9.5 Tribologie und Verschleißschutz
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Eingeladener Vortrag
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The development of hydrogen technologies entails high safety requirements in distribution and dispensing infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue research on material compatibility in hydrogen, especially for critical parts with tribological issues.
The focus of this study is to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on a wider range of commercially available polymer materials. Thereby, the friction and wear behavior of different grades of TPE, POM, PA66, PA12, PPA, PEEK, PPS, PTFE, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated against a rotating steel disk (AISI 304). Filled and unfilled polymers from different suppliers were evaluated at room temperature in air, vacuum and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
The sliding behavior of the polymer materials is discussed by means of surface analyses, whereby special attention is paid to the formation of a transfer film.
According to the results at ambient temperature, the effect of hydrogen environment on the tribological behavior of neat polymers may be related to lack of moisture, but also to saturated hydrocarbons in gaseous hydrogen. In liquid hydrogen, the best tribological performances were achieved with neat PA polymers as well as PPS and PI composites.
Wood is widely used in impact limiters of Transport casks for radioactive material. Encapsulated by an outer and inner Steel structure, spruce wood is offen applied in layers of altemating direction. The friction at the interfaces between these layers is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption e.g., at an accidental impact of a cask against a hard component.
In order to get detailed Information for corresponding numerical calculations, in this study the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature ränge between -40 °C and 90 °C according to the relevant stress conditions for such casks. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40 °C to 0.22 for 90 °C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40 °C to 0.24 at 90 °C to for a wood-wood combination.
Friction coefficients for wood-wood and wood-steel interfaces in impact limiters for transport casks
(2023)
Wood is widely used in impact limiters of transport casks for radioactive material. Encapsulated by an outer and inner steel structure, spruce wood is often applied in layers of alternating direction. The friction at the interfaces between these layers is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption e.g., at an accidental impact of a cask against a hard target. In order to get detailed information for corresponding numerical calculations, in this study the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature range between -40°C and 90°C according to the relevant stress conditions for such casks. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40°C to 0.22 for 90°C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40°C to 0.24 at 90°C to for a wood-wood combination.
The prediction of the properties of the materials used in the operation of components is of enormous importance, in order to accelerate the development process of new components. To evaluate new materials in terms of their performance (in a component), the development of new innovative methods is necessary. These methods can also be summarized under the term lab-to-field or materials – upscaling, meaning materials being characterised in a laboratory and their properties being upscaled to the component performance by means of e.g. simulation. i-TRIBOMAT is a EU funded project (H2020, GA Nr. 814494) aiming at building an Open Innovation Test Bed for tribological material characterization and offering corresponding services from tribological characterization of new materials to simulation models for predicting the performance of industrial components. By bundling the infrastructure, know-how for characterization and building a digital platform, i-TRIBOMAT becomes the world’s largest open innovation test bed for tribological material characterization.
Holz wird vielfach in Stoßdämpfern von Transportbehältern für radioaktives Material eingesetzt. Dafür wird oftmals Fichtenholz verwendet, das in mehreren Lagen und senkrecht zueinander liegender Faserrichtung zwischen einer inneren und einer äußeren Stahlhülle eingebaut wird. Die Reibung zwischen den dabei entstehenden Grenzflächen ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Stoß- und Energieabsorption, z. B. bei einem Aufprall des Behälters auf eine harte Unterlage. Um detaillierte Informationen für entsprechende numerische Simulationen zu bekommen, wurden in dieser Arbeit die Reibungszahlen von Holz-Holz- und Holz-Stahl-Paarungen bei für derartige Behälter relevanten Beanspruchungsbedingungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen -40°C und 90°C gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gleichmäßige, mit steigender Temperatur abfallende Reibung, wobei die Werte für Holz-Stahl-Paarungen zwischen 0,43 bei -40°C und 0,22 bei 90°C sowie für Holz-Holz-Kontakte zwischen 0,3 bei -40°C und 0,24 bei 90°C liegen.
Verschleißfeste Kohlenstoffschichten mit niedriger Reibung sind hervorragend für Anwendungen in der Erdgas- und Wasserstofftechnologie geeignet. Einige Varianten versagen jedoch in inerter Umgebung, was für die praktische Anwendung sehr nachteilig ist. Im Vortrag werden Beispiele aus Modellversuchen für verschiedene Varianten, auch für Flüssigmethan-Umgebung gezeigt.
Holz wird vielfach in Stoßdämpfern von Transportbehältern für radioaktives Material eingsetzt. Dafür wird oftmals Fichtenholz verwendet. Die Reibung zwischen den dabei entstehenden Grenzflächen ist von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse hierzu zeigen eine gleichmäßige, mit steigender Temperatur abfallende Reibung.
Due to the rapidly increasing price of tungsten carbide and the significant health risks associated with the wear products of WC-Co (Co3O4 and Wo3), an alternative is required. Niobium carbide (NbC) is well suited as a cutting tool due to its high melting point and low solubility in iron. So far, NbC-Ni cermets best met the requirements of high hardness and toughness. Various secondary carbides such as VC, Mo2C, TiC, but also WC were added to further improve the hardness.
In this presentation tribological investigations on steels, polymers and coatings in gaseous and liquid hydrogen are shown. For steels the results of show that although martensitic steel may suffer from hydrogen embrittlement, application e.g. in roller bearings is possible. On the other hand, martensitic transformation of austenitic steels may cause problems in the application of these materials. Furthermore, the tribological performance of polymer composites with and without solid lubricant fillers in gaseous and liquid hydrogen was investigated. In particular, PEEK- and PTFE-matrix compounds showed low friction and sufficient low wear under these conditions. Among the solid lubricants, carbon-based materials are appropriate for hydrogen applications. Several variants of DLC and ta-C materials were tested. Beside the results for hydrogen, also a comparison with CH4-environment is shown.
Anerkannte Institutionen stellen ihre Kompetenzen auf dem Gebiet tribologischer Charakterisierungen Industrie und Forschung zur Verfügung (https://www.i-tribomat.eu/). Ein Aspekt hierbei ist eine tribologische Datenbank. Um die nötige Qualität der Daten sicherzustellen, sind vereinheitlichte Prozeduren erforderlich, in deren Auswirkungen dieser Vortrag einen Einblick gibt.