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Performance Prediction of Anchors in SFRC using Minimally Invasive and Non‐Destructive Techniques
(2023)
AbstractFastenings are crucial for the upgrade of existing structures, by either enhancing structural components or modernising and expanding structures and structural systems. Whilst concrete is prevailing in the existing building stock, new types of concrete composites are increasingly used to improve the sustainability and overall structural performance of built assets. The addition of short dispersed fibres is a material technology with several applications. This paper addresses the synergy of fastening elements, introducing localised loads in concrete substrates, and of fibres, particularly in terms of the fibre orientation and density in the load application area, which is a significant quality aspect. The possibility to forecast this synergy based on non‐destructive or minimally invasive testing methods is an efficient tool to increase confidence in the design load‐bearing performance of the anchorages. Initially, previous literature and own investigations on such techniques are presented. Furthermore, a methodology is presented on associating such information to predict a single anchor's resistance on the basis of sophisticated non‐linear analyses and testing with engineered fibres alignments.
Machine learning in non-destructive testing (NDT) offers significant potential for efficient daily data analysis and uncovering previously unknown relationships in persistent problems. However, its successful application heavily depends on the availability of a diverse and well-labeled training dataset, which is often lacking, raising questions about the transferability of trained algorithms to new datasets. To examine this issue closely, the authors applied classifiers trained with laboratory Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data to categorize on-site moisture damage in layered building floors. The investigations were conducted at five different locations in Germany. For reference, cores were taken at each measurement point and labeled as (i) dry, (ii) with insulation damage, or (iii) with screed damage. Compared to the accuracies of 84 % to 90 % within the laboratory training data (504 B-Scans), the classifiers achieved a lower overall accuracy of 53 % for on-site data (72 B-Scans). This discrepancy is mainly attributable to a significantly higher dynamic of all signal features extracted from on-site measurements compared to laboratory training data. Nevertheless, this study highlights the promising sensitivity of GPR for identifying individual damage cases. In particular the results showing insulation damage, which cannot be detected by any other non-destructive method, revealed characteristic patterns. The accurate interpretation of such results still depends on trained personnel, whereby fully automated approaches would require a larger and diverse on-site data set. Until then, the findings of this work contribute to a more reliable analysis of moisture damage in building floors using GPR and offer practical insights into applying machine learning to non-destructive testing for civil engineering (NDT-CE).
We introduce the REINCARNATE project, funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe program, to boost circularity by merging digital innovations with practical applications and a focus on material reuse. The heart of REINCARNATE is the Circular Potential Information Model (CP-IM), a digital platform designed to assess and enhance the recyclability of construction materials, construction products, and buildings. The CP-IM integrates advanced technologies such as digital twins, AI, and robotics to revolutionize the handling of construction waste, turning it into valuable resources and cutting the environmental footprint of the sector. Among its features are digital tracing, material durability predictions, and CO2 reduction materials design. These are showcased in eleven European demonstration projects, highlighting the practical benefits of these technologies in reducing construction waste and CO2 emissions by up to 80% and 70% respectively. REINCARNATE aims to marry innovation with real-world application, providing the construction industry with strategies for sustainable and circular practices.
Das EU-finanzierte Projekt REINCARNATE, im Rahmen des Horizont Europa Programms, setzt neue Maßstäbe in der Kreislaufwirtschaft des Bauwesens durch den Einsatz fortschrittlicher Bauwerksdiagnose-Tools. Diese Werkzeuge, insbesondere die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP), spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Förderung der Zirkularität in der Baubranche. Die ZfP ermöglicht es, die Qualität und Eignung von Baumaterialien präzise zu bestimmen, ohne diese zu beschädigen. Dies ist entscheidend für die Wiederverwendung und das Recycling von Baustoffen und trägt wesentlich zur Reduzierung des Bauabfalls bei. Durch die Integration dieser Technologie in die Planungs- und Entwurfsphase können Architekten und Ingenieure aktiv einen nachhaltigeren Bauprozess fördern. REINCARNATE verbindet diese Diagnosemethoden mit digitalen Innovationen wie der Technologie des digitalen Zwillings und KI-gesteuerten Lösungen. Diese Kombination ermöglicht eine noch genauere und effizientere Bewertung und Nutzung von Baustoffen, was die Wiederverwendbarkeit und das Recycling verbessert. Im Rahmen des Projekts werden elf Demonstrationsprojekte in ganz Europa umgesetzt, die die praktische Anwendung dieser Technologien zeigen. Diese Projekte demonstrieren, wie ZfP und digitale Werkzeuge zusammenwirken, um Materialien, die traditionell als Abfall angesehen werden, in wertvolle Ressourcen umzuwandeln. Das Ziel von REINCARNATE ist eine 80-prozentige Verringerung der Bauabfälle und eine 70-prozentige Reduzierung des CO2-Fußabdrucks. Mit diesem Beitrag demonstrieren wir eine klare, umsetzbare Anleitung für die Bauindustrie, wie Innovationen in die Praxis umgesetzt werden können. Wir präsentieren greifbare Strategien zur Implementierung nachhaltiger, zirkulärer Praktiken im Bauwesen und markiert einen Wendepunkt in Richtung einer nachhaltigeren Bauindustrie.
