, including tap and surface water, groundwater, landfill leachate, treated wastewater and impinger water from a sewage sludge incineration experiment. TFA was the most frequently detected PFCA, with concentrations in the ppt and low ppb range. The detection and quantification of the remaining three PFCAs vary with the sample types and sampling location.
Metrology to support the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from industrial emissions
(2026)
The EU’s Zero Pollution action plan aims at reducing pollution in air, water and soil to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems. As part of this, the Industrial Emissions Directive was revised in 2024 which includes a magnitude reduction in the permissible associated emission level of a range of pollutants, affecting many industrial processes. Pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly causing concern. Up to now there is only little knowledge on which industrial processes emit PFAS, at what concentrations, and no European standard exists (only national standard in Belgium and France) for measuring PFAS emissions. Therefore, the Euramet project MetZeroPol will be develop methods to measure PFAS and used to identify key PFAS species from real industrial processes. Furthermore, the members are involved in the new CEN/TC 264/WG 48 - “Emissions and ambient air - Determination of PFAS” group in order to uniformly regulate the standardization of analysis methods for PFAS emissions from industrial plants.
The development of portable analytical assays, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, has revolutionized diagnostics and fueled their expansion into areas such as food safety, environmental monitoring and security, including threat detection and forensics. These assays offer the advantage of rapid on-site decision making without the need for laboratory facilities. The omnipresence of mobile devices with advanced cameras and processing power further increases their usability. However, most assays today are limited to detecting single parameters. The challenge now is to develop robust multiplexed assays that can simultaneously detect multiple parameters with high sensitivity.
This lecture will introduce generic approaches developed at BAM’s Chemical and Optical Sensing Division with a focus on supramolecular chemistry, luminescence detection, nanomaterials and the miniaturization of devices. Examples include mesoporous nanomaterials, gated indicator systems, imprinted polymers, microfluidic devices, test strips and smartphone-based analysis.
The EU has highlighted the need for high quality data to support Europe’s progress towards a zero-pollution ambition. This network provides measurement science expertise to society, the environmental community and industry to metrologically support monitoring of chemicals, radionuclides, biological/microbiological and particulates pollution in air, water and soil. The EMN for Pollution Monitoring acts as a bridge between stakeholder and end-user communities and contributes to environmental sustainability by pollutant measurements.
