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Pulsed thermography is a well-known non-destructive testing technique and has proven to be a valuable tool for examination of material defects, to determine thermal material parameters, and the thickness of test specimens through calibration or mathematical models. However, the application to semitransparent materials is quite new and demanding, especially for semitransparent materials like epoxy, polyamide 12, or glass fiber reinforced polymers with epoxy or polyamide matrix.
In order to describe the temporal temperature evolution in such materials, which are recorded with an infrared camera during pulse thermography experiments, much more influences have to be considered, compared to opaque materials:
- The wavelength of the excitation source and the spectral range of the infrared camera
- The angles between the specimen, the excitation source and the infrared camera
- The area behind the specimen
- The roughness of the material surface
- The scattering mechanism within the material
Here, we will consider all these influences and describe how they can be treated mathematically in analytical or numerical models (using COMSOL Multiphysics software). These models describe the temperature development during the pulse thermography experiment in reflection and transmission configuration. By fitting the results of the mathematical models to experimental data it is possible to determine the thickness or the optical and thermal properties of the specimen.
Impact damages and delaminations in fibre-reinforced composites (FRC) might not be visible at the surface, but could have an influence on the resistance and on the long-term behaviour of the component. Therefore, and especially for safety relevant structures, non-destructive methods are required for the assessment of such damages.
Active thermography methods are suitable to characterize damages after loading using different kind of excitation techniques and various configurations of infrared (IR) camera and heating sources. Here, flash lamps, impulse excitation with infrared radiator and lock-in technique with halogen lamps or widened laser beams are suited. In addition, non-optical sources like sonotrodes (requiring direct contact to the structure) or induction generators (only suited for carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures) could be applied as well. For the investigation of the evolution of the damage during the impact, passive thermography can be applied in-situ. Elastic and plastic deformations alter the temperature of the structure and thus the temperature on the surface.
In this contribution, at first the general principles of quantitative defect characterisation in FRC using active thermography with flash, impulse and lock-in excitation are described. Optical and thermal properties of the FRC material and its anisotropy are considered. Results of phase differences obtained at flat bottom holes with flash and lock-in thermography are compared for qualifying both methods for quantitative defect characterization. Secondly, the damage evolution of CFRP and GFRP structures under impact load and static tensile loading is described. The spatial and temporal evolution of the surface temperature enables us to distinguish matrix cracks or fibre-matrix separation from delaminations between the layers. Afterwards, all results for loading defects, obtained by passive and active thermography, are compared with each other. Fig. 1 and 2 show the difference of passive and flash thermography obtained at impact and tensile loaded CFRP plates, respectively. As one purpose of these investigations is the development of standards within national (DIN) and European (CEN) standardisation bodies, new draft and final standards are presented and further needs are discussed at the end of the presentation.
Quantification of impact damages in CFRP and GFRP structures with thermography and ultrasonics
(2018)
For the quantification of impact damage in CFRP and GFRP structures, first passive thermography measurements have been performed at the front and rear side of the test specimens during low velocity impact load. After loading, the damaged structures have been investigated non-destructively with active thermography with flash excitation and with step heating and with two different ultrasonic methods (phased array and air coupled ultrasonics). The damage sizes quantified with all methods are evaluated and compared. In addition, the depth of the greatest damage inside the different test specimens is analysed.