Related work
Laboratory Study:
Combining Signal Features of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Classify Moisture Damage in Layered Building Floors
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198820
On-Site Study:
TBA
Doctoral Thesis:
Non-destructive classification of moisture deterioration in layered building floors using ground penetrating radar
https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-19306
Measurement Parameters
The GPR measurements were carried out with the SIR 20 from GSSI and a 2 GHz antenna pair (bandwidth 1 GHz to 3 GHz) in common-offset configuration. Each B-Scan consists of N A-Scans, each including 512 samples of a 11 ns time window. Survey lines were recorded with 250 A-Scans/ meter, which equals a 4 mm spacing between each A-Scan No Gains were applied.
Folder Description:
Lab_dry, Lab_insulDamage, Lab_screedDamage
- each contain 168 Measurements (B-Scans) in .csv on 84 dry floors, floors with insulation damage and screed damage.
- each floor setup was measured twice on two orthogonal survey lines, indicated by _Line1_ and _Line2_ in the file name.
- the file names encode the building floor setup e.g. CT50XP100 describes a 50 mm cement screed with 100 mm extruded polystyrene below
- the material codes are
CT: cement screed, CA: anhydrite screed, EP: expanded polystyrene, XP: extruded polystyrene, GW: glass wool, PS: perlites
further information can be found in the publication https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198820
OnSite_
- 5 folders containing B-Scans on 5 different practical moisture damages
- the building floor setup is encoded according to the lab with an additional measurement point numbering at the start and a damage case annotation at the end of the file name with _dry, _insulationDamage and_screedDamage
File Description:
B-Scans, Measurement files - no header
- dimension: 512 x N data point with N beeing the number of A-Scans including 512 samples of a 11 ns time window.
- survey lines were recorded with 250 A-Scans/ meter, which equals a 4 mm spacing between each A-Scan
Moisture References
- Moist_Reference of On-Site Locations include the columns MeasPoint: Measurement point, wt%Screed: moisture content of screed layer in mass percent; wt%Insul: moisture content of insulation layer in mass percent. References were obtained by drilling cores with 68 mm diameter in the center of each survey line.
- Moist_Reference_Screed of Lab data include the columns Screed: Screed material and thickness in mm, wt%Screed moisture content of screed layer in mass percent
- Moist Reference_Insul of Lab data include the columns Insulation: Insulation material and thickness in mm, water addition in l: water added to the insulation layer in liters, V%Insulation: water added to the insulation layer in volume percent, RH%: resulting relative humidy in the insulation layer during measurement. These References are only avaible for Lab measurements on insulation damages.
To evaluate the durability of new alternative cement compositions, it is important to examine the internal transport of moisture through these materials. For this purpose, mortars were prepared from different types of cement and capillary suction experiments were carried out. The moisture transport was studied with an NMR tomograph and compared with weight measurements. With the tomograph, the total moisture input could be determined, as well as the moisture content within the samples non-destructively and spatially resolved. This allows precise observation of the moisture fronts. The tomograph was also used to determine the capillary transport coefficient.
LIBS‐ConSort: Development of a sensor‐based sorting method for construction and demolition waste
(2023)
AbstractA joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches the challenge of construction and demolition waste (CDW) sorting by investigating and testing the combination of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and visual imaging. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3‐cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.)Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic / technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates.The objective of this paper is to present current progress and results of the test stand development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. In the future, this laboratory prototype will serve as a fully automated measurement setup to allow real‐time classification of CDW on a conveyor belt.
In recent decades, the number of components in concrete has grown, particularly in formulations aimed at reducing carbon footprints. Innovations include diverse binders, supplementary cementitious materials, activators, concrete admixtures, and recycled aggregates. These developments target not only the enhancement of material properties but also the mitigation of the ecological and economic impacts of concrete — the most extensively used material by humankind. However, these advancements also introduce a greater variability in the composition of raw materials. The material’s behavior is significantly influenced by its nanoscale properties, which can pose challenges in accurate characterization. Consequently, there’s an increasing need for experimental tuning of formulations. This is accompanied by a more inconsistent composition of raw materials, which makes an experimental tuning of formulations more and more necessary. However, the increased complexity in composition presents a challenge in finding the ideal formulation through trial and error. Inverse design (ID) techniques offer a solution to this challenge by allowing for a comprehensive search of the entire design space to create new and improved concrete formulations. In this publication, we introduce the concept of ID and demonstrate how our open-source app “SLAMD” provides all necessary steps of the workflow to adapt it in the laboratory, lowering the application barriers. The intelligent screening process, guided by a predictive model, leads to a more efficient and effective data-driven material design process resulting in reduced carbon footprint and improved material quality while considering socio-economic factors in the materials design.
Large-language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 caught the interest of many scientists. Recent studies suggested that these models could be useful in chemistry and materials science. To explore these possibilities, we organized a hackathon. This article chronicles the projects built as part of this hackathon. Participants employed LLMs for various applications, including predicting properties of molecules and materials, designing novel interfaces for tools, extracting knowledge from unstructured data, and developing new educational applications. The diverse topics and the fact that working prototypes could be generated in less than two days highlight that LLMs will profoundly impact the future of our fields. The rich collection of ideas and projects also indicates that the applications of LLMs are not limited to materials science and chemistry but offer potential benefits to a wide range of scientific disciplines.
In this paper, we demonstrate the value of 1H NMR relaxometry for studying the hydration of clinker-reduced, more climate-friendly cementitious binders. The results were obtained on typical CEM I cements and sister samples containing two different reactive agricultural ashes as well as non-reactive biochars as supplementary cementitious materials. The findings prove that time-resolved NMR measurements provide valuable additional information when combined with classical heat flow calorimetry